Hello, my name is Mr. Marsh.

And I'm here today to teach you all about an example of effects and responses to a tectonic hazard in a HIC, a high-income country.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson, and let's get going.

So by the end of today's lesson, you will be able to use a named example to discuss the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard in a HIC.

There are two key terms for today's lesson, and those are magnitude and epicentre.

Magnitude refers to a measure of the energy released by an earthquake.

And epicentre refers to the point of the Earth's surface that is directly above where an earthquake happens underground.

There are two learning cycles for today's lesson, and we're gonna start with the first learning cycle, which is the primary and secondary effects.

Now, what is happening in this image that you can see in front of you? You may like to pause the video at this point whilst you consider your own answer to that question, or perhaps even discuss it with someone near you.

Furthermore, in which country then is this tsunami that you can see in the left picture actually occurring? Once again, you may like to study the map in front of you whilst you consider your own answer to that question.

The answer is Japan, and this is gonna be the focus of our learning for days lesson.

So in March 2011, a massive 9.

0 magnitude earthquake shook the Japanese island of Honshu, as you can see on the map in front of you, more or less located directly in the middle of the map.

The epicentre, again, as you can see on the map through the red circle, was about 100 kilometres east of Sendai in a highly complex tectonic region where several different plates meet.

Now, sudden slippage occurred along a destructive or convergent plate margin.

The boundary between the Pacific plate and the Okhotsk plate, previously considered part of the much larger North American plate, happened.

The earthquake triggered a powerful and devastating tsunami, which struck the east coast of Honshu.

The earthquake and tsunami impacted most on Japan's Tohoku Region of Honshu, as you can see, which is in the northern part of that island.

The example is often, therefore, known as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.

So in front of you then is a learning check, and it says to connect the details.

Now, on the left, you have the type of information, and on the right, you have those details.

So what I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you do your best to connect those details.

So the answer is, the date of the earthquake was in March 2011.

The country affected was Japan, more specifically in Honshu island.

The type of plate margin was destructive.

The location of the epicentre was 100 kilometres east of Sendai.

And finally, the tectonic plates involved were the Pacific and the Okhotsk.

So really, really well done if you were able to identify those as the correct answers.

What are primary and secondary effects of a tectonic hazard? So let's break this down.

Primary effects are the immediate effects caused directly by the tectonic hazard itself.

So, for example, the buildings collapsed as soon as the ground shook in the example of an earthquake.

The secondary effects are indirect impacts and occur as a result of the primary effect, and they occur in the hours, days, and weeks after the hazard.

For example, survivors were homeless for many months after the earthquake.

So this is a knock-on effect of the primary effect, which was, earthquake happens and buildings collapse.

Well, the knock-on, the secondary effect of that is that people will be made homeless.

So in terms of the primary effects then, well, although 123,000 buildings were destroyed in the disaster, and over 1 million buildings were damaged, actually, only 2% of this damage was from the primary effects caused by the 9.

0 magnitude earthquakes.

And again, many roads, such as the Tohoku highway, as well as railways and bridges were damaged as a result of the ground shaking.

Also, over 4 million people in Northeast Japan suffered from power outages, and 1.

5 million people were left without water.

Although 18,500 people did die in a disaster, less than 10% of that number died as a result of primary effects.

Now, why do you think that was? You may like to pause the video at this point whilst you consider your own answer to that question, or perhaps even discuss it with someone near you.

So time now for a quick learning check.

And it says, "Who do you think is right?" Now, that there are four statements on the screen in front of you.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you read through those statements and you select every statement that you think is correct.

So pause the video here whilst you attempt this learning check.

And the correct answers were Aisha and Alex.

Let's have a read through Aisha's first.

Now, Aisha says that, "Aren't tsunami's secondary effects? If so, I expect it was the tsunami that did 98% of the damage." And she's absolutely right.

Whilst an earthquake is a primary effect, this then caused the tsunami, which is a secondary effect.

That underwater earthquake triggered the movement of the seabed, which then caused this tsunami, which is a secondary effect, it's a knock-on effect of that earthquake.

And indeed, it was the feature which caused 98% of the damage.

