Hello, my name is Mr. March and I'm here today to teach you all about challenges created by urban change, both socially and economically.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

So by the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to use data to describe deprivation across the Liverpool City Region and identify how this relates to inequalities at a variety of scales.

There are just two key terms for today's lesson, and those are deprivation and inequality.

Deprivation refers to a low standard of living caused by low income, poor health, and low educational attainment, sometimes described as living in poverty.

Inequality refers to wealth or opportunities are not equally shared.

There are just two learning cycles for today's lesson, and we're going to start with the first learning cycle, which is the urban deprivation in Liverpool.

Now deprivation is a low standard of living and it's a result of an interaction between the following three features, which is low income, poor health, and a low educational attainment.

And as I said, it's an interaction between these three features which really make up deprivation.

In England, every three to four years, data on measurables such as education, crime, and income are used to calculate something called the Index of Multiple Deprivation.

Let's have a look at this term and try and break it down a little bit.

So, "Index" refers to a ranked number given to each local authority across England, one being the most deprived, and 317 being the least deprived.

There are 317 local authorities across England, and this is what the index is made up of.

In terms of the word "Multiple," seven pieces of data are combined.

And finally, the word "Deprivation" is a word that we looked at on the previous slide, and it essentially refers to a low standard of living.

So, it is basically measuring levels of deprivation across all 317 local authorities in England.

And what we can do from this Index of Multiple Deprivation is that they can be displayed spatially on something called a choropleth map that you can see in front of you.

Now, a choropleth map uses different colours or different shades to show different meanings.

In this example, the darker the colour refers to the more deprived the area.

So you can see that dark blue are local authorities which have been classified or categorised as being most deprived, whereas the lighter colour, all the way down in that white colour, refers to local authorities which are least deprived.

So, the darker the colour, the greater the average deprivation.

Everyone who lives in an area does not share the same characteristics, and this is a really important point.

So yes, the Index of Multiple Deprivation can be used to identify average levels of deprivation within an area, and it can be used then to compare average deprivation between those different local authorities.

What it shouldn't and can't be used for is to identify individuals, or suppose characteristics for all people living in an area.

What I'm essentially saying is that we can't stereotype everyone living in an area based on this average deprivation score.

Not everyone that lives in an area which has been classified as having a high level of deprivation will be poor.

And likewise, not everyone living in a area which has been classified as not very deprived will be rich.

There will always be differences within any local authority.

So, a quick learner check.

Who is correct? You can see three different statements on the screen in front of you, one from Laura, one from Aisha, and one from Jun.

What I'd like you to do is read through those three statements.

Pause the video whilst you consider as to who is correct.

And the correct statement was made by Jun.

Jun said that the Index of Multiple Deprivation ranks 317 English local authorities on a scale from most to least deprived.

So really, really well done if you also selected Jun's statement.

Our next learning check says, which two of the following statements about the Index of Multiple Deprivation are correct? Once again, I'd like you to pause the video whilst you read through the four options and then consider and select your two answers.

And the two correct answers were A, a rank of one means the highest level of deprivation.

And the second correct answer was D, multiple pieces of data are used to calculate deprivation.

So once again, really well done if you were able to select those two correct answers.

Our third and final learning check says, who is correct? Now once again, you can see two different statements on the screen, one made by Sam and one made by Sofia.

And you have the map there in front of you.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video, read through the two statements, refer to the map, and then consider and select your answer.

And the correct answer is Sofia.

Now Sofia is absolutely correct.

She says that a high percentage of people in Middlesbrough live in deprivation.

And she is absolutely correct.

Although Middlesbrough does indeed have the highest or the darkest colour showing the highest level of deprivation, it would be a stereotype to say that everyone living in the local authority of Middlesbrough is therefore deprived.

This is untrue.

As previously stated, there is no one truth.

There is just an average.

And in this case, Middlesbrough is being shown as having a high level of deprivation, but this does not mean that everyone living in Middlesbrough will be deprived.

So the Liverpool City Region is made up of six local authorities, and this is really important.

The Liverpool local authority is just one of six which make up the Liverpool City Region.

The six different local authorities found within the Liverpool City Region are Sefton, Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens, Wirral, and Halton.

Time now for a learning check, and it's true or false? Liverpool local authority is the same as Liverpool City Region.

True or false? So what I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was false.

Now once again, what I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you consider as to why this statement is false.

And the reason it's false is because Liverpool City Region is made up of six local authorities.

One of these local authorities is also called Liverpool.

So really well done if you were able to get that answer correct.

Each local authority is given a rank on the Index of Multiple Deprivation.

And remember, there are six different local authorities across the Liverpool City Region.

Let's have a look at these now.

So remember, there are 317 local authorities across England, and they are ranked, one being the most deprived, down to 317, which is the least deprived.

