Hi everybody, I'm Ms. Gardner.

Thank you so much for joining in today's lesson from our unit, an explanation text on mummification.

I'm really excited for today's lesson because we are going to be generating vocabulary that we can use when we come to writing our explanation text.

So let's get started.

In today's lesson from our explanation text unit on mummification, we are going to be thinking about what ambitious vocabulary we can include in our explanation text.

So your learning outcome is I can generate ambitious, subject-specific vocabulary to include in an explanation text.

So let's start by looking at the keywords.

We'll do my turn, your turn.

So I'll say the word first, and then you can say it either back to the screen or to your partner or whoever you're with.

Noun.

Adjective.

Synonym.

Verb.

Adverb.

Let's have a look at the definitions.

A noun is a person, place, or thing.

An adjective describes a noun.

A synonym is a word that has the same or similar meaning to another word.

A verb is a doing, being or having word.

And an adverb describes a verb.

So there are two sections in our lesson today where we're generating vocabulary for our explanation text.

In the first.

we'll be thinking about expanded noun phrases, in the second section we'll be looking at verbs and adverbs.

So let's start with expanded noun phrases.

An expanded noun phrase, or it's often just called an ENP, is a group of words with no verb that provides extra information about a noun.

Because it doesn't contain a verb, that means it is a phrase, not a clause.

It contains two listed adjectives to add extra detail to the noun.

So it's describing the noun in a lot more detail, which is a really effective thing to do as a writer because it helps the reader to be able to create an image in their mind of the noun.

So it can look like this, adjective, and then a comma, and then an adjective, and then the noun.

You need to make sure you have a comma in between the two adjectives to show that they are two separate describing words.

So for example, the complex, expensive process.

We can describe mummification in a lot more detail by using the adjectives complex and expensive.

Or the citizens, or the people, who were mummified were wealthy, powerful citizens.

Again, that's much more descriptive for the reader.

It wasn't just all citizens who were mummified, it was only the most wealthy, so the richest, and the most powerful, we know often the pharaohs.

So those two adjectives just add that extra detail to make it easier for the reader to understand the content.

In an explanation text, the language is formal, this means we want to use precise, factual adjectives, instead of describing the subject like we would in maybe a narrative story.

So for example, the sarcophagus, describing it as cool, fun.

Are these formal and factual adjectives to describe the sarcophagus? Or should we be describing the sarcophagus in an explanation text as wooden, decorated? Have a think, which one do you think is more appropriate for an explanation text? That's right, we wouldn't describe the sarcophagus as cool and fun.

Those are almost additives we would use to describe a character in a story.

However, wooden and decorated are factual, it's describing the material, it could be made of wood, and the fact that they were covered in carvings and stories, so we can describe that as decorated.

So these are more factual adjectives, so more appropriate for an explanation text.

The corpse, could we describe it in an explanation text as yucky and gross? Or would it be more appropriate in an explanation text to describe them as a preserved, tightly-wrapped, corpse? Which one is more appropriate for an explanation text, do you think? That's right, we wouldn't say yucky and gross corpse, that's not very formal.

And in a way, that's showing the writer's opinion, that they thought the corpse was a bit disgusting.

And that's not we need to do in an explanation text, we're not showing the writer's opinion, we're showing facts.

The corpse was preserved, so it lasted a really long time, and it was tightly-wrapped in linen.

So these are two factual adjectives which are much more appropriate for an explanation text.

So checking for understanding.

True or false? This is an appropriate ENP, expanded noun phrase, for an explanation text, spooky, crazy spells.

So describing the spells or the incantations that the priest would read aloud when the body was being wrapped.

Is spooky, crazy spells an appropriate ENP? Pause the video now.

That is false.

Can you use A or B to justify your answer? A, adjective choices in an explanation text are factual and precise.

Or B, adjective choices in an explanation text are descriptive.

Pause the video now.

That is A, well done.

Adjective choices in an explanation text are factual and precise.

Spooky and crazy are a bit too descriptive and informal.

Well done everybody.