Now, Alex is absolutely correct.

He says that, "If the tsunami was a secondary effect," which we know it is, "then maybe most people died by being drowned." And again, unfortunately, Alex is absolutely correct in his statement.

So really, really well done if you were able to select Aisha and Alex is the correct answers.

And our second learning check says, "True or false, tsunamis are secondary effects of earthquakes." So pause the video here whilst you select what you consider to be the correct answer.

And the correct answer was true.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why the statement is true.

And the reason it's true is that tsunamis are secondary effects of earthquakes because they are an indirect result of an earthquake.

The earthquake causes the seabed movement, which displaces water, and which results in powerful waves reaching coastlines.

So really, really well done if you were able to select those two correct answers.

So let's now have a look at the secondary effects, those impacts which resulted from the knock-on effects of the earthquake.

Well, the powerful undersea earthquake triggered 10-meter high tsunami that swept on shore in just 30 minutes, as the picture shows in front of you.

And this was due to the close location of the epicentre, which was 100 kilometres away from the east coast of the Tohoku Region.

Now, most of the 18,500 deaths and 500,000 injuries were actually caused by the tsunami waves.

Furthermore, seawater inundated about 560 kilometres squared of coastal land, destroying ports and harbours, as well as houses.

Now, 98% of the damage that destroyed 123,000 buildings and damaged 1 million buildings resulted from the tsunami, with only 2% from actual ground shaking caused from the earthquake.

The tsunami triggered explosions at the Fukushima nuclear power station, which released radioactive material.

The total damages of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan are estimated at around 220 billion US dollars, making it the most expensive natural disaster ever recorded.

Now, fortunately, Japan is a high-income country, it's a HIC, and as a result, it has invested a huge amount of money in earthquake-resistant buildings, as you can see in the example in front of you.

Japan has around 1,500 earthquake per year, some big, some small.

Its investment in earthquake-resistant building significantly reduces the deaths and damage from the ground shaking.

And this was certainly the case in 2011.

So the tower that you can see, which is actually found in Yokohama, which is a southern part, or a south, of Tokyo, is designed to be earthquake-resistant.

But how? Well, its sloping, pyramid-shaped structure is based on Japanese pagodas, which have survived centuries of earthquakes.

Secondly, the impact of ground movement is reduced by 40% because shock absorbers have been placed in the ground, and shock dampeners have been placed in the ground to sort of really absorb the the seismic energy, including a 170-ton pendulum, which sort of counteracts the movement of the building.

The building's frame is also made of very strong and pliable and flexible steel tubes, which can sort of move with the movement of the building.

It is built on a five-meter-thick slab of concrete, overlaying the stable bedrock of geology.

So it's really, really a strong structure which can deal with really high-magnitude earthquakes.

So a quick learning check, it says "True or false, despite being a 9.

0 magnitude earthquake, ground shaking did not destroy or damage large numbers of buildings in Japan cities." So pause the video here whilst you consider your answer.

And the correct answer was true.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why or how this statement is true.

And the reason is that while 123,000 buildings were destroyed and over 1 million were damaged, only 2% of this damage was from the ground shaking by that 9.

0 magnitude earthquake.

And this was, in part, due to Japan's investment in earthquake-resistant buildings, owing to the fact that it's a high-income country and able to afford this type of technology.

Really, really well done if you were able to correctly answer those two.

Another learning check says to complete the missing numbers.

Now, on the left, you can see the facts that I'm looking for you to fill in.

So please pause the video here whilst you read through those statements, and then complete the fact on the right.

So the total number of buildings damaged or destroyed was 1 million.

The number of deaths estimated was around 18,500.

The magnitude of the earthquake was at 9.

0, distance east of the epicentre, where the earthquake began, from Sendai, was 100 kilometres.

And the cost of the earthquake and tsunami to Japan in US dollars was at $220 billion, the most expensive ever recorded.

Really, really well done if you were able to answer that as well.

So we have just one practise question for the first learning cycle, and it says, "Using the map and your own knowledge, describe the primary and secondary effects of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.

Make sure you say which country you are writing about." So pause the video here whilst you attempt this practise question.