Let's have a look at where Liverpool's local authorities rank on this index.

So Sefton, in front of you, ranks at 58th highest for deprivation in England.

Let's now have a look at the other five local authorities across the Liverpool City Region.

So let's now have a look at how the local authorities across the Liverpool City region do in terms of its deprivation.

We already know that Sefton ranks as 58th highest in terms of deprivation across England.

Liverpool ranks as third.

Knowsley ranks as second.

St Helens ranks as 26th highest.

Wirral as 42nd.

And finally, Halton is 23rd highest.

Now what's really important is that we don't stereotype as a result of this data.

Remember, these scores are based on average data.

So not everyone living in these districts will be deprived.

But a quick question for you is, looking at the data in front of you, how does the Liverpool City Region compare to the rest of England in terms of its deprivation? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to this or perhaps discuss this with someone near you.

Time now for a learning check.

And you have two statements in front of you, one by Izzy and one by Jun.

What I'd like you to do then is read through the two statements and decide who you think is correct.

So pause the video here whilst you attempt this learning check.

And the correct answer was Izzy.

And Izzy says that all six of the local authorities in the Liverpool City Region are in the top-60 most-deprived local authorities in England.

So really, really well done if you were also able to select Izzy's answer.

And the next learning check says, who is correct? And now we have two statements, one by Lucas, one by Aisha.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you read through the two statements and then decide who you think is correct.

And the correct answer was Aisha.

Aisha says that I think that rates of urban deprivation vary across the Liverpool City Region.

And she is absolutely correct.

We know that there are six local authorities across the Liverpool City Region, each with a different deprivation score.

And we should also remember that within each local authority, there will be some areas which will be more deprived and other areas which are less deprived.

And that really touches on what I'm going to say now.

As we can see, the six local authorities in front of you have been split into even smaller areas.

So the Liverpool City Region can be split into 990 smaller areas.

Now once again, it has been given a colour code, and you can see that it's been given the code of red, blue, and a lighter shade of blue.

Now the red refers to the top zero to 1% of most deprived areas nationally.

So these are the real deprived areas of England.

The darker blue shows the top one to 10% of most deprived areas nationally.

And finally, the lighter blue refers to the top 10 to 20% of most deprived areas nationally.

So, looking at the map in front of you, I have a question.

Which local authorities have the highest concentration of deprived areas? You may like to pause the video here whilst you study the map and come up with an answer.

So following that question I left you with, we can see that Liverpool, Wirral, and Knowsley generally have more deprived areas or more significantly deprived areas than the other three local authorities across the Liverpool City Region.

So significant deprivation is certainly found in the Liverpool local authority, but the spread of deprivation is not equal, as you can see with the map in front of you.

You can see how it is very much spread across the local authority.

In terms of the Liverpool local authority, we can see that 10.

4% of the Liverpool local authority, again, is in that red colour that we mentioned before.

38.

3% is in that darker blue colour.

And then finally, we had that lighter shade of blue, and finally, the white colour, which is showing us less significant areas of deprivation.

So you can see how it is really a mixed picture even within the one local authority of Liverpool, which, from a bird's-eye view, was showing us to have significant levels of deprivation.

So a quick learning check.

True or false? The north of Liverpool local authority has more deprivation than the south.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video, study the map, and then consider and select your answer.

And the correct answer was true.

Yep, it is absolutely true that the north of Liverpool does seem to have more deprivation than the south, although, again, this is not 100% true.

We need to remember that it is also a mixed picture, since you can see at the very top of the map there, the very north of the local authority of Liverpool, that where we find less areas of deprivation.

So it really is a mixed picture.

We're on now to our three practise questions for learning cycle one, and the first practise question says to identify the local authorities in the Liverpool City Region according to their rank in the Index for Multiple Deprivation.

So you can see those six ranked scores there, and you need to try to recall the information and the names of those six local authorities which match their rank.

The second question says, how does deprivation in the Liverpool City Region compare to the rest of England? The third and final question for our practise task for learning cycle one says, describe the spatial pattern of deprivation within the local authority in Liverpool.

Now I would like you to consider the overall spread of deprivation, where high concentrations of deprivation are found, and where lower concentrations of deprivation are found.

So please refer to the map and the legend that you see in front of you.

So what I'd like you to do then is pause the video now whilst you attempt those three practise questions.

Best of luck.

In terms of feedback then for the first question of our practise tasks, these were the correct answers.

So, Sefton was ranked 58th, Liverpool was ranked third, Knowsley was ranked second, St Helens, 26th, Wirral, 42nd, and Halton, 23rd.

In terms of the feedback for the second question, your answer may have included something like this.

It says that deprivation in the Liverpool City Region is significant.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation ranks all 317 local authorities in England according to their levels of deprivation.

All of Liverpool City Region's local authorities are within the 60 most deprived, with Knowsley ranking second and Liverpool third.

