Hello there.

My name is Mrs. Dhami.

Thank you for joining me for your design and technology lesson today.

Now, the big question for today is what are the decisions manufacturers face when choosing which source of energy to use? We are going to explore this together, so hard hats on, let's get cracking.

Our outcome for today is we will be able to explain the impact of energy generation on the manufacture of products.

Our keywords for today are fossil fuels, non-renewable energy sources, renewable energy sources, and carbon emissions.

Now, I'm going to go through the first three as we move through our lesson, so I won't introduce them just yet, but what I will do is the last one, carbon emissions.

Carbon emissions are the volume of carbon produced contributing to global warming.

Remember, you can come back to this slide at any point.

Our lesson has three learning cycles today.

The first one, we will explain how energy can be stored and transferred; second, explore non-renewable sources of energy; and finally, exploring renewable sources of energy.

So we are going to start with explaining how energy can be stored and transferred.

A question to start off our lesson.

Have you or one of your friends done any of these things today? Turned on a light switch? Boiled a kettle? Been in a car, bus, tube, or train? Sent a text message? If you have answered yes to any of these, then you have already been transferring energy without you knowing.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be stored and transferred between different energy stores, and you might have touched upon this in some of your science lessons.

Some energy stores include: elastic potential energy, such as that in a spring; gravitational potential energy, such as the apple in the air about to be dropped; and then chemical energy, such as batteries.

Stored energy, just like the three examples we've just seen, can be transferred to many different energies, such as thermal, sound, light, electrical, and kinetic.

Now, let's just define kinetic.

Kinetic energy is moving energy.

First check-in.

Energy can be something or something.

So I'm looking for two different answers.

We have A, created; B, stored; C, destroyed; D, transferred.

Have a little think.

Come back to me when you've got an answer.

Okay, well done if you got B and D, energy can be stored or transferred.

Energy can be transferred between stores.

Now, have a little look at the mermaid toy on the left.

This is my daughter's bath toy.

If I pull that pink star, which you can see my hand at the top is holding, that pulls the cord, which stores the energy in the spring.

This is elastic potential energy.

When I let go of that star, the spring will uncoil, transferring the elastic potential energy to kinetic energy, which is the moving energy to make the flippers move.

Let's take a little look at that video so you can observe those energy transfers.

As I pull the cord, it stores the energy in the spring as elastic potential energy.

When I let go, the spring uncoils and transfers the energy to kinetic, and you can see that with the mermaid's flippers flip-flapping there at the bottom.

Batteries act as a chemical energy store.

Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules can be released during chemical reactions.

Batteries contain chemicals which react to release and transfer energy.

Batteries contain harmful chemicals that can pollute the environment.

The WEEE Directive, that stands for the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, what a mouthful, is a European regulation aimed at reducing electronic waste.

It states that batteries must be recycled, manufacturers are responsible for collecting and safely disposing of batteries, and consumers can return used batteries to collection points for recycling.

And you might have seen some of these in some of your local shops or supermarkets.

That picture on the left was taken at a local one of mine.

The WEEE Directive, are you ready? Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive is a European regulation aimed at something electronic waste.

Have a little think.

What is that missing word? Come back to me when you've got it.

Okay, well done if you got the word reducing.

It aims to reduce electronic waste.

This is a toy car.

You can pull it back to make it move.

Number one, I would like you to describe the energy transfers, for A, when the car is pulled back, and B, when the car is released.

Think back to the mermaid example.

Many toys use batteries to power them.

So for part two, explain how batteries can be safely disposed of when they have been used.

Good luck.

Have a go.

Come back to me when you've got some answers.

Let's take a look at our answers.

Part one A.

When the toy car is pulled back, energy is stored in a spring inside it as elastic potential energy.

Part B.

When the car is released, the elastic potential energy is transferred from the store in the spring to the wheels as kinetic energy moving the car forward.

Part two.

Batteries contain harmful chemicals.

The WEEE Directive encourages users to recycle them instead at collection points such as those found in supermarkets.

They can be returned to manufacturers, who are also responsible for disposing.

Many councils also collect batteries in their weekly collections.

I know ours, we have to put ours in a bag next to our bin so that they can be taken away separately.

Onto our second learning cycle.

We're now going to explore non-renewable sources of energy.

During manufacturing, energy is needed for: powering machinery and equipment, heating, cooling, and lighting factories, transporting raw materials and finished products.

The energy needed for these activities can come from renewable or non-renewable sources.

The type of sources impacts the cost, efficiency, and sustainability of production.

Non-renewable energy sources are those which are running out and will not be replaced in our lifetime.

These include coal, crude oil, natural gas, and nuclear coming from uranium.

Now, coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all, as you may know, fossil fuels.

Fossil fuels are made from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.

Let's take a closer look at the diagram beneath.

You can see dead organisms such as plants and animals get buried.

They go further beneath the ground and they become trapped fossils.

And after millions of years, they turn into coal, oil, and natural gas.

Coal is usually mined, whereas oil and gas tend to be drilled.

Natural habitats unfortunately are often destroyed in extraction.