Best of luck.

Now, in terms of feedback, it was really important that you actually mentioned the example country that you are talking about.

So your answer could have included something like this.

It says, "The 2011 earthquake and tsunami took place in Japan, with most impacts felt in the northern Tohoku Region of Honshu Island.

The epicentre of the 9.

0 magnitude earthquake was in the Pacific Ocean, 100 kilometres east of Sendai.

And it resulted in 18,500 deaths, 500,000 injuries, and a million buildings damaged, with 123,000 destroyed.

91% of the deaths and 98% of the damage to buildings resulted from the tsunami, a secondary effect.

This tsunami, triggered by the undersea earthquake, produced waves of well over nine metres in height, flooding 560 kilometres of coastal land." You may also have continued to include the fact that the map shows that the tsunami waves impacted the eastern coast of Japan.

The eastern coast of Tohoku Region was especially affected, as it was closest to the epicentre.

Wave heights in this region were in excess of nine metres.

Three regions, or prefectures, are shown as having the highest casualties, Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima.

These are the three prefectures that had the highest tsunami waves, confirming that the tsunami was responsible for the majority of deaths, presumably in the coastal regions of these three areas.

So really, really well done if you were able to include anything like that in your own answer, particularly with regard to the map information, which was shown when you were attempting the question.

Right now, to our second and final learning cycle.

And this is all about the immediate and long-term responses to this earthquake and tsunami in Japan.

So Japan is a high-income country, or a HIC.

How do you think that might have affected the responses in 2011 to this earthquake and tsunami? Now, you may like to pause the video at this point whilst you consider your own answer to that question, or you may like to have a discussion with someone near you.

If so, please pause the video at this point.

So let's have a look at some of Japan's key economic data to understand its level of development.

So, for example, GDP per capita, which is the average amount of money per person that somebody earns per year, places it as fourth richest in the country.

Each person earns $33,800 on average per year.

And also, 75% of Japan's workers are in the service sector, whilst only 3% are in the agricultural sector, thereby indicating that Japan is a very well-developed economy.

Japan has an ageing population, and actually, a declining population.

So, yes, it has 123 million people living there, which is almost double the population of the UK, but it has a very ageing population, as we can see that almost 1/3 of the people living in Japan are aged 65 or above, whilst only 12% are aged 14 or under.

It has a very high life expectancy, with a life expectancy of just over 85 years, which is a phenomenally high statistic.

Also is very low infant mortality, 1.

9 deaths per 1000 birth.

So it indicates a very well-developed healthcare system as well.

And finally, Japan is 24th highest in terms of its Human Development Index, which takes together many different indicators, such as wealth, education, and healthcare.

And Japan coming out at 24th highest in the world shows that it is a very well-developed country.

So immediate responses to tectonic hazards focus on surviving the hazard and providing that short-term relief.

Long-term responses focus on rebuilding after the tectonic hazard, and reducing risks from future hazards, and may occur in the weeks, months, or even years after the hazard has occurred.

So a quick learning check, it says, "True or false, actions taken over the weeks, months, and years following a tectonic hazard are known as immediate responses or short-term relief." Pause video here whilst you consider, and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was false.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why or how this statement is false.

And the reason it's false is because actions taken over the longer term are known as long-term responses.

Immediate responses to tectonic hazards simply focus on surviving the hazard and providing the short-term relief.

So really well done if you were able to get those answers correct.

Another learning check says, "Using what you've learned about Japan's HIC status," high-income country status, "which of the following do you think are correct?" Now, you have four options right there.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video, read through those four options, and consider and select all answers that you think apply.

Best of luck.

And the correct answers were A, Japan's population added challenges to evacuating people from coastal areas, and also D, Japan's high GDP per person reduced the need for international disaster relief.

So really well done if you were able to get that answer correct.

So let's now have a look at those immediate responses in the first few hours and days, starting with the search and rescue efforts.

Now, the Japanese government mobilised 100,000 troops to help with the immediate search and rescue operations.

Sadly, search and rescue teams from Japan and elsewhere found few people in need of rescue and get to coast, as those who had not made it to higher ground had mostly already been drowned.

