Hello, my name is Chloe and I'm a geography field studies tutor.

This lesson is called Factors Affecting the Growth of Cities and it forms part of the AQA unit of work called Patterns of Global Urbanisation and the Edexcel B unit of work called Urban Change.

We're going to be looking at all the reasons why cities grow from the reasons why people migrate to cities and the factors that affect the growth of the cities once they arrive there.

Let's begin.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to evaluate the factors that affect urbanisation.

There are four key terms to remind ourselves of here.

First of all, natural increase.

This is the birth rate minus the death rate in a population.

A push factor is a disadvantage of living in an area that creates a desire to migrate.

Contrast to that is a pull factor, which is an advantage of living in an area that attracts people to migrate there.

De-industrialization is the loss of industry from an area.

There are two parts to today's lesson.

Firstly, factors that cause migration and economic change and natural increase.

Let's begin with that first idea about the factors that cause migration.

So migration into cities means we ask questions like where are people moving from and why people migrate, as well as thinking about migration and how it links to economic change and how it links to natural increase.

We are starting over here thinking about where people are moving from.

Migration into cities can be national, so that's within a country, or international, that's between countries.

National migration tends to be people moving from a rural area to an urban one.

In the case of country A here you can see this represented by the blue arrows, people moving from a rural area to an urban one, and of course that would cause urbanisation.

If we then add in another country, we have the potential for international migration.

So note here that people are moving from an urban and a rural area in country B to go to the urban area in country A.

It's still urbanisation, but it just has that international angle to it.

People migrate for a variety of reasons.

It is really important for geographers to remember that the reasons why people migrate are often very personal and they're certainly individual.

As Lucas says here, "When I think of the population of a country, I don't think of everyone as having the same identity, values or priorities." Of course they're not.

As Izzy points out, she says, "You are right.

It doesn't make sense to think that a group of migrants who all come from the same place will all have the same reasons for migrating." What the term that geographers use is that they each have their own individual migration story, their reason for migrating and the experience they have while they're migrating as well.

So true or false, migrants all have similar reasons for migrating.

Is that true or false? Pause the video and then come back to me.

Yes, well done for recognising that is a false statement.

Now tell me why it's false.

Yes, good migrants are individuals and each will have their own migration story and their reasons for migrating.

Now let's look at the reasons why people migrate.

Geographers group the reasons for migration into push and pull factors.

Let's start with the push factors.

So here we have the place of origin and you can see that there are migrants moving out from it.

The push factors, remember, are disadvantages of that place of origin that mean that people want to leave it.

So it could be things like low income employment and few opportunities for higher paid work.

It could be that the work that is available requires long hours and is physically demanding.

Something like farming or mining, things like that would maybe make people think twice about staying there when they could maybe have better opportunities in a city.

Then there's things like poor environmental conditions.

Somewhere might have a lot of droughts.

It might be somewhere where there's disease within crops.

It might be where the soil is in poor condition.

Something like that might cause people to wish to migrate 'cause they know that they're not able to make enough money from the land.

There may be catastrophic events, things like natural disasters or wars which would force people to move really maybe quite quickly.

And then things like political persecution.

There may be laws in a country which means that someone's beliefs or identity are under threat, and it could be that actually someone has to move internationally in order to live a free life.

It may be that the place of origin has poor access to key services such as schools or healthcare facility.

There also might be economic or social isolation due to things like poor road infrastructure or transport, which might mean that actually it's very hard to live in an isolated rural area.

Let's check our understanding with our first task here.

Complete the sentences with the missing words.

Pause the video so that you can have a read of the paragraph and see if you can find those three missing words.

Right.

Let's take a look at what you might have got.

Migrants may decide to move from their place of origin for economic reasons.

Employment, there may be low paid and there may be few opportunities for better forms of work.

Now, pull factors can be real or imagined.

Sometimes migrants imagine that their destination is an economic and social utopia that will solve all their problems. This is something that's known as bright lights syndrome.

It's like the migrants are attracted to the bright lights of the city where they think everything's going to be amazing and perfect.

Unfortunately, it's often the case that the destination does not live up to the high expectations that migrants have of it.

Now we're gonna be thinking about the pull factors.

So these are the factors that are the advantages of the destination, which are attracting those migrants to the place.

It could be that there's more choices of employment, more opportunities for higher paid work.

