Hello and welcome.

My name is Mr. March, and I'm here today to teach you all about an introduction to natural hazards.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson, and let's get going.

By the end of today's lesson then, you will be able to understand that natural hazards can have impacts on both people and property.

We have three keywords for today's lesson, and those are natural hazard, natural disaster, and hazard risk.

A natural hazard is a natural event that has the potential to cause damage, loss of life, or economic disruption.

A natural disaster is when a natural hazard actually causes significant damage, harm, or loss of life.

And a hazard risk is the likelihood that people or property will be harmed by a natural hazard.

So these are our three learning cycles for today, and we're gonna start off with learning cycle one, which is what is a natural hazard? Now this image shows a volcanic eruption, and a volcanic eruption is a type of natural hazard.

Now, was this volcanic eruption a disaster for people? You may like to pause the video here whilst you look at the image and consider your answer.

Sam though says, "I don't see any people living on the island." So is it a natural hazard or is it a natural disaster? Well, a natural hazard is a natural event like an earthquake or volcanic eruption that is likely, or has the potential to cause harm to people and property.

An earthquake that takes place in an unpopulated area where there are no people is not likely to cause any damage or disruption to people or property.

A powerful earthquake that takes place in a densely populated city is though likely to cause what we call a natural disaster, where many, many people can be harmed or even killed, and many, many properties can be damaged or even destroyed.

So we can use equations to actually help us understand natural hazards and natural disasters, and the difference between those two keywords.

For example, a natural event plus people equals a natural hazard.

Whereas a large natural event plus a dense population equals a natural disaster.

So if we take, for example, an earthquake that occurs in the centre of San Francisco.

We have a large natural event there, plus a dense population with many people living in the city of San Francisco.

And this then could well cause a natural disaster.

A natural event though plus people may only be a natural hazard.

It could be that the hazard doesn't quite have enough potential to do damage or significant death and injury to people.

So a learning check now.

Which of the following are natural hazards? I would like you to pause the video whilst you consider and then make your answer.

And the correct answers were A and C.

Now, why were these natural hazards? Well, in A for example, we can see a landslide, and in C we can see some form of flooding, potentially a tsunami, we don't know.

But what we do know is that there doesn't appear to be any huge loss of life or damage to property necessarily.

So therefore, it is a natural hazard rather than a natural disaster.

So not all natural hazards that do impact on people actually result in disasters.

Communities can be extremely resilient and prepared for those natural hazards.

Perhaps they have prior knowledge or experience that their region or city is very much vulnerable to a natural hazard such as an earthquake or a volcanic eruption.

And therefore, they are well-prepared to deal with something like that.

Communities that are vulnerable to natural hazards are more at risk of disasters.

Meanwhile, different factors increase hazard risk.

Now we need to understand those different factors, which are affecting hazard risk.

And one we've touched on previously, this lesson is the idea of population density and distribution.

An area which has a much more dense population is much more at risk of people dying or being injured when that natural hazard arises.

Level of development.

Is the country rich? Is the country poor? Is the country a high-income country or is the country a low income country can really affect how well-prepared that country is for that natural hazard, or how well it can respond to the disaster or hazard once it happens.

Preparedness, again, links into that level of development.

Response capacity.

How well is that country prepared to deal with the response? Are there emergency services well-drilled? Are the emergency services well-equipped to deal with this natural hazard? The magnitude of the natural hazard.

Is it a strong earthquake? Is it a powerful earthquake on the Richter scale? Is it a powerful volcanic eruption? What is the magnitude of the natural hazard? If it is very large and consistently happens on a very large scale, then clearly, that causes a greater risk to people and property.

The frequency of the natural hazard, of course, seems to affect the hazard risk.

How often do these natural hazards occur? Is it every year? Is it every 10 years? Is it every 100 or 200 years? How often do they occur? The physical geography and location of the area may contribute to the risk.

Is it a remote island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean where aid from other countries may be slow in getting to reach them after a natural hazard for example.

And finally, land use.

Land use, how have we as humans changed the area for our own needs, which may cause the area to become much more at risk? Have we developed the land? Have we built on top of that land? For example, an earthquake which happens in the middle of a farmer's field is unlikely to do much damage, but have we changed the land use to something more urban where we've developed towns and villages, and cities where people live? And if that's the case, then the hazard risk is much, much higher of doing death and damage to properties.

So a learning check, true or false, a natural hazard is the same thing as a natural disaster.