Second of all, there was the evacuation efforts.

Three minutes after the earthquake, the tsunami warning system activated, and over 400,000 people were evacuated from low-lying coastal areas before the tsunami struck to over 2000 shelters.

Also, within two days of the earthquake, 164,000 residents in a 20-kilometer zone around Fukushima nuclear power station were also evacuated following the nuclear accident caused by the earthquake and tsunami.

Next, we have those emergency services, emergency services and charities, including the Japanese Red Cross, provided aid and support, such as medical care, food, water, and shelter, for the homeless people caused as a result of the tsunami and earthquake disaster.

Finally, we have key infrastructure repair, such as on roads and railways, which was able to bring electricity and water back to the people of Japan as quickly as possible.

So evacuation was extremely challenging.

And the map in front of you does a great job in showing the number of evacuees that were being taken from each different region of Honshu.

And also the colour, as you can see in the legend, is showing us the different population densities of different regions of that northern part of Honshu.

So evacuation was extremely challenging.

The Japan Meteorological Agency, the JMA, issued a tsunami warning three minutes after the earthquake, but that gave a maximum of 30 minutes to evacuate at-risk areas.

The height of the waves was not accurately predicted, and as a result, people died, who thought that they were in safe areas.

Some elderly people could not move fast enough to escape the waves.

Remember, that although they were able to issue a warning three minutes after the earthquake, and that did indeed give people in those affected areas 30 minutes to evacuate, unfortunately, people that really believed that they were saved due to the sea defences which had been built years before, whilst also elderly people were just unable to escape the incoming waves.

So a quick learning check, true or false, Japan's evacuation failed because it had not invested in a tsunami warning system.

So pause the video whilst you consider, and then select your answer.

And the answer is false.

Now, once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you consider as to why this statement is false.

How do you know that this statement is false? And the reason it's false is that yes, Japan did invest a huge amount of money into a tsunami warning system.

It activated just three minutes after the initial earthquake.

However, due to how close the epicentre was, there was only 30 minutes between the earthquake happening and the tsunami waves arriving at the coast, which meant that it did not give everyone chance to evacuate safely, particularly elderly people.

Also, the height of the tsunami was not accurately predicted.

Really, really well done, though, if you were able to get those two answers correct.

So in terms of longer-term responses, these included the following, there was a clearance of debris, mostly by 2015, to enable rebuilding to actually take place.

There was, by 2020, some 30,000 housing units had been constructed.

The government also established a reconstruction agency with a budget of 150 billion US dollars to oversee the rebuilding of roads and railways, reestablishing services, and constructing new homes, schools, and hospitals.

Then there was resilience building and risk reduction, so trying to improve buildings to become more earthquake-resistant perhaps.

There was also, in 2013, an upgraded tsunami warning system that was established.

And also, there were seawalls, which were built up to a height of 12 metres.

And embankments have also been constructed, and existing seawalls raised higher to protect cities, power stations, and industries.

The World Bank has also worked with the government to learn lessons and build future resilience, focusing on resilient infrastructure, risk identification and reduction, and disaster, risk, finance, and insurance.

So let's start by looking at those longer-term responses, beginning with the seawalls.

Now, Japan's coast was really, really well protected with seawalls, owing to the fact that it's a high-income country, but the 2011 tsunami flooded over many of them.

80% of the town, or city, of Rikuzentakata, which is shown on the image in front of you, was destroyed in 2011, and 1,700 people died as a result.

The original seawall was eight metres high, but the new one, which has been constructed, is now 12.

5 metres high.

So they're learning from their lessons, learning from the mistakes, and they have the money and equipment and infrastructure to be able to improve on what was there before and ensure that such disasters don't happen again.

The rolling images that you can see between 2009, which was before the tsunami, 2011, which was just after the tsunami, and then 2014 and 2019, really showed the progression really well.

And that's just how well Japan recovered from that tsunami disaster.

So time now for a learn check, and it's true or false, and it says that, "80% of Rikuzentakata was destroyed by the 2011 tsunami, and 1,700 people died because the settlement had no seawall." So I'd like you to do then is read back through that statement, pause the video whilst you then decide whether the statement is true or false.

