Hello there and welcome to today's history lesson.

I'm Mr. Moss.

I'm really passionate about history and I'm also really looking forward to teaching you.

With you today, you need to bring your looking eyes, your listening ears, and your thinking brains.

As well as that, having something to write with and write on and someone or something to talk to would also be really helpful.

Alright then, let's get straight into today's history lesson.

In this history lesson, we're going to be considering Boudica's rebellion against Roman rule.

The outcome will be: I can describe the causes and events of Boudica's rebellion.

Here are the key words for today's lesson.

My turn, your turn.

Celtic.

Rebellion.

Client ruler.

And Boudica.

So let's have a chat about what these words mean then.

The Celtic people were the tribes who lived in Britain before the ancient Romans arrived.

A rebellion is when people rise up against those who are ruling them.

A client ruler is a king or queen who promised to obey the ancient Roman Emperor.

Boudica was the queen of the Celtic Iceni tribe.

So today we are going to be considering how the Celtic queen Boudica formed a rebellion against the Roman Empire because she didn't want to be a client ruler.

Keep an eye and an ear out for these keywords in today's learning as they're very important.

So here is the outline for today's lesson.

We have only two learning cycles.

We are considering Boudica's rebellion against Roman rule.

We're going to look at client rulers first of all and what they were and how they worked.

And then we are going to look specifically in a lot of detail about Boudica's rebellion.

So let's get on then with looking at client rulers.

Emperor Claudius invaded Britain in 43 CE.

He'd become emperor in 41 CE and he wanted to invade Britain to prove his strength so that he could have a triumph through the streets of Rome, prove that he was not a weak ruler like Caligula before him.

The ancient Roman armies were well-trained and used clever tactics to defeat Celtic tribes in the southeast of Britain.

Here we can see on the left hand side an illustration of an ancient Roman legionary.

We can see him holding his pilum, his spear, with his gladius by his waist and holding his scutum, his shield.

These well-trained soldiers would use tactics like we can see on the right here, like the testudo tactic, where they would use their shields to form a defensive barrier and protect themselves against the Celtic British tribes.

The Celtic tribes had to make a very difficult decision.

They could try to fight back in rebellion against the Romans who'd invaded their lands, or they could try and make peace with them.

And what we can see here on the left hand side, a modern illustration of a person, a British tribal leader talking to an emperor.

True or false? Celtic tribes had to decide what to do about the ancient Romans in 43 CE.

See if you can justify your answer as well.

Off you go, team.

Brilliant.

It's absolutely true.

The Romans had invaded, and they had to decide whether they would rebel and fight back or if they would make peace with them and potentially become client rulers.

So our correct justification is, they could fight back or make peace with them.

They couldn't just ignore them being there.

One Celtic king who decided to fight the Romans was Caratacus.

We can see here a map of Britain showing where Caratacus fought the Romans.

He fought them in the southeast.

He also fought them in Wales and he also fought them in the north of England at this time as well.

Caratacus fought the Romans all over England and Wales.

This is modern-day England and modern-day Wales.

In the end, he could not defeat them, and Caratacus was taken to Rome in chains.

This is a very common theme for the Romans.

As they captured defeated leaders, they would parade them through the streets of Rome to show their great victory to the people.

And we have here an illustration of Caratacus in front of the emperor Claudius.

You can see on one arm, or both arms, he is in chains.

You can see the emperor Claudius sat further above him to show his power and authority and the fact that he had defeated Caratacus.

After deciding to fight the Romans, Caratacus was, A, killed by the Romans in battle; B, able to escape to Ireland; or C, taken to Rome in chains.

Pause the video and select the correct answer now and complete the sentence.

Off you go.

Great job, team.

After deciding to fight the Romans, Caratacus was taken to Rome in chains and shown off to the emperor and to the people because he'd been defeated.

Other leaders of Celtic tribes made a different choice.

They made peace with the Romans, agreeing to follow Roman laws and pay them money, or taxes.

So rather than fighting back, they decided to make peace with the Romans.

The Romans often did this across their empire.

It would have been very difficult to constantly be fighting on all fronts, so very often they would allow foreign leaders or other leaders to make peace with them, to promise that they would not kill their people or attack them, but instead protect them but for a price.

The Celtic rulers were allowed to keep their land and save their people from the violence that would undoubtedly have come from fighting the Romans and their well-trained military legions and legionaries.

They are called client rulers because their power depended on the Romans allowing them to rule.

