Hi there, I'm Mrs. Kemp and welcome to today's lesson.

It's titled Imbalanced Diet: starvation and deficiency diseases.

It's part of the Diet and Exercise Unit and you may also recognise some of the information from when you learned about healthy diets, back in primary school.

So, I'm really looking forward to starting this lesson.

So, off we go.

Okay, so our main outcome for today is I can explain the effects on the human body of not consuming enough nutrients.

Okay, so we should already be thinking what's a nutrient and where have we learned about that before? Lesson outline for today then, we've got three sections, an unbalanced diet, malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies.

Of course we will be starting with an unbalanced diet.

These are some of the key terms that we will be using today and please feel free to pause the video if you'd like to read them in detail.

However, don't worry, 'cause I will be going through each one as we move through the learning cycles.

Okay, so I'd like us to think a little bit together first.

So, what do you think would happen to someone who did not eat a balanced diet or regularly consumed too little food? We've got a picture there.

That's what the government put out called the eat-well plate and it shows us what a balanced diet would look like and the sort of proportions of different types of food that we we should be eating.

So, if we limited that over a long period of time, what do you think would happen to us? So, the likelihood is is that we're going to get some real physical and mental ill health appearing.

An example of a ill physical health then is that actually if you consume too little food, you will be weakening your immune system.

Remember what your immune system is doing is it's keeping you healthy, it's making sure that none of those bacteria or viruses can infect you and cause you to become ill.

It might also make you feel quite anxious, okay? So, it's also going to have an effect on our mental health.

If you continue to eat too little food, then also what's gonna happen is that your body mass is going to decrease, okay? We can measure our body mass by getting on a set of scales and having a look.

And you will eventually get lighter and lighter essentially as you lose that body mass.

If you consume less energy than required, you are also going to start using your store of fats.

So, it's really healthy to have a store of fat.

We all need it and in some cases if once you've broken down all that fat, actually what's gonna happen is you're gonna start going for the protein.

So, you're gonna start breaking down your muscles and you're going to end up with muscle wastage, because of that then, you're probably going to feel very tired and lethargic.

So, you're not really going to be as active as you normally would do.

If that has happened to someone, the best advice is to actually start to eat some carbohydrates and unsaturated fat.

We've got an example there of a carbohydrate in the pasta and we've got a really good version of unsaturated fats there in the nuts.

So, I would want to see people eating a lot more of those if they have been limiting their diet.

There are many different reasons then why this may have happened to somebody.

One reason is that they could be in an area where there's war.

Now when there's a war on, it might mean that the sort of normal transport of food around the area has been blocked and actually people are are no longer able to have access to good food stuffs.

There may also be a drought, so it might mean that the farmers have not been able to deliver their normal amount of crop and there isn't just isn't enough food to go around.

Mental health reasons can mean that you are not prioritising eating food and therefore you just end up not eating enough and also poverty, not actually being able to afford to buy the food in the first place and therefore it is going to limit you.

Let's go onto our first check then.

So, true or false.

Only a person's physical health is affected by their diet? Can you justify your answer.

A, a person's mental health is