So a synonym is a word that has the same or a similar meaning to another word.

It's important to use synonyms in explanation texts so that we are not repeating the same noun again and again and again.

It's much more interesting for the reader to see the noun referred to in different ways.

Let's have a look at some examples.

For example, the corpse.

Corpse is a really appropriate noun to describe the body, it's completely accurate, but it is a bit less interesting for the reader if we say the corpse, the corpse, the corpse, every time.

So, we could say the tightly-wrapped cadaver.

Let's do my turn, your turn for that.

Cadaver.

A cadaver is just another word for the corpse.

So that's a body that is no longer alive.

Or you could say the deceased body, deceased means the dead body, so it is another way of saying the corpse, really.

So using these three nouns in your explanation text and varying the nouns that you choose to use just means you are not repeating yourself too much.

Another example could be when we describe the people who are doing the mummifying, we know they're called the embalmer, so we could describe them, call them the skilled embalmer.

But instead of repeating embalmer again and again and again, we could also refer to them as the mortician.

Let's do my turn, your turn.

Mortician.

The mortician, a mortician is somebody who prepares a body for burial, so very similar job to an embalmer.

So basically a synonym.

And I've described the mortician there as diligent, which means hardworking.

So the diligent mortician.

So again, when you are writing an explanation text, you can be thinking about sometimes referring to them as the embalmer and sometimes as the mortician, just to keep it a bit more interesting for the reader.

So checking for understanding.

Which of the following are synonyms for a deceased body? A, person.

B, cadaver.

C, human.

Or D corpse.

Pause the video now.

So the synonyms are B, cadaver and D, corpse.

It can't be person and human 'cause they're still living bodies.

Well done everybody.

Okay, it's time for task A.

You need to fill in the blanks with an adjective or a noun from the word bank.

So your options in the word bank are cadaver, mortician, expensive, wealthy, and wooden.

So you're going to be completing some expanded noun phrases in the sentences below.

I'll read them out now.

As I'm reading, you can be thinking which word you think might be missing, and then you'll go and have a go at doing this independently.

So A, mummification was a complex, blank process.

B, the most blank, powerful people were mummified.

C, the skilled, diligent, blank, removed the internal organs.

D, the clean, tightly-wrapped, blank, was placed in a sarcophagus.

And E, the blank, decorated sarcophagus protected the spirit in the afterlife.

So pause the video now and off you go, filling in the missing blanks with an adjective or an noun.

Off you go.

Welcome back everybody, let's go through the answers.

When I say the word that was missing, I want to hear you saying it loudly as well.

Mummification was a complex, expensive process.

B, the most wealthy, powerful people were mummified.

C, the skilled, diligent mortician removed the internal organs.

D, the clean, tightly-wrapped cadaver was placed in a sarcophagus.

And E, the wooden, decorated sarcophagus protected the spirit in the afterlife.

Great job everybody, well done.

It's time for the second section of our lesson where we are looking at verbs and adverbs.

Verb choices in an explanation text need to be as precise as possible so the reader understands really clearly each step of the process.

Writers need to consider then which verb is the most accurate for describing each action.

So for example, the embalmers put water or wine on the cadaver, put is your verb choice there.

It's a bit vague, it's not precise enough, it's not really clearly showing to the reader what was happening in this step.

So you could change it to, poured water or wine on the cadaver.

So now we, the reader, has an image of the embalmment pouring water or wine onto the cadaver.

Or you could use cleaned the cadaver with water or wine, even more precise, 'cause now the reader can understand why they were pouring water on wine, to clean the body.

Or you could use washed the cadaver with water or wine, again, showing to the reader the purpose of using water or wine to clean the body.

So checking for understanding.

Which verb is the most precise in this sentence? The body was, hmm, blank, in linen? A, the body was put in linen.

B, the body was wrapped in linen.

Or C, the body was left in linen.

Which is the most precise? Pause the video now.

That's right, it is wrapped because wrapped is showing really clearly the action the embalmers did, that they wrapped the body really, really tightly in those linen bandages.