They were clients of the Roman Empire because they were using effectively the Roman services.

Over time some of these client rulers grew angry and fed up with Roman rule.

They grew fed up with not having the complete freedom of their land, of having to pay money and taxes to the Romans.

Some of them rebelled, which means they fought back.

And one of the most famous to rebel was Boudica, queen of the Iceni tribe.

You may have heard of that name before.

And we can see here an illustration of Boudica.

She's incredibly famous female warrior.

What two things did client rulers agree to do to keep their land in Britain? Did they A, fight against the Romans; B, follow Roman laws; C, go to Rome in chains; or D, pay taxes to the Romans? Pause the video now and select the two things that client rulers had to agree to.

Brilliant.

Well, of course they didn't fight against the Romans, otherwise they would've then been rebelling.

They had to follow Roman laws.

They weren't sent to Rome in chains after being defeated like Caratacus, but they did have to pay money or taxes to the Romans.

So for our practise task now, I'd like you to show me all that you've learned so far in this learning cycle.

Sort the statements according whether they apply to rulers who became client rulers or rulers who rebelled and chose to fight the Romans.

The statements are: fought the Romans, kept their people safe, followed Roman laws, paid money to the Romans, might be captured.

And our two sides of the table are: rulers who became client rulers, rulers who chose to fight the Romans.

So if I looked fought the Romans, well, that would definitely go into my rulers who chose to fight the Romans section, wouldn't it? So sort these statements, pause the video, off you go.

Great job, team.

So let's see how you've done then.

Rulers who became client rulers.

Rulers who chose to fight the Romans.

Well, fought the Romans, that would've been something rulers who chose to fight the Romans like Boudica did.

Kept their people safe.

If you became a client ruler, you were in the service of the Romans or needed their service, your people will be safe and the Romans wouldn't fight you.

Followed Roman laws, this would be something you would have to agree to if you became a client ruler.

Paid money to the Romans.

You'd have to pay taxes or money to the Romans if you were a client ruler too.

Might be captured.

Indeed, you might be captured and then taken in chains back to Rome.

So we can see here the very stark difference between those who are rulers who became client rulers and the rulers who chose to fight the Romans.

We are now going to look specifically at a rebellion by a very famous Celtic leader, Queen Boudica.

The people of the Iceni tribe lived in the east of England.

Here the Romans had built a large town called Camulodunum.

And this here we can see being pointed to on the map is Camulodunum in a map of Britain from the time.

Today it is known as Colchester.

And there is still indeed a military garrison in Colchester to this day.

Indeed, some historians even believe that Claudius may have ridden an elephant triumphantly through Colchester.

Which area in Britain did the Iceni tribe live in? The north, the east, the south, the west? Pause the video now and select the correct answer.

Brilliant.

It was the east, which is where Colchester to this day is found.

So Camulodunum was the most important town in Roman Britain, and it was protected by many legionaries.

This did not scare Boudica, and it was here that she began her rebellion.

And we have here a modern illustration of Boudica.

Boudica formed a huge army and marched to Camulodunum.

You can see here a modern illustration of Boudica's army attacking Camulodunum, what it may have been like for the Roman soldiers garrisoned there.

They killed every Roman they found and set fire to the buildings until there was nothing left.

Remember, they were fed up with the Roman rule.

The Roman legion in Wales, far to the west, were told to march to the east to stop Boudica.

We can see where the region of Wales is compared to Camulodunum on this map of Britain.

But Boudica's army had already attacked Londinium, modern-day London, and burnt it to the ground.

Select the two places that Boudica and her Celtic army destroyed: Wales, Londinium, or Camulodunum.

Brilliant job.

They destroyed Londinium and Camulodunum.

First Camulodunum and then Londinium.

By the time the Romans reached Boudica, they had been joined by two more legions.

A Roman legion was a large unit of men, and they mobilised these legions because of the threat that Boudica posed.

But Boudica's army still outnumbered them.

She had convinced other tribes, other Celtic tribes to join her rebellion too and fight back against the Romans.

The Celtic warriors were confident they would beat the Romans and they even brought their families with them to watch the battle.

They sat in waggons behind Boudica's army on the battlefield.

Unfortunately, these waggons would play a negative role in what was to come.

Who is correct? Laura says, "Boudica's Celtic army was bigger than the Roman army." Or Andeep, "The Roman army was bigger than Boudica's Celtic army." Pause the video now and select the correct statement.