It might be there's a stronger connection to other places in that city through roads and transport.

So being there would allow you greater access to other areas.

The destination might have a high standard of living with improved and safer housing and infrastructure.

So things like access to clean water and to fuel things that you might not have had previously.

There also might be greater access to things like improved education and healthcare facilities.

By coming to that destination, you may have the ability to join friends and family who are already established there.

You may have a better social life, better access to entertainment, and the destination may be cleaner, safer, and a more beautiful environment.

Let's check our understanding of those points.

Which of these is not a social pull factor? The ability to join friends and family, easier access to entertainment, access to better healthcare facilities, or political persecution.

Have a think about the two parts there.

Something which is social and something which is a pull factor.

Which of these is not one of those? Pause the video and have a think and I'll tell you the right answer in a moment.

Well, well done if you recognise that it is all about political persecution, although that is a social factor, it is not a pull factor.

That is a push factor.

It's something that is forcing people out of a place of origin.

Now let's look at our first task of this lesson.

Review all the push and pull factors that were noted in the last section, suggest a factor that could be placed into each category in the table.

Let's have a look at the table now.

You can see there are three columns, so you're gonna have to find three factors which kind of fit with each of these column headings.

The first column says a factor that may cause a migrant to leave their place of origin very quickly and with little notice.

The second one, a factor that may apply to international rather than national migration.

And the third one, a factor that may apply to one age group more than any other.

As you've already noted, there's lots of push and pull factors.

It could be the case that more than one would fit into these columns.

As this task is based on your opinion, there is not necessarily a right answer.

Your second task is all about justifying your choice of factor in one of the columns, so you can choose one of the factors that you've chosen and then justify it.

Tell me why you've chosen that particular factor to go in that particular column.

Do pause the video now to return back to the first task and then come back to me with your answers.

Okay, so we need to have some factors in this table.

Let's first of all start with this one about a factor that can cause a migrant to leave their place very quickly and with very little notice.

Now, one idea I had, and you might have something slightly different remember, I thought about a natural disaster.

It happens really quickly without warning, and it could be that people have to move very suddenly without notice from one area to another.

Then thinking about this idea that a factor that can apply to international rather than national migration, so the one I thought of was political persecution, people moving in order to be free in their identity and their beliefs.

Then I'm looking for a factor that may apply to one age group more than any other, and the one that I've put in here is something to do with job opportunities or access to better jobs or to higher paid jobs.

You could even have that one as well.

The second part of the task was to justify your choice of factor for one of those columns.

If you chose the first column where you're looking for a factor for a reason why people would have to move very quickly, your answers may include things like this.

A natural disaster may mean people are instantly made homeless, so they have to move to a new area without prior planning.

Then we had the column which was all about moving internationally rather than nationally, and the one I chose was political persecution you'll remember.

I've said a law that politically persecute someone will apply across the whole country, so migrants may feel they need to move internationally to be free.

In that case, there is no point in that person moving from a rural area to an urban one.

The law would still apply and they would still not be able to practise their beliefs or to be their true self.

So yes, you would probably be looking at that person moving nationally.

Then the final column asked you for a factor which would apply to one age group more than any other.

I chose the idea of better employment opportunities and I've said younger people of working age are more likely to wish to move to access better job opportunities 'cause they may be recently qualified and wish to establish their career.

You may have something different but do reflect on your answers and think, does it make sense that this factor applies to this reasoning? Now let's look at the second part of today's lesson, economic change and natural increase.

So we are here linking migration to economic change.

Now, LICs (low income countries), or you might know them as developing countries and NEEs, newly emerging economies or emerging countries, are seeing rapid industrialization in their cities.

Foreign companies are attracted to these cities because they have low labour costs.

This creates new and growing industries in the city.

At the same time, there's increased technology in farming and this reduces the need for labour in rural areas.

Now, when you combine those two factors together, the fact that there's less labour needed in rural areas and there's growing industries in the city, it means that migrants are going to be attracted to the city to work.

Now, all of that is fairly straightforward and probably something you might have covered before, but then there's an additional idea to bring in here.

As you get more and more people moving into the city, more people means there's more new ideas, more innovation, more enterprise, maybe more entrepreneurialship, and that means that those people are gonna start growing their own industries.

They're going to be creating more wealth in the city for themselves and for others as well.

