Hello geographers, my name's Mrs. Homiko and I'm looking forward to teaching you today.

I hope you're gonna enjoy the lesson and learn lots.

Let's get started.

Today we're going to be looking at an example of a typhoon and our example is Typhoon Rai, which hit the Philippines.

We're going to look at where it was, the effects that it caused and how people responded to it.

By the end of the lesson, you'll be able to explain the location of Typhoon Rai and understand the effects and responses to it.

There are four key words for today's lesson.

Typhoon, a tropical cyclone occurring in the Western Pacific or Indian oceans.

Primary effects, the immediate effects of a natural disaster.

Secondary effects, indirect impacts that arise after an event and they often happen because of the primary effects and response, action taken to address the impacts of a disaster.

There are three parts to today's lesson.

Where did Typhoon Rai form? What were the effects of Typhoon Rai and how did the Philippines respond to Typhoon Rai? Let's get started with our first learning cycle.

Typhoon Rai, also known locally as Super Typhoon Odette, was a tropical storm that made landfall in the Philippines in December 2021.

The Philippines is an island nation.

It's made up of 7,600 islands and a large proportion of its population lives on or near the coast, 60%, in fact.

It's a lower income country with 15.

5% of the population living in poverty.

Typhoons form between five degrees and 30 degrees north of the equator and the Philippines typically experiences 20 typhoons per year.

Typhoon Rai developed over the Pacific Ocean on December the 13th, 2021 and it intensified as it moved west.

We can see here the path of the typhoon moving across the Pacific Ocean over the Philippines and out into the South China Sea.

The key there shows us the category of the storm.

It's based on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, which uses wind speed to categorise typhoons and we can see there the Philippines is in the purple circle and as the typhoon moved over the Philippines, it was a category four to five storm, so a really, really severe storm as it moved over the Philippines.

The typhoon dissipated over the South China Sea on the 22nd of December and you can see there it becomes weaker and weaker and eventually dies out.

This map here shows the path taken by Typhoon Rai and the wind speeds experienced around the typhoon.

It not only impacted the Philippines, but it also had impacts on Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia, as well as the wind speeds were much higher than normal affecting these countries and the populations as well.

So this map here shows a sea surface temperature anomaly, so where it was unusually warm at this point in time.

The Philippines usually, as we've said, has around 20 typhoons a year and they happen mostly between June and September when you would expect the sea surface temperatures to be warmer.

December, 2021, as we can see here, had unusually warm sea surface temperatures, which is what led to the formation of Typhoon Rai.

Check for you now.

Where did Typhoon Rai initially develop as a tropical storm? Was it A, over the Pacific Ocean, B, over the Philippines, or C, over the South China Sea? Think carefully because these are all locations that we've talked about.

Pause the video and come back when you think you know the answer.

Did you say A, over the Pacific Ocean? If so, well done.

Initially developed over the Pacific Ocean, it made landfall over the Philippines and it dissipated over the South China Sea.

True or false now.

Typhoon Rai first made landfall on December the 13th, 2021.

Pause the video and decide whether you think that is true or false.

Did you say false? If so, well done, but why? Can you justify your answer? Pause the video and come back when you can.

You might have said something like, Typhoon Rai first made landfall on December the 16th.

It was identified as a named storm on December the 13th.

It's really important to get these dates correct for a real life example like Typhoon Rai.

Right, first task for you now.

Two questions, first one, describe the path of Typhoon Rai.

So use the map to the right of this slide and the keys as well and you should try to include dates, the severity of the storm, so you might want to look at the Saffir-Simpson scale for that, the direction of movement, so your compass points and specific locations, so the names of the oceans, the countries to help you and then question number two.

What was unusual about when Typhoon Rai formed? Pause the video and come back when you think you have answers to these two questions.

So for your first answer, it might have included something like this.

Typhoon Rai started as a tropical storm over the Pacific Ocean on December the 13th, 2021.

It moved west, gaining strength.

It made landfall over the Philippines on December the 16th as a category five typhoon.

It continued to move west over the Philippines before then moving out into the South China Sea, where it dissipated on the 21st of December.