Pause your video here whilst you consider and then make your answer.

And the correct answer is false.

Now, once again, I'm gonna ask you to pause the video whilst you consider why it is false.

So pause the video here whilst you consider and make your answer.

And the reason why it is false.

It is false as a natural hazard is a potentially harmful event.

Whereas a natural disaster is when a natural hazard event significantly affects humans, be it through death or destruction of property.

So practise task, what is wrong with Alex's explanation of a natural hazard? I would like you to read through his explanation of a natural hazard and rewrite a corrected version.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt your practise task.

Good luck.

And here is a answer which you may have written.

So a natural hazard is a naturally occurring event such as an earthquake that can harm people and property.

The likelihood that people or property will be harmed by a natural hazard is called the hazard risk.

Different factors affect hazard risk.

While level of development is a factor, there are many others, such as the magnitude of a hazard event that mean natural disasters can occur in higher income countries too.

While lower income countries can be very resilient to natural hazards.

So really, really well done if you were able to write something along those lines.

And time now for our second learning cycle.

What are the different types of natural hazards? Well, the different types of natural hazard include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, tropical storms, droughts, heat waves, floods, and storm surges, landslides, and avalanches.

So time for a quick learn and check based on the previous slide, I would like you to fill in the three missing types of natural hazard.

Pause the video here whilst you consider, and then make your answer.

And the three missing answers were earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.

Really, really well done if you were able to remember and add those three natural hazards.

Now, natural hazards can be classified according to their causes.

For example, tectonic hazards are caused by movements in the Earth's crust and mantle, those tectonic plates.

Therefore, we can put earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis all under the umbrella of tectonic hazards.

Meanwhile, atmospheric hazards are related to the weather and climate patterns.

And for this reason, tropical storms, droughts, and heat waves can come under this umbrella.

A drought, if you're not sure, is a prolonged period of time without or with minimal rainfall.

Hydrological hazards involve the movement and distribution of water, and therefore this includes floods and storm surges.

Geomorphological hazards involve surface processes on earth surface.

And for this reason, avalanches and landslides come under this umbrella.

So a learning check.

Match the categories of natural hazard to their definitions.

On the left we have A, B, C, and D.

These are your natural hazard.

And on the right, we have the definitions, E, F, G, and H.

Can you pause the video here whilst you attempt to match the categories of natural hazard to their definitions.

Best of luck.

And so the answers.

So tectonic hazards matches up with that caused by movements of earth's crust and mantle.

Atmospheric hazards matches with that related to weather and climate patterns.

Hydrological hazards matches up with those involved the movement and distribution of water.

And finally, geomorphological hazards match up with involve surface processes on Earth's surface.

Really, really well done if you are able to match those correctly.

So onto our practise task, and I would like you to classify these natural disasters by completing the table.

What you need to do is read through the natural disaster, look at the date and the numbers killed, and decide what type of hazard that therefore is.

So pause the video here whilst you consider, and make your answer.

And here are the answers.

So a European heatwave is an atmospheric hazard.

It is caused by an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall.

The Indian ocean earthquake and tsunami is caused by those tectonic plates moving underneath the Indian Ocean, and therefore is a tectonic hazard.

Cyclone Nargis is an atmospheric hazard as in this cyclone or a tropical storm has been formed within the atmosphere.

The Badakhstan mudslides is a geomorphological hazard since it involves the movement of material on the surface.

And finally, the South Asian floods in 2020 are a hydrological hazard since it involves the movement of surface water.

Really, really well done if you were able to correctly categorise those natural disasters.

So onto our third and final, now, learning cycle, and we're gonna look at what are the major risks posed by natural hazards.

So the risks include deaths and injuries, damage to property and infrastructure, by which I mean roads, bridges, and other communication networks.

The displacement of people and homelessness.

Loss of income for businesses.

Environmental damage, thinking about wildlife and plants, and animals.

And finally, the psychological and social stress that can be caused from these natural hazards and disasters.

Again, we can categorise these risks and their impacts into social, relating to people, economic relating to money, and environmental relating to the environment, relating to nature.

Some risks and impacts may fit into more than one of these categories, particularly social and economics seem to sometimes go more hand in hand.

Now these are the impacts we looked at earlier.

And before I go any further, I'd like to ask you, how would you categorise these risks in terms of social, economic, and environmental? You may like to pause the video right here, and have a look at these impacts, and decide on how you would categorise them.