In power stations, fossil fuels are then burnt to create energy.

Let's have a little look at that in a bit more detail.

Let's take a look at the illustration of a power station.

So first of all, the fossil fuels are burnt to heat water in the boiler, and you can see the coal there being moved into the boiler, into the flames to be burnt.

Second, the water in the boiler turns to steam.

Third, the steam turns the turbine, which turns the generator.

And lastly, the generator generates electricity that goes into the National Grid.

Quick check.

Add the labels to the diagram.

We have carbon emissions, turbines, steam, and generator.

Have a think, work out where each of them go.

Come back to me when you've got an answer.

Okay, hopefully on the left-hand side you had carbon emissions coming out from the boiler.

Then steam as the next one, which is generated from heating the water in the boiler.

And then the turbines in the middle.

Lastly, the generator, which then produces electricity that goes into the National Grid.

Well done if you got those correct.

Burning fossil fuels produces carbon emissions.

This increases a manufacturer's carbon footprint.

Andeep says, "What is carbon footprint?" Have a little think, perhaps chat to the person next to you or tell me, and come back to me when you've got an answer.

So carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organisation, or community.

The higher a business' carbon footprint, the higher the carbon tax it pays to the government.

Which statement about a fossil fuel power station is false? We have A, carbon emissions are produced; B, steam creates rotary motion in the turbines; C, energy is transferred; and D, the process has no negative environmental impacts.

Have a little think.

Come back to me when you've got an answer.

Okay, hopefully you manage to get D.

The process does have environmental impacts, such as creating a carbon footprint due to the carbon emissions released.

Let's take a look at the positive impacts and the negative impacts of using non-renewable sources of energy in manufacturing.

So we'll start with the positives.

It has a low initial setup costs normally, whereas switching to renewables is often costly.

Established systems such as power plants make it very convenient just to keep using the non-renewable sources.

High energy output is perfect, especially for intensive manufacturing that needs high temperatures.

Some areas lack enough renewables.

So for example, some parts of the world do not get many sunlight hours at all.

And lastly, cheaper energy keeps product prices affordable to consumers, which is often more tempting to us as consumers.

So the negative impacts.

Non-renewable, as we know, are finite and will eventually run out.

Natural habitats also tend to be destroyed in extraction.

Waste products like sulphur dioxide harm the environment.

Carbon emissions contribute to global warming.

Carbon taxes increase costs for manufacturers.

And society avoids non-green manufacturers, affecting sales and reputation.

So sometimes people are starting to refuse companies and manufacturing companies that use non-renewable sources of energy.

It's not good for their reputation.

Onto Task B already.

So coal, oil, and gas are fossil fuels, as we know.

First of all, I would like you to define the term fossil fuel.

Second, I'd like you to explain how coal is used to generate electricity, and think back to that illustration that we've just talked through.

And lastly, I'd like you to give two reasons why a manufacturer may choose not to use fossil fuels.

So think about the last chart with the positives and negatives.

Good luck.

Come back to me when you've got some great answers.

Well done for having a go at that.

Let's have a little look at our answers.

So first of all, defining a fossil fuel.

A fossil fuel is a non-renewable source of energy.

They are finite, meaning that they will run out.

Second of all, think back to the illustration of the power station.

So coal is burned, which heats water in a boiler.

The water turns to steam, which turns turbines.

The turbines turn a generator, which generates electricity and sends it to the National Grid.

Well done with your efforts there.

Part three, I asked you to explain two reasons why a manufacturer may not choose to use non-renewable sources of energy.

So, burning fossil fuels produces carbon emissions, which contribute to global warming.

Governments are trying to reduce manufacturers' carbon footprints by taxing on volumes of carbon emissions.

This means that manufacturers will have to pay substantial carbon taxes, which could be avoided by using greener sources of energy.

Society, so a second point, society is starting to place greater value on the environment, therefore manufacturers using non-renewable sources of energy are likely to have a more negative image/bad publicity in comparison to those who use renewable sources of energy, which therefore could impact sales and profits.

Well done with your efforts with those.

Onto our third learning cycle.

We are now going to explore renewable sources of energy.

Do you own or know of anyone who owns one of the following: a wind-up touch, solar panels, solar lights within a garden, or solar calculators? Have a little think.

Perhaps chat to the person next to you or tell me.

Come back to me when you've had that little conversation.

Okay, if you do or if you know of someone, these are all examples of products that use renewable energy sources, and that's what this learning cycle is all about.

Renewable sources of energy are infinite, as they can be replenished in a short amount of time.

Izzy says, "But the sun does not always shine.

What happens when it is cloudy?" She's absolutely right.

Some renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are weather-dependent and can be inconsistent, requiring storage systems or backup power.

Let's take a look at wind turbines.

So the wind blows, which turns the blades.

The blades then turn turbines, the turbines turn generators, and this produces electrical energy which is transferred to the National Grid.

I'm sure if you look closely, you probably recognise those three parts from the end of the power station.

Notice though, nothing is being burnt in this process.