The lowest-ranking local authority for deprivation is Sefton at 58.

For the feedback for the third question, your answer may have included something like this.

It says, the spread of deprivation in Liverpool local authority is not even.

The most deprived areas are found in the north of the local authority where there are significant concentrations of areas within the top 1% of all deprived areas in England.

Other areas where deprivation is significant is in the centre and very south of the local authority.

There is a large area to the south of the local authority's centre which is significantly less deprived.

So really, really well done if you were able to include anything like that in your own answer.

We're on now to our second and final learning cycle, and this is all about inequality in Liverpool.

Now levels of urban deprivation across the Liverpool City Region are not the same.

They are not evenly distributed across the City Region.

In fact, they look more like this.

There are differences in deprivation which has led to inequality in a number of different areas.

We have some areas which are more deprived, and some areas which are less deprived.

For example, there may be areas which are more deprived of quality housing.

Perhaps they are more deprived with access to decent healthcare.

Maybe there are some areas which are more deprived from access to education.

Maybe there are some areas which are more deprived in terms of access to meaningful and paying employment.

So which of these are social issues and which are economic? You may like to pause the video here whilst you consider your own answer to that question or perhaps even discuss it with someone near you.

Now unfortunately, in geography, the division between social and economic can be extremely blurry.

The causes and impacts of deprivation on people are interconnected, which makes them extremely difficult just to simply categorise into either social and economic.

We can see the continuum on the screen in front of you at the bottom where we have social on the left, which refers to personal health and wellbeing, to economic on the right, which refers to personal wealth.

Now if we add housing here, we can see that perhaps it is somewhere in the middle between social and economic.

It has, perhaps, a social impact, but also there may be an economic cause in terms of the quality of housing that someone may be able to afford.

But then the level or quality of that housing is certainly going to have an impact on that person's health or wellbeing.

Likewise with health as well.

A person's health is certainly going to have an impact on that person's wealth.

If they are unable to eat nutritious food or access healthcare, then it's certainly going to have an impact on that person's ability to go out and work and earn meaningful money.

Now in terms of education, that's certainly going to have a social impact, even cause.

So for example, an inability to access education is going to have an impact on that person's personal wealth.

Without higher education, there is less of a chance that that person is going to be able to get meaningful employment and a higher income, thereby affecting their personal health and wellbeing.

Finally, employment, yes.

Without all of those conditions before such as education and health and housing, it makes it more difficult for that person to be able to access meaningful and well-paid employment, and thereby, it has a knock-on effect towards their health and perhaps even housing situation.

So we can see how the distinction between social and economic is very fuzzy, it's very blurry, and how all of these different features in front of you, such as health, education, housing, and employment, are all interconnected.

So do you agree with how these have been categorised? You may like to take a moment now to consider where you would place them on this continuum or even have a discussion or a debate about where you or the people around you would place them.

Deprivation rates across the city have led to housing inequality in terms of access, affordability, and quality.

In terms of access, Liverpool has a real shortage of housing and 13,000 people are on the waiting list for social housing.

Owner occupation is more common in areas with lower deprivation.

In terms of affordability, average house prices vary greatly across the city.

In Calderstones, for example, the average house is around 430,000 pounds.

Whereas in Toxteth, it is around 135,000 pound.

Rental prices have increased by 48% in the past five years, and those with the lowest incomes are more vulnerable to their price rises.

In terms of quality, 44,000 properties do not meet the decent home standard, which relates to the state of repair, facility, safety, and heating.

The quality of housing is linked to health and wellbeing, and the poor quality incurs significant cost for the NHS and social care as a result.

Now deprivation prevents people from accessing some housing options and makes them more vulnerable to price rises.

People living in deprived circumstances are also more likely to live in housing of a poor quality, which impacts on health and wellbeing.

So a learning check and it says, identify three ways in which housing inequality is evident in the Liverpool City Region.

So what I'd like you to do then is read through the four options, pause the video whilst you consider, and select your three answers.

And the three correct answers were A, access, B, affordability, and D, quality.

Really, really well done if you were able to get those three answers correct.

Across the six local authorities within the Liverpool City Region, educational inequality can be seen in a number of ways.

At GCSE, the average grade per subject is 4.

5.

One local authority, Wirral, matches this, but all others fall below, with Knowsley recording an average grade of 3.

9.

Looking more closely at the data, at the smaller areas within the six local authorities, the children that live in the poorer areas of the local authorities are also those who attain the lowest scores.

Now unfortunately, there is a strong link between educational attainment and deprivation because deprivation limits access to resources such as food, quality housing, and educational materials.

Deprivation also has an impact on aspiration, and persistent absence rates are higher in more deprived areas.

In Liverpool, the primary persistent absence rate is the fifth highest in the country.