That means that new, those new industries are going to attract new migrants and the cycle continues.

Cities in high-income countries or developed countries are more likely to be experiencing de-industrialization, the rise of online modes of working and better connected transport networks.

This means people are more likely to move outta the city.

Now we've got something different here.

Counter urbanisation.

In our lower income countries and our newly emerging economies, people are tending to move into cities in our higher income countries.

People are moving outta the cities and this is known as counter urbanisation.

Let's check our understanding of those ideas.

Which of these statements is true? Cities in lower income countries attract investment from foreign companies, which creates jobs for migrants.

Cities in newly emerging economies attract migrants 'cause of the possibility of online working practises.

Cities in higher income countries are attracting migrants because of improvements in farming technology.

Which of those is true? Pause the video and have another read of your options and then come back to me.

Well done if you've got A as your answer, you are correct.

Cities in lower income countries are attracting investment from foreign companies.

They're setting up new industries, new businesses, and of course that means that migrants are then gonna move to the city to fill those jobs.

Moving on to our final part now, all about migration and natural increase and how those two things go together in order to create greater levels of urbanisation.

As economic prospects are a major factor in migrants' decisions to move, many migrants are relatively young.

Here you can see we've got a population pyramid of the age structure of Shenzhen in China.

This city has seen a rapid development in technology industries and in manufacturing plants.

Looking at the population pyramid, you can see that that type of work has attracted large numbers of workers aged 20 to 30.

They form the biggest part of that pyramid.

Once young migrants move to a city to work, they are more likely to start a family there.

Therefore, natural increase also increases the rate of urbanisation.

Healthcare is likely to be better in the city, so children are more likely to survive into adulthood and elderly people as well may live longer.

Now we'll check our understanding of those connected ideas.

Complete the sentences with the missing words.

Pause the video so you can have a look at the paragraph below and then see if you can find those three missing words.

I'll come back to you with the answers in a moment.

Right.

Let's see what you got.

Improved healthcare facilities in cities mean that mothers and infants or you might've put babies, are more likely to survive childbirth and that elderly people are living longer too.

This means that there are higher levels of natural increase in cities compared to rural areas.

Let's now look at our final task of this lesson.

Complete the flow diagram to show how investment by foreign companies is linked to higher levels of natural increase.

So you can see you've got two stages here to complete.

We start with the city attracting investment by foreign companies, and we end with higher levels of natural increase.

What are the two stages in between that would make those two things connected? Our second task is very similar but with different starting and end points.

Now you need to complete the second flow diagram to show how farming technology can create new industries in a city.

So on one side I've got increased use of farming technology.

I've then got three blank stages in between.

My end result is that there are new industries created in the city.

What are the stages that go in between those two points to connect them.

Pause the video, have a chat with people nearby to see if you've got some similar ideas that you could put in the middle.

Then come back to me and I'll tell you the right answer.

Right, let's see what kind of ideas you've got to go in those boxes that would connect the different ideas.

Your wording might be slightly different from mine, but they should include these kinds of points.

Let's start with we've got the idea the city is attracting investment and that's coming from foreign companies.

That would mean that young workers are attracted to the city and they migrate there.

They want to fill those jobs.

Those young workers, those young migrants, they're likely to start a family and of course that then leads to higher levels of natural increase.

Now we've got more points to fill in here.

Now we're starting with increased use of farming technology.

Your answers may include these points.

That leads to less need for farm workers, so there's less work available that would then cause those former farm workers to migrate to the city.

If there's more people in the city, it means there are new ideas, new innovations, and so on, and then that would lead to these new industries being created in the city.

Hope you got those ideas in the right order.

Let's finish the lesson by summarising the main points.

A number of push and pull factors lie behind why migrants decide to move both nationally and internationally.

Economic changes in cities such as industrialization in lower income countries and newly emerging economies and de-industrialization in higher income countries have caused significant levels of migration.

New migrants are more likely to be young and ready to start having children.

This further raises the rate of urbanisation through natural increase.

I want to end this lesson by emphasising one of the points that was made earlier, and that's that every migrant will have their own migration story.

It's really important for us as geographers to think about migrants individually, think about the reasons why they may have migrated and the kind of experiences they would've had in doing so.

If you know people in your own communities, maybe even in your own family who are migrants to the UK, why not talk to them about their stories and learn a far deeper interpretation of what migration really means?.