Hello, I'm Mr. Marchin, and thank you for joining me for today's history lesson.

My job today is to help guide you through our history resources in the lesson.

And I'm going to be working to make sure that by the end of our time together, you can securely meet our lesson objective.

Welcome to today's lesson, which is part of our unit on Civil Rights in the USA, where we are asking ourselves, how successful was the Civil Rights Movement? By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain the impact of the Black Power Movement in the USA in the 1960s and 1970s.

There are three key words which will help us navigate our way through today's lesson.

Those are radical, separatism and heritage.

Radical means a belief in the need for big, social, political, and economic changes.

Separatism refers to the belief that people from different backgrounds should be kept apart from one another, and heritage refers to characteristics which belong to a particular culture such as language or music.

Today's lesson will be split into three parts, and we'll begin by focusing on Malcolm X.

Malcolm X became a major figure in the American Civil Rights Movement.

Like Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X inspired millions of African Americans.

However, for large periods of the 1950s and 1960s, King and Malcolm X's recommended responses to racial injustice appeared to be very different.

Malcolm X's background had a major effect on his views of racial injustice and how he thought this should be responded to.

In 1925, Malcolm X was born in Nebraska, but moved to Michigan after violent threats from the KKK against his family.

Age six Malcolm X's father was murdered by a group of white racists.

At age 15, after living in a foster home, Malcolm X dropped out of school and moved to Boston.

By 1946, Malcolm X had been sentenced to 10 years in prison, during which time he became a Muslim and joined a group known as the Nation of Islam.

So, reflecting on what we've heard so far, which two of the following statements about Malcolm X are correct? At the age of six, his father was murdered by white racists.

He graduated from high school and went on to university.

He joined civil rights organisations like the NAACP, or he was sent to jail where he joined the Nation of Islam.

Remember, we are looking for two correct answers for this question.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answers.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answers were A and D.

At the age of six, Malcolm X's father was murdered by white racists.

And by 1946, Malcolm X had been sent to jail for 10 years, where he joined the Nation of Islam.

The Nation of Islam, or NOI was a radical group.

NOI believed that black people would never be treated as equals by white Americans.

Therefore, the Nation of Islam supported black separatism.

NOI opposed the involvement of white Americans in the Civil Rights Movement, Malcolm X became a spokesman for NOI when he left prison in the 1950s.

So let's check our understanding of what we've just heard.

I want you to write the missing keyword from the following sentence.

Malcolm X became part of the Nation of Islam, which believed in black blank.

So what's the missing word? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the missing word was separatism.

Malcolm X became part of the Nation of Islam, which believed in black separatism.

In other words, the Nation of Islam believed that white Americans would never treat black Americans as equals, and therefore, NOI believed strongly in black separatism.

Malcolm X's ideas for challenging racial injustice differed from Martin Luther King's.

He supported the use of self-defense including violence if needed, whereas King always called for peaceful protests.

Malcolm X also set up organisations to support young black people in poorer areas and helped them reconnect with their African heritage.

NOI membership increased significantly from 500 in 1952 to 30,000 by 1963.

And many historians have suggested that this growth in popularity was closely connected to the success and influence of Malcolm X specifically.

So, let's make sure we have a clear understanding of everything we just heard.

How did Malcolm X and Martin Luther King's approaches to violence compare? Was it that both focused on non-violent protests, that King focused on non-violence but Malcolm X encouraged self-defense, that Malcolm X focused on non-violence, but King encouraged self-defense, or that both focused on self-defense? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

Martin Luther King focused on non-violent protests, but Malcolm X encouraged self-defense in instances where black Americans were attacked by others.

And let's try another question.

This time we have a statement which reads, Malcolm X's approach to racial injustice was unpopular with African Americans.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that Malcolm X's work encouraged thousands to join the Nation of Islam.

And a second says that Malcolm X's work encouraged tens of thousands to join the Nation of Islam.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct justification was B.

Malcolm X's work was clearly popular with many African Americans because tens of thousands joined the Nation of Islam during the late 1950s and early 1960s when he was the organization's spokesman.