By saying just they put the linen on or they left the body in linen, it's not really showing what they did with the linen, but wrapped shows the action much more clearly, that they wrapped the body in linen.

Well done.

An adverb can describe a verb.

It adds further detail to explain how the verb is happening.

So writers also need to consider which adverb is most accurate for describing each action.

So for example, the embalmer cut a hole in the corpse to remove the internal organs.

Cut is your verb.

Let's add extra details to that verb using an adverb.

You could say the embalmer carefully cut or precisely cut.

So the embalmer didn't just randomly cut anywhere, it was a really careful, precise hole.

By adding those adverbs, it gives a clearer image to the reader of how the hole was cut.

Or, after the body had dried out for 40 days, the embalmer covered the body in oil, covered is your verb, but let's add extra detail.

You could say the embalmer generously covered, so there was so much oil, he was really generous with the oil.

And completely covered the body in oil.

Now the reader can understand that it wasn't just a little bit of oil, the whole body was covered in oil.

So that adverb has had a really important job in giving the reader a better image of what's happening at this step in the process.

Okay, checking for understanding.

True or false? The word colourful describes the verb in more detail in this sentence.

The tightly-wrapped cadaver was placed in the colourful sarcophagus.

So try and find the verb and then think, does the word colourful describe the verb? Pause video now.

That is false.

Can you use A or B to justify your answer? A, colourful is a factual adjective that describes the noun, sarcophagus.

Or B, colourful describes sarcophagus.

Pause the video now.

That is A, colourful is a factual adjective, and it's describing the noun sarcophagus.

Well done everybody.

Okay, it is time for task B.

You need to match the verb to the most appropriate adverb when explaining the mummification process.

So, your four verbs are, covered, when the body is covered in oil.

Cut, so when the embalmer cut a hole in the body.

Placed, so when the corpse was placed in the sarcophagus.

And wrapped, so when the corpse was wrapped in linen.

And then your adverb choices are tightly, carefully, precisely, and completely.

So pause the video now and draw lines from the verb to the adverb that are most appropriately matched.

Off you go.

Well done everybody, welcome back, let's go through these.

Covered was completely, the body was completely covered in oil.

Cut, precisely, the embalmer precisely cut a hole in the body.

Placed carefully, They carefully placed the corpse into the sarcophagus.

And wrapped tightly, they tightly-wrapped the corpse in linen.

Well done.

Okay, task C, you need to now fill in the blanks with a verb or an adverb from the word bank.

So your words in the word bank are precisely, tightly, covered, washed, completely and carefully.

I'm going to read the sentences out loud now, and as I'm reading, you can be thinking, which word could go in the blank? A, the corpse was thoroughly blank with wine or water.

B, The embalmer blank cut a hole to remove the internal organs.

C, the body was left for 40 days until it had blank dried out.

D, the cadaver was generously blank in oil.

E, the mortician blank wrapped the body in linen.

And F, the cadaver was blank placed in a sarcophagus.

So pause the video now and off you go, filling in the blanks with the words from the word bank, off you go.

Well done everybody, welcome back.

Okay, let's go through the answers.

When I'm reading them out loud, I want to be able to hear you saying the words as well.

A, the corpse was thoroughly washed with wine or water.

B, the embalmer precisely cut a hole to remove the internal organs.

C, The body was left for 40 days until it had completely dried out.

D, the cadaver was generously covered in oil.

E, the mortician tightly-wrapped the body in linen.

F, the cadaver was carefully placed in a sarcophagus.

Great job everybody, well done.

Hopefully you'll find this lesson really useful for thinking about what vocabulary you want to include in your explanation text.

So here's a summary of everything we've learned today.

An expanded noun phrase provides an extra detail about a noun.

Verb choices in an explanation text need to be as precise as possible.

An adverb adds extra detail to a verb.

Language is formal in an explanation text with precise, factual adjectives, and synonyms are words that have the same or similar meaning to another word, and they are useful to avoid repetition.

Great job everybody, well done.