Well done if your answer was similar to that, you can see there that we've got dates, we've got the strength of the storm, we've got compass points and directions and we've got named locations in our answer.

Hopefully you did too.

Question number two, your answer might have included the Philippines usually experiences most of its tropical storms between June and September.

Typhoon Ray formed in December, which is outside the usual period and it formed due to the unusually warm sea surface temperatures for that time of year.

Well done if you got that correct too.

Let's move on to learning cycle two.

What were the effects of Typhoon Rai? So the hazards of Typhoon Rai, we had strong winds, maximum sustained wind speed reached 195 kilometres per hour, which as we know is a category five.

On the Saffir-Simpson scale.

Storm surges, they reached three to four metres in height, flooding low lying coastal areas and if we remember, the Philippines is an island nation with 60% of the population living on or near the coast.

Heavy rainfall, some areas recorded up to 400 millimetres of rain over a 24 hour period, and that's as much rainfall as usually falls in a month.

So we're going to look at primary effects and secondary effects and I have a little quick summary now.

So primary effects, people were killed and injured, people were displaced as homes were damaged, damage to infrastructure and transport routes, farming and fishing industries were destroyed and some of the secondary we're going to look at, overcrowding in temporary shelters, landslides and polluted rivers of canals, the impact it had on the tourist industry and food supply and livelihoods that were affected.

We're gonna look at all of these in a little bit more detail.

Firstly, the primary effects.

So Typhoon Rai affected 16 million people over the six worst hit regions, which left 2.

4 million people in need of assistance.

We can see here this map is showing us that it was the central southern areas of the Philippines that were the worst affected area in terms of the number of people.

630,000 people were displaced and over 410 people were killed, with thousands more injured.

The central islands in the path of the storm saw the greatest number of people affected as we've said.

71,000 homes were destroyed and 130,000 were damaged.

Roads and bridges were either heavily damaged or destroyed and we can see there we've got images of both of those situations.

Schools, hospitals and essential services were damaged and 269 cities and towns were left without electricity as the strong winds destroyed the power lines and you can see that bottom picture shows those power lines being totally destroyed by the winds.

The overall economic impact of Typhoon Rai was estimated at around $550 million, which is equivalent to about 435 million pounds.

Fishing boats and equipment that was worth over 58 million dollars was destroyed by the storm and we can see there some of the images of the coastline.

The boats were washed up and destroyed as they were chucked about by the high waves, large waves and the storm surges.

Crops and food supplies were ruined by flood waters, coconut trees and rice fields were badly damaged and 4,200 kilometres squared of farmland was flooded.

So huge areas and mass damage.

So check for you now.

Complete these sentences with the information about Typhoon Rai.

You might want to help use the statistics at the bottom to help you.

Typhoon Rai brought strong winds of up to, kilometres per hour, storm surges of, metres and heavy rainfall with up to, millimetres falling in 24 hours.

This left, people needing assistance and displaced, people.

Paused the video and put the numbers in the right places.

Come back when you're ready.

So your paragraph should now look like Typhoon Rai brought strong winds of up to 195 kilometres per hour, storm surges of three to four metres and heavy rainfall with up to 400 millimetres falling in 24 hours.

This left 2.

4 million people needing assistance and displaced 630,000 people.

Well done if you got that correct.

Moving now onto the secondary effects.

So with 630,000 people displaced, temporary shelters became overcrowded and you can see in that image there, an example of one temporary shelter.

Many, many people squashed into a small space living with very basic conditions with just their very basic needs being provided for and as a result, disease spread very quickly and there were outbreaks of COVID-19 and with damage to water and sanitation infrastructure, because of the typhoon, there was the increased risk of diarrhoea and even cholera.

Tourism, we have a nice picture there of a resort in the Philippines, employs a lot of people and because the damage from the typhoon, many, many people became unemployed, less people were visiting, because of damage to ports and airports and the infrastructure within the country and so for example, the surfing centre in Siargo saw 50% fewer tourists in 2021 compared to 2020 and then the picture to the bottom right, there was damage to farmland and crops, that meant farmers had losses of $51.

6 million and that obviously affected the food supply for people in the country, income for farmers and had a huge impact on the international trade and you can see there the damage the winds have done to the coconut plantations.