Well, looking at the social, economic, and environmental aspects, the psychological and social stress is undoubtedly a social impact.

It's affecting people.

Imagine you came home to a house that is being completely destroyed by a natural disaster.

That is undoubtedly gonna cause you some post-traumatic stress.

Likewise, deaths and injuries undoubtedly falls into the social category, and so too does displacement of people and homelessness.

Thinking then about economic impacts, well, damage to property and infrastructure undoubtedly has an economic impact.

The cost of repair or ensuring, or compensating people for the damage to their property is undoubtedly gonna cause some economic impact.

Likewise, a loss of income for businesses, a business being destroyed, a business being interrupted from doing its usual business activity is again, certainly going to have an impact on that business owner who is going to lose money as a result.

Finally, the environmental damage.

Wildlife may be disturbed or even killed as a result of a natural hazard, such as a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, or tsunami.

There is certainly going to be some wildlife damage.

One example of a natural disaster that hit the Philippines in 2013 was from Typhoon Haiyan, and it's one of the most powerful tropical storms ever recorded.

In fact, it caused the deaths of over 6,000 people and almost 30,000 people were injured, and it caused a whopping $2.

2 billion in damage.

1.

8 million people were made homeless and over 6 million people were displaced.

So a quick learning check.

Can you match these impacts from Typhoon Haiyan to their risk type? On the left, we have the risk type.

And on the right, we have the impacts.

Pause the video here whilst you match up these two.

Good luck.

Okay, and here are your answers.

So deaths and injuries links up nicely with over 6,000 people died and almost 30,000 people were injured.

The economic impacts remember refers to money.

So the economic damage totaled almost 2.

2 billion US dollars.

The environmental damage, we saw oil spills caused by the typhoon, which polluted mangrove, forests, and of course, would of cause the deaths of both marine and also sea life.

And finally, displacement and homelessness, 1.

8 million people were made homeless with over 6 million people being displaced.

Now, the level of risk caused by natural hazards can vary greatly.

For example, Typhoon Haiyan was actually the Philippines 13th tropical storm in 2013 alone, and it was the fifth super typhoon that they had that year.

So even though they were fully aware and experienced in dealing with tropical storms, this was a natural disaster, because it was just so powerful and intense.

Most people were killed by storm surges, which are powerful waves measuring up to six metres in this example.

Settlements in the path of the typhoon were flattened and the streets were filled with debris.

Now a quick learning check.

Which of these statements about the risk of natural hazards in the Philippines are true? Read through the options, and pause the video here whilst you consider and make your answer.

And the two correct answers were B, the fact that the Philippines is at risk from typhoons.

And D, some typhoons have a higher hazard risk than others, again, due to the power and intensity.

Now we're onto our practise tasks, and the first practise task asks you to name three risks facing countries that are vulnerable to natural hazards.

And the second one asks you to look at the photo, which is showing a coastal area of the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan.

Add annotations, add labels to show how the area has been affected.

So pause your video video here whilst you attend these two questions.

Good luck.

And some feedback, so the three risks you needed to identify could have been any of these.

So deaths and injuries, damage to property and infrastructure, displacement and homelessness of people.

In economic impacts, relating to perhaps loss of business or perhaps the need to repair infrastructure and people's homes.

Environmental damage relating to wildlife.

And then of course, psychological and social stress, perhaps post-traumatic stress following this event.

The second question asks you to look at this image following Typhoon Haiyan in Philippines, and it asks you to make annotations.

Now, you may have had some of these annotations.

In the image, we can clearly see damage to fishing boats in the fishing industry generally.

This of course, would lead to an economic impact with a loss of business for those fishermen.

We can also see an area covered with rubble, which is going to limit the amount of communications and also tourism.

People won't be able to move around the area as freely.

We can also see damage to buildings, and that of course is going to lead to homelessness.

It's gonna lead to a need for repair, which of course requires financial resources.

And then finally, we can see also damage to trees, thereby indicating damage to wildlife as well.

So really, really well done if you were able to pick up on any of those answers that I've just mentioned.

To summarise them, natural events that have the potential to cause damage, loss of life, or economic disruption are known as natural hazards.

Landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions are all examples of natural hazards.

There are many ways in which natural hazards compose risks to people, and hazard risk is increased in places that are vulnerable to natural hazards.

So thank you very much for being with me during this lesson.

I hope you enjoyed it, and I will see you again soon.

Goodbye.