In 1964, Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam and became more willing to accept support from white Americans.

However, Malcolm X's ideas remained radical.

He still promoted self-reliance, self-defense and pride in African heritage.

The Organisation of Afro-American Unity that he set up promoted black control over all aspects of life in black communities.

In 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam.

So, let's check our understanding of what we've just heard.

We have a statement again, which reads, Some of Malcolm X's views changed towards the end of his life.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was true, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that Malcolm X became more willing to work with white supporters for the Civil Rights Movement, and the second says that Malcolm X argued that African Americans should rely upon white Americans as much as black Americans.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct justification was A.

By the end of his life, Malcolm X became more willing to work with white supporters of the Civil Rights Movement.

However, even by the end of his life, Malcolm X was still arguing for black self-reliance that black communities should be in charge of all aspects of life within their communities, rather than having to rely on white authorities for that.

So, we are now ready to put all of our knowledge about Malcolm X into practise.

We have four statements which read, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King's ideas about the Civil Rights Movement differed.

Malcolm X was a member of the Nation of Christianity.

Malcolm X worked closely with white civil rights campaigners, and Malcolm X's ideas became less radical at the end of his life.

So, I want you to identify whether each of those statements is true or false, and then you should correct any of the false statements, provide additional details to support your corrections.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all of your effort on that task.

So for the first part of Task A, I asked you to identify whether each statement was true or false.

You should have said that the first statement was true.

Malcolm X's and Martin Luther King's ideas about the Civil Rights Movement did differ from one another.

Malcolm X argued for self-defense, for example, whereas Martin Luther King was firmly committed to nonviolent protest.

Malcolm X was not a member of the Nation of Christianity.

So you should have said that that statement was false.

Our third statement that Malcolm X worked closely with white civil rights campaigners was also false.

And our statement that by the end of his life, Malcolm X's ideas became less radical was true.

For example, he did become more willing to work with white campaigners.

So now we can think about the second part of task A where I asked you to correct any of the false statements and to provide additional detail to support those corrections.

So your answers may have included.

Malcolm X was a member of the Nation of Islam, which believed in black separatism.

And Malcolm X's ideas remained radical at the end of his life.

He continued to argue that black Americans should be self-reliant when trying to improve their lives, but he did change his views on working with white Americans.

So really well done if your own answers and corrections look something like those which we've just seen.

So now we're ready to move on to the second part of our lesson for today where we are going to focus on the Black Power Movement.

Malcolm X's ideas of African American self-reliance, self-defense and pride in their heritage continued to inspire black Americans even after his death.

The principles of what became the Black Power Movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s were closely related to these beliefs of Malcolm X.

Poverty remained a major issue for millions of African Americans.

The Black Power Movement focused not just on questions of political and civil rights, but also on the need to improve the lives of black Americans.

This attracted a lot of support from poor Americans living in ghettos who saw the movement as a way at delivering immediate improvements to their day-to-day lives.

So, reflecting on what we've just heard, who tended to be the main supporters of the Black Power Movement? Was it poor African Americans, wealthy African Americans, or well-educated African Americans? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was A.

Poor African Americans tended to be the main supporters of the Black Power Movement, believing that it was more likely to deliver the immediate improvements to their day-to-day lives that they so desperately needed.

The Black Power Movement became increasingly visible and popular in the late 1960s.

There were national civil rights leaders like Stokely Carmichael who supported it.

Two U.

S.

athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos gave the Black Power salute during the medal ceremony for the 200 metre sprint at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico.

And the Black Panther Party was founded in 1966.

All of these things significantly increased awareness of the Black Power Movement.

So, I want you to study the photo, which we can currently see on the screen.

How does it relate to the Black Power Movement? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the photo relates to the Black Power Movement because it shows the athletes' Tommie Smith and John Carlos giving the Black Power Salute.

The Black Power Movement created growing fears amongst white Americans though.

Supporters were very critical of American politics and society, and the movement often used the language of revolution when it talked about change.

Some supporters of Black Power were openly armed with weapons for self-defense.