Excellent job.

Laura is the one that is correct.

Boudica's army, once she gathered other Celtic tribes to her cause, was far larger than the Roman legion's.

But as we've looked at already, the Romans used clever tactics.

They charged forward in a big wedge shape to scatter Boudica's Celtic army.

And you can see them in this large wedge shape here.

The Roman legions and the Roman auxiliary cohorts are here in red and orange and grey.

And we can see the British chariots, the little rectangles in blue and the British warbands in blue, and behind in orange those carts and waggons of the families watching on.

There was nowhere for Boudica's army to escape to.

They were trapped into the battlefield by the waggons and carts behind them.

And the Romans, with their superior tactical forces, defeated Boudica and her Celtic army.

Complete Aisha's sentence.

On the battlefield, Boudica's army was trapped by their.

Off you go, say it as a whole sentence.

Great job.

I loved hearing you say that.

On the battlefield, Boudica's army was trapped by their waggons, which were placed behind them.

The Romans remembered how Boudica's army had destroyed Camulodunum and Londinium and the number of Romans that they had killed.

They killed every Celt they could find to show them they should not rebel again.

So they rather brutally put down this rebellion.

When she realised she had lost, Boudica poisoned herself.

Now I wonder why she may have killed herself rather than be captured.

And let's think back to what happened to Celtic rulers that were captured.

She decided she would rather die than be taken to Rome in chains like Caratacus.

After Boudica's rebellion was stopped, very few Celtic people chose to rebel again, perhaps because of the brutal way in which the Romans put this rebellion down, killing many Celts as a warning to the other Celts not to rebel again.

They continued as client rulers though, obeying Roman laws and paying the Romans money.

Although many of them would've still been unhappy with this arrangement, it kept them safe, their family safe, and meant they didn't have to fight the Romans.

Complete the sentence with the correct key word that we've looked at.

After Boudica's mm was stopped, very few Celtic people chose to rebel again.

Pause the video, complete that sentence with the key word now.

Off you go.

So the word that I was looking to be in there was: after Boudica's rebellion was stopped, very few Celtic people chose to rebel again.

Remember, a rebellion is where you rise up and fight against the people that are ruling you.

So for our practise task now, what I'd like us to do is to start with the earliest, starting with the earliest, place these events in chronological order.

So in time order from the earliest, okay, to the latest.

The first event has been completed for you.

So number one is Boudica grew tired of being a client ruler.

Then think back upon what we've learned in this lesson.

Think back upon the events of Boudica's life, okay, the first place she attacked, the second place she attacked, okay, what then happened after that, and what finally happened to her? So starting with the earliest, place these events in chronological order.

First one's been done for you.

Off you go.

Brilliant job, team.

You've clearly been paying a lot of attention and you clearly understand and know now, okay, the chronological order of Boudica's life and her rebellion against the Romans in Britain.

So let's go through them.

Number one, Boudica grew tired of being a client ruler.

She was a Celtic queen of the Iceni tribe.

She grew tired of it.

Boudica's army then destroyed Camulodunum, which is modern-day Colchester, very important place for the Romans.

They killed many Romans there, many legionaries.

After that, their army destroyed Londinium, so London.

At this point, the Roman legions were being called over from Wales when this happened.

They met with some more legions, and Boudica's army met with the Romans in battle.

Now remember, unfortunately Boudica's army was trapped by the Celtic waggons behind them, and the Romans with their wedge tactics were able to defeat the Celtic tribes.

Remember then, rather than being taken in chains back to Rome and taken as a prisoner, Boudica was defeated and she poisoned herself.

So hopefully you managed to get these in the correct order.

Check through now, make sure you have, make sure you've got these in the correct chronological order, time order.

Very important as historians that we are able to put events into chronological order.

Check now.

Make any corrections.

Excellent history learning today, team.

We've been looking at Boudica's rebellion against Roman rule.

After the Romans invaded Britain, the Celtic kings had to decide whether to fight the Romans or make peace with them.

Those who resisted were killed or captured, like Caratacus.

Those who made peace became client rulers and paid money to the Romans.

Boudica was the client ruler of the Celtic Iceni tribe, who became fed up with the Roman rule and started a rebellion.

She fought back against them.

Boudica destroyed the Roman towns of Camulodunum and Londinium, but she was eventually defeated in battle and then used poison to kill herself rather than be captured.

Keep up the great history learning, team, and I'll see you again soon.