The strong winds damaged forests and the prolonged heavy rain destabilised hillside.

So not only is it an island nation with many coastal resorts, it's got mountainous areas as well and you can see there that these areas would've been damaged by the heavy rains, which led to huge landslides and you can see the villages at the bottom, it would've had a huge impact on them, damaging their property, their land and also their accessibility to get out to safety and get help into them.

You also got the problem of debris blocked roads, filled rivers and canals and polluted tourist sites in the beaches were a big attraction to the Philippines.

Check for you now, what effects of Typhoon Rai do these images show? Do you think they are primary effects or secondary effects? Two things to think about.

Pause the video and come back when you have your answers.

So for A, did you put a secondary effect? So this image here is of a temporary shelter, which became very overcrowded and led to outbreaks of COVID-19.

For B, did you put a primary effect? Farmlands flooded and damaged by strong winds and heavy rain.

You might also have put a secondary effect for this one, looking at the impact it would have on food supply, incomes and international trade for farmers and for C, a primary effect again.

Power lines have been knocked down, which has a huge effect on roads and houses and other buildings that may have been damaged.

Well done if you've got those answers correct.

So task B, two questions again.

For the first one, can you list three primary effects of Typhoon Rai? And for two, can you explain three secondary effects of Typhoon Rai? And as note here, as this is a named example, make sure that you use facts and figures that are specific to the effects of Typhoon Rai.

Pause the video and when you have, and come back when you have your answer to these two questions.

So for question number one, these are some of the primary effects you may have chosen.

71,000 homes were destroyed and 130,000 were damaged.

630,000 people were displaced and 4,200 kilometres squared of farmland was flooded.

Well done, if you've managed to pick three examples of primary effects and for question number two, explain three secondary effects.

Your answers may have looked like this.

For the first one, temporary shelters that had been set up were overcrowded and lacked good sanitation and this led to the rapid spread of diseases such as COVID-19 and diarrhoea.

Number two, local jobs and food security were affected as farmland was flooded and fishing boats were damaged and the economic cost was over $100 million and for question number three, damage to tourist attractions, infrastructure and the closure of ports and airports had a big impact on local employment and for example, 50% fewer tourists visited the Siargo Surf Centre in 2021 compared to 2020.

So well done if you chose three secondary effects and managed to explain them using specific facts and figures in your answers.

Learning cycle number three, how did the Philippines respond to Typhoon Rai? Again, we're going to look at two different parts to this.

The immediate response and the long-term response.

Immediate responses were temporary shelters and emergency aid.

The UN launched an appeal for monetary support and support came in from international governments.

The longer term responses looked at environmental restoration, economic recovery that was supported by the government and NGOs and improved protection and preparedness.

So looking to the future.

The president of the Philippines declared a state of calamity in six affected regions.

This means that there was widespread damage from this disaster and by doing that it helped the government to access emergency funds to support the recovery and to provide the basic commodities to people that needed it.

Immediate response.

The United Nations, the UN and non-governmental organisations, NGOs, for example, the Red Cross and Red Crescent movements supported national and local authorities in their response.

If we remember, the Philippines was a lower income country with 15.

5% of people living in poverty and so it reached out and it needed support.

The UN and NGOs distributed temporary shelters, food, water and medical aid to displaced residents and local volunteers, including youth and community leaders played a vital role in the evacuation, cleanup operations and relief distribution.

You can see an image there of people arriving to access clean water supplies from volunteers.

The UN launched a fundraising appeal for $107 million to help the Philippine respond and recover and this was to aid the government in all they were doing to support the recovery.

Again, many international governments provided support and that included the United States, Canada and Australia and they provided financial support, they provided supplies and they provided technical support.

Check for you now.

Immediate responses to Typhoon Rai only involve the national government of the Philippines.

True or false? Pause the video and make your decision.

Hopefully you said false, but why did you say false? Pause the video and come back when you have a reason.

You might have said the UN, NGOs as well as international governments, for example, the USA provided financial aid resources and technical support, as did local authorities in the Philippines.

Long-term responses.