And so in combination, this created significant fears amongst some groups of white Americans that the Black Power Movement was intending to create widespread violence against them in the USA.

So, I want you to identify one reason why the Black Power Movement caused rising concern amongst white Americans.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to anybody who provided one of the following responses.

That supporters were very critical of American politics and society.

That the movement often used the language of revolution when it talked about change, and that some supporters of Black Power were openly armed with weapons for self-defense.

All of this created the impression for many white Americans that the Black Power Movement was something hostile towards them, and that it might threaten themselves.

So, we are now ready to put all of our knowledge about the Black Power Movement into practise.

I want you to describe what the Black Power Movement was.

You should include each of the following terms as part of your description.

Poor, Malcolm X and fear.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, well done for all your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to describe what the Black Power Movement was, and your answer may have included, the Black Power Movement developed in the USA during the 1960s and 1970s.

Black Power was strongly influenced by the ideas of Malcolm X, especially his emphasis on self-reliance and self-defense for African Americans.

Black Power was heavily focused on improving the day-to-day lives of black Americans, as well as improving their civil rights, earning it the support of many poor African Americans.

By contrast, the radical ideas included in the Black Power Movement provoked fear and hostility from many white Americans.

So really well done for all your effort on that task, especially if your own response managed to include all of the keywords I provided, just like that model answered it.

And so now we're ready to move on to the third and final part of our lesson for today where we are going to focus on the Black Panthers.

The Black Panthers were one of the largest Black Power groups in the USA.

The Black Panther Party was founded in California in 1966 and had around 5,000 members by 1968.

By late 1968, there were 25 U.

S.

cities with Panther groups of their own.

The Black Panther Party was founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in California in 1966.

The Black Panther Party's aims were made clear in their 10 point programme.

Several points in this programme centred on achieving freedom for the black community through full employment, better housing and educational facilities, the exemption of black men from military service, justice for imprisoned black Americans, and an end to police brutality.

In order to achieve these aims, the Black Panther Party was willing and prepared to use revolutionary means.

The Black Panthers had a uniform consisting of black berets, trousers, and leather jackets that clearly identified them as members of the Black Panther Party.

The Black Panthers also often carried weapons and trained their members in the use of these weapons.

The party received a lot of attention in the national media as well as from the FBI because of the fact it armed its members.

So, I want you to study the poster that you can currently see on the screen.

Describe two things in the image that suggest the men shown were members of the Black Panther Party.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answers.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the men shown in the poster are wearing black clothes and berets, just like the uniform of the Black Panthers, that one man is carrying a gun because the Black Panthers were often armed, and that the names of the Black Panther leaders are printed across the two men.

So Bobby, for Bobby Seale and Huey for Huey Newton, the two founding members at the Black Panther Party.

The Black Panther Party achieved many things to the black communities that they served.

This included setting up armed patrols to keep black communities safe, but also extended to setting up community services in order to help the black community achieve some of the aims set out in the party's 10 point programme.

The most popular of these services was the Free Breakfast for Children Programme.

The Black Panthers considered this a critical programme to support black communities.

Increasing poverty levels meant that many families could not afford breakfast and lunch.

As children were not eating properly, they found learning in school more difficult.

Therefore, economic problems affecting black families were also harming the life prospects of African American children as their education suffered due to their hunger.

Starting in St.

Augustine's Church in Oakland in January, 1969, this programme had reached 23 different cities by the end of the year, fed more than 20,000 children and was receiving donations from local businesses, churches, and other organisations.

The U.

S.

government admitted that the Black Panthers had fed more children in need than the state government of California.

By 1971, the programme had spread to 36 cities.

So, let's make sure we have a clear understanding of everything we just heard.

What was set up by the Black Panthers in January, 1969? The Fight for Children Programme, the Free Breakfast for Children Programme, or the Freedom for Black Children Programme? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

In January, 1969, the Black Panthers set up the Free Breakfast for Children Programme, providing breakfast to try and support children from poor families.

This also was important because it helped ensure that those children could still make the most of their education as well.

And let's try another question.

I want you to change one word to correct the following sentence.

The Free Breakfast for Children Programme fed less needy children than the state government in California did.