Okay, let's have a quick check-in and see how closely you looked at the last illustration all about wind.

So I'd like you to sort the steps to energy production using wind.

Put them into the right order.

So A, we have blades turn turbines; B, electrical energy; C, wind blows, turning blades; and D, turbines turn generators.

Now, you don't need to write them all out.

You could just put the letters instead.

Have a good think, have a good sort.

Come back to me when you are done.

Okay, hopefully you got C to start with.

The wind blows, which turns the blades.

Then A, the blades turn turbines; then D, the turbines turn generators; and lastly B, electrical energy is produced.

Well done if you got those right.

Many renewable sources generate electricity in a similar way to wind without the need for combustion.

Let's have a little look at tidal.

So tidal, a barrage is built across an estuary.

You can see that just about in that picture.

The tide enters or leaves, which turns turbines.

The turbines turn generators, which transfers electrical energy into the grid.

Now, a similar thing happens for hydroelectric, but that uses dams to trap the water.

The water then is released, which turns turbines and carries on the process as before.

Then we have geothermal, where cold water is pumped underground through heated rocks.

The steam then turns the turbines, and again, that feeds it into the same process as before with the turbines turning the generators and the electrical energy being transferred into the grid.

They're all very similar at the end.

In contrast to the ones we've just looked at, I'm gonna show you two more renewable sources of energy that transfer energy in a different way.

So we'll start with biomass.

Biomass are natural products such as wood or sugarcane that are burnt in power stations in a similar way to coal.

They create the same carbon emissions as fossil fuels.

However, of course, the biomass itself is renewable because it does not come from a fossil fuel.

Then we have solar.

Now, solar panels have photovoltaic, it's a difficult word to say, cells which convert light energy to electricity, and I'm sure you've probably seen these on lots of buildings around.

Which renewable energy sources generate electricity by turning turbines without combustion? Your choices are A, geothermal; B, biomass; C, solar; and D, hydroelectric.

Have a good think.

Come back to me when you've got an answer.

Okay, well done if you got A and D.

They do not use combustion.

However, you might be thinking, well, nor does solar.

However, solar doesn't necessarily turn turbines because it converts energy from the sun directly to electricity.

Well done with your efforts there.

Let's take a look at the positive and negative impacts of using renewable sources of energy in manufacturing.

So first positive is lower carbon emissions help to create a greener world.

Government grants help cover the high costs of switching from non-renewables.

So governments are giving manufacturing companies money to use renewable energy sources so that they are encouraged to do that.

And then sustainable brands attract consumers, boosting sales and reputation.

Lots of people these days are placing a greater emphasis on sustainability and want to be spending their money with sustainable brands.

So negative impacts.

Believe me, there are some for renewable.

So, many forms such as solar and wind energy depend on weather, making them inconsistent.

We noticed that point earlier on.

High initial setup costs, though grants are available to help.

It costs a lot of money to switch.

And then lastly, energy storage challenges can limit the reliability.

Onto Task C.

I would like you first of all to sort the positive and negative impacts that manufacturers face when making decisions to use renewable sources of energy.

And they are underneath.

So we have high initial costs, weather dependent, much lower carbon emissions, problems with storage of energy, grants offered by the government, infinite, and brand reputation.

So, have a little think, place them into the right columns.

Come back to me when you're done.

Let's take a look at our answers.

So for positive impacts, hopefully you have got infinite, much lower carbon emissions, grants offered by the government, and brand reputation.

And then for negative impacts, high initial costs, weather dependent, and problems with storage of energy.

Well done if you got those right.

Onto our final questions.

Part two, name three renewable energy sources.

Part three, using a flow chart, explain how electricity is generated through wind.

And finally, for part four, explain how manufacturers are being encouraged to switch to more sustainable sources of energy.

Have a go.

Come back to me when you have got some great answers.

Welcome back.

So answers could include for part two, wind, solar, tidal.

Part three, the wind blows, turning the blades, blades turn turbines, turbines turn generators and electrical energy is transferred.

And then finally for part four, manufacturers are being encouraged to switch to sustainable energy sources through government grants and incentives, which help cover the high costs of setting up renewable systems such as solar panels or wind turbines.

This makes the transition more affordable.

Additionally, renewable energy produces fewer carbon emissions, helping to create a greener environment and reduce the impact of climate change.

Many consumers now prefer to buy from sustainable brands, which boosts sales and improves the reputation of manufacturers who adopt renewable energy.

Sounds like good reasons to swap there.

That brings our lesson to a close for today.

So let's summarise what we have found out.

Sources of energy fit into two categories: renewable, such as wind, non-renewable, such as fossil fuels.

Energy can be stored for later use in batteries.

The WEEE Directive ensures batteries are recycled to prevent pollution, with manufacturers responsible for disposal and consumers returning used batteries to collection points.

Non-renewable and renewable energy production both have positive and negative impacts on the manufacture of products.

Well done for all of your efforts, for listening so well, and for having a go with the tasks today.

I hope to see you at another point in another lesson.

Until then, take good care.

Bye-bye-bye.