In 2018 to 2019, of all pupils permanently excluded from school, 65% lived in deprived areas of the city.

Here's a learning check, and it's true or false? The statement says, average educational attainment is not related to deprivation.

So what I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was false.

Now what I'd like you to do then is pause the video once again whilst you consider as to why this statement is false.

And the reason it is false is because, actually, average educational attainment does relate to deprivation, as higher levels of qualifications are unfortunately linked to the quality of housing, health, and aspiration.

So really, really well done if you were able to identify those two correct answers.

Now average life expectancy for males and females per local authority in the Liverpool City Region is lower than the England average.

The highest rates for both males and females are in Sefton.

79 and 82.

8, respectively, for males and females.

And the lowest in Liverpool.

For men, 76.

5.

And Knowsley, for women, 80.

3.

This is due, in part, to health inequalities in the City Region.

At a smaller scale, people in the most deprived areas of Liverpool local authority are affected by major illnesses on average 10 to 15 years sooner than those in the least-deprived areas.

Several cancer rates are higher than the national average.

For example, lung cancer is 59% higher than the national average recorded rates.

For children, infant mortality is above the national average.

One in two children have dental decay before the age of five, which is the second highest nationally.

In 2019, 25% of year-six children were classified as obese, and the national average is 21%.

Uptake of childhood vaccines is below the national average.

So people living in more deprived areas are more likely to have poorer access to healthcare, engage in behavioural risks to health, for example, smoking, and they also live in poorer-quality housing.

Once again, a learning check.

And this time, I would like you to read through the three statements from Laura, Aisha, and Jun, and decide who is correct.

So pause the video here whilst you attempt this learning check.

And Aisha was correct.

Aisha says that average life expectancy across the Liverpool City Region is below the national average for males and females.

So really well done if you were also able to select Aisha's answer.

Unemployment rates across the Liverpool City Region vary greatly.

National average rates of unemployment in the 2021 census were 3.

4%.

Two local authorities in the City Region exceeded this.

This was Liverpool at 4.

8%, as you can see with the pie chart in front of you.

And Knowsley at 3.

5%.

People living in deprived areas are more likely to be out of work.

This has a direct link to income, which relates to education, housing quality, and health.

Furthermore, those living in more deprived areas are more likely to face employment inequality in the type of work available and are often forced into insecure work, such as zero-hour contracts and temporary roles.

Insecure work disproportionately affects ethnic minority groups, women, disabled people, and younger workers.

Now, focusing on the Liverpool local authority more closely, as the map in front of you shows you, it shows the inequality within this area.

Now Toxteth Park had an unemployment rate of 8% in the 2021 census, and Calderstones at 2.

4%.

So again, you can see the difference between different regions within the region of Liverpool itself.

So a learning check and it says, what was the national average unemployment rate in 2021? What I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you try to recall this piece of information.

And the correct answer was B, 3.

4%.

So really well done if you were able to recall that statistic.

And another learning check says, which two local authorities in the Liverpool City Region exceeded the 2021 national average rate of unemployment? So once again, I'd like you to pause the video, read through the four options, and select what you think are the two correct answers.

And the correct answers were Knowsley and Liverpool.

Once again, really well done if you were able to recall those two pieces of information.

And our final learning check says, who is correct? I would like you to pause the video once again whilst you read the statements by Sam on the left and Sofia on the right.

So pause the video, read the statements, and then decide who you think is correct.

And the correct statement was Sam.

And Sam says that unemployment rates in the local authority of Liverpool vary, with some areas as high as 8% and other areas as low as 2.

4%.

So really, really well done if you were able to identify Sam as the correct statement.

We're on now to our two practise questions.

So the first one says to identify which area of Liverpool local authority is more deprived.

And the second one says to use the data to justify your answer.

So in front of you, you can see that table of information in front of you.

What I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you attempt these two practise questions.

Best of luck.

In terms of feedback then, for the first question, you needed to say that Kirkdale is more deprived than Mossley Hill.

Now what evidence was there from the table that could support that answer? Well, this is what you may have included.

It says that rates of unemployment are 1.

4% higher and the percentage of people aged 16 and over without qualifications is over double, 35.

2% compared with 14.

27%.

Far fewer people own their own home in Kirkdale and the average life expectancy is over 10-years lower in Kirkdale than in Mossley Hill.

So really, really well done if you were able to include any of that data in your own answer.

So, a summary.

It says that there are six local authorities in the Liverpool City Region.

On the Index of Multiple Deprivation, they all fall within the top-60 most deprived in England.

Knowsley ranks in second place and Liverpool, third.

The uneven spread of deprivation across the city leads to inequality, and this can be in terms of education, health, housing, and employment.

High deprivation often leads to low educational attainment, poorer health, poor quality of housing, and fewer employment opportunities.

So really, really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you.

And I will see you again on the next lesson.

Goodbye.