Economic recovery was supported by the government and NGOs, so they helped in the immediate response, but they also helped in the longer term recovery.

Replacement fishing gear, boats and training on sustainable fishing practises was provided to help communities recover while preserving local marine resources.

So teaching people how to fish in a more sustainable way moving forward to use better practises in the future.

In areas where tourism was a key source of income, the government worked with private partners to restore attractions and promote local tourism.

So to encourage people to come back to the Philippines so that people could find jobs in this industry again and loans and grants helped small businesses to recover and this aim to boost the economy and create jobs, so these longer term responses are trying to create employment and help people to start earning again to look after themselves.

Environmental restoration.

So communities were involved in planting and maintaining mangroves.

So those are the forests along the edge of the coast to help protect the coastline from erosion and storm surges and it also provided opportunities for community-based ecotourism.

So people visiting the Philippines could get involved with supporting these projects.

Community training to protect and rehabilitate reefs damaged by the storm, supported marine biodiversity and enhanced ecotourism.

So again, supporting locals and encouraging tourists to come to help too and replanting of coconut trees took place to support local people in rebuilding their livelihoods.

Mitigating against climate change as a means of protection against future storms. So the coconut trees provide an income for the farmers, but they also helped to stabilise and protect the environment as well.

Improved protection and preparedness.

So looking to the future, the law laws were imposed to enforce stricter building codes.

Land use zoning restrictions were imposed in high risk areas, so it stopped development in areas which were particularly prone to storm surges and damage from typhoons.

Investment was provided for enhancing early warning systems and emergency communication networks to help to communicate better with the population so they could move to safety and be aware of what was happening.

Training sessions on evacuation procedures, first aid and emergency response were held in schools and local communities, it's making people aware, educating them and educational materials on climate change and disaster preparedness were distributed in schools while media campaigns spread awareness on the importance preparedness.

By educating and informing people, they're able to look after themselves much better in these situations.

Check for you now, which of these responses are examples of long-term responses? A, distributing temporary shelters, food, water and medical care.

B, community projects replanting coconut trees, media campaigns to spread awareness on the importance of preparedness or D, evacuation of people from areas where a tropical storm is forecast to make landfall.

Pause the video and decide which of these responses are long term.

Did you say community projects replanting coconut trees and media campaigns to spread awareness on the importance of preparedness? If so, well done.

The other two are short term responses.

Final task of the lesson now.

Can you give an example of A, an immediate response to Typhoon Rai and B, a long-term response to Typhoon Rai and question number two, using two examples, explain how long-term responses are effective at helping communities recover from tropical storms. Try to be specific with your examples in your answers.

Pause the video and come back when you've had a go.

For question number one, you might have written something like this.

An immediate response was providing temporary shelters and food, water and medical care for the 630,000 displaced people.

For B, a long-term response was planting mangroves and coconut trees to provide protection against future stores.

You might have chosen different ones, so long as they are specific examples for Typhoon Rai, that's fantastic, well done and for question number two, explaining how long-term responses are effective at helping communities recover.

Your answer might have looked like this.

By providing farmers and fishermen with equipment and training, you are helping them to restart their business.

This allows them to get a reliable food supply for their families or to sell, which helps them earn a living and improve their quality of life into the future.

Second example, educating and raising awareness on the importance of preparedness and investing in early warning systems will help people to be more aware and alert on how to manage if a tropical storm should hit, reducing the number of deaths and injuries in the future.

If your answers are similar to that, fantastic.

Well done.

Right, let's have a look at a summary of the lesson now.

Typhoon Rai made landfall in the Philippines in December, 2021.

It was a category five tropical storm.

The primary effects were severe, it left 2.

4 million people in need of assistance and displaced 630,000.

It damaged houses, roads, schools and hospitals.

The secondary effects saw the spread of disease in temporary shelters and the loss of livelihoods as farmland, fishing boats and tourist infrastructure was destroyed.

The UN, NGOs and other countries supported the Philippine government in their short term and long-term responses.

Well done, I hope you now feel confident in talking about an example of a tropical storm, our example being typhoon ray in the Philippines.

Well done today.

You've worked hard.

I look forward to seeing you again soon.