And the statement is false.

Now, again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you contemplate as to why the statement is false.

And the reason it's false is because Rikuzentakata had an eight-meter high senior wall in 2011, there was a seawall, but the tsunami was exceptionally tall and flooded into the settlement despite the seawall.

A new seawall has, though, been built since 2011, that is now 12 1/2 metres high.

So really, really well done if you were able to identify those two correct answers.

So how did Japan's HIC status affect its responses? Well, in terms of its immediate responses, there was already existing earthquake-resistant buildings and strict building codes was able to save lives because buildings did not collapse.

There was also really well-funded emergency services, which responded really quickly and effectively to the disaster.

There was also an advanced tsunami warning system, which enabled mass evacuation.

Yes, they only had 30 minutes, but 30 minutes could well have been the difference between life and death for many, many people.

In terms of the responses, that Japan spent nearly $300 billion on rebuilding after 2011, which is an absolutely enormous sum of money.

But something that Japan as a HIC could deal with, that included also $12 billion being spent on 400 kilometres of seawalls that are now up to 14 metres high.

So they were able to learn from their mistakes and improve because they had the finance in order to make those improvements.

Also, warning systems have been upgraded at a cost of $20 million per year, again, owing to its HIC status, it's able to invest in that sort of technology.

Time now for a learning check.

And it says, "Whose statement is most accurate?" Now you've got a statement by Sofia and a statement by Sam.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you read through their statements, and then decide who is most accurate.

Best of luck.

And the correct answer was Sam.

And Sam says that, "In 2011, Japan faced a bigger earthquake and tsunami than it was prepared for, but its warning system and well-funded systems meant hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated safely." So really well done if you were also able to identify Sam's statement as the correct answer.

Time now for our two practise questions for our final learning cycle.

And the first one says to complete this table for Japan.

Now, what you can see is, we've got that list of indicators on the left-hand side.

Haiti's information has already been completed.

What you need to do is try to recall the information through today's lesson to complete this table then for Japan.

The second practise question says, "Describe ways in which Japan's status as a HIC affected its responses to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami." Now, remember, the features of a HIC can include its wealth being available to spend on responses, its well-built and planned infrastructure and housing, well-funded and effective health service, investment in disaster preparedness, and finally, a stable political system.

So what I'd like you to do at this point then is pause the video here whilst you attempt these two practise questions.

Best of luck.

And in terms of feedback then for the first question, this is what it needed to read as.

So the GDP per capita for Japan is 33,800 US dollars per year on average per person, remember.

The population is 123 million, 12% of these people are aged 14 or under, whilst 29.

5% are aged 65 and over.

92% of those people live in urban areas, towns and cities.

The life expectancy at birth is 85.

2 years.

There is 1.

9 deaths per 1000 births in terms of infant mortality rate.

And finally, in terms of the HDI, the Human Development Index, it scores a very high 0.

92.

So really, really well done if you were able to recall those different statistics and facts.

In terms of the feedback for the second question, this is what you may have included.

It says that, "Japan is a very wealthy country, with a GDP per capita of 33,800 US dollars.

This means that Japan was able to spend nearly $300 billion on rebuilding the country after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami.

This has included upgrading its tsunami warning system and rebuilding seawalls to prepare Japan better for future hazards.

As a HIC, Japan is also a well-funded and effective healthcare system.

That meant it was able to respond well to treat people injured in the earthquake, and also make sure that disease did not spread among the survivors of the tsunami who were left homeless." So really, really well done if you included anything like that in your own answer.

In terms of a learning summary then, in 2011, Japan, a HIC, experienced a 9.

0 magnitude earthquake, amongst the strongest ever recorded.

Japan's investment in early warning systems, as well as earthquake-resistant design buildings, as well as evacuation preparation, helped reduce the death and damage from the earthquake's primary effects.

However, a tsunami was caused by the earthquake, extremely high waves of over 40 metres in many locations, overtopped existing defences.

Japan spent nearly 300 billion US dollars on rebuilding after the disaster.

So really, really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you.

And I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.