So think about which word seems to be incorrect and what should it be changed to? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the word less should have been changed to more.

The Free Breakfast for Children Programme fed more needy children than the state government in California did.

The Black Panthers use of weapons intimidated state police and where they sometimes worked in their favour and enabled them to protect black communities against police brutality, in other instances, it led to violent responses to the Black Panther Party.

By the late 1960s, 27 members of the party had been killed and 700 were injured.

By the start of the 1970s, disagreements had grown within the party between those who believed they should focus more on social services and those who wanted to focus more on confrontation.

These disagreements led to a violent split in 1971, which saw four Black Panthers killed by other party members.

At this point, hundreds of other members began to lead the party, and by the end of the 1970s, the Black Panthers had come to an end.

Even before this decline, the reputation of the Black Panthers was always greater than its actual membership.

Whilst there were over 22 million black Americans living in the USA by 1970, there were never more than 10,000 actual members of the Black Panther Party.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

What happened to the Black Panthers in the 1970s? Was it that the party gained power over all of California, that the party split and lost power, or that the party was closed down by American authorities? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was B.

In the 1970s, the Black Panther Party split between those who wanted to focus on social services and those who wanted to focus more on confrontation.

And after this split and the violence which it caused within the party, the Black Panthers increasingly lost power.

Let's try another question.

Which statement is most accurate? That most African Americans joined the Black Panther Party, that roughly half of all African Americans joined the Black Panther Party, or that a small proportion of African Americans joined the Black Panther Party.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was C.

Only a small proportion of African Americans joined the Black Panther Party, whereas there were 22 million black Americans living in the USA in 1970, membership of the Black Panther Party never exceeded 10,000 people.

So now we are ready to put all of our knowledge about the Black Panthers into practise.

I want you to study the two views of the Black Panther Party shown on the screen.

Jun says that, "The Black Panther Party gained widespread attention and spoke of revolution, but achieved little." Whereas Izzy says that, "The Black Panthers were widely misunderstood and did a lot to improve the day-to-day lives of many African Americans." So whose view do you agree with more? And you need to explain your answer.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, well done for all of your effort on that task.

So I presented you with Jun and Izzy's view and asked who did you agree with more, and for you to explain your answer.

Your answer may have included, I agree with Jun's view of the Black Panthers more than Izzy's because the actual membership of the Black Panther Party remained limited during the 1960s and 1970s.

The distinctive black uniform, revolutionary language, and armed membership of the Black Panthers meant that the party gained significant attention from both the media and even the FBI.

However, in reality, there were never more than 10,000 actual members of the Black Panther Party across the country, just a small fraction of the total African American population, suggesting that the Black Panthers failed to convince the majority of black Americans that they were worth actively supporting.

So really well done if your own response looked something like that one there.

Alternatively, your answer may have included, I agree with Izzy's view of the Black Panthers more than Jun's because the Black Panthers helped provide services for black communities, which authorities failed to.

For instance, the Black Panthers began the Free Breakfast for Children Programme in early 1969, which had spread to 36 cities by 1971.

Importantly, this programme helped meet not just the nutritional needs of young African American children living in poverty, but also reduced the negative impact that hunger would have on their education.

In this way, the Black Panthers not only improved the lives of tens of thousands of people, but even provided more assistance than was available from the state of California itself.

So again, if your own response looked something like that model, really well done.

And that means we've now reach the end of today's lesson, which puts us in a good position to summarise our learning.

We've seen that Malcolm X was a key figure in the Civil Rights movement, who promoted ideas of black self-reliance, self-defense, and pride in African heritage.

The Black Power Movement in the 1960s and 1970s was radical and influenced by many of Malcolm X's ideas.

The Black Panthers were one of the largest and most famous Black Power groups in the USA and the Black Panthers had small membership but provided important services for black communities, including the Free Breakfast for Children Programme.

So really well done for all of your effort throughout today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure to help guide you through our resources, and I look forward to seeing you again in future as we think further about civil rights in the USA and continue to ask ourselves, how successful was the American Civil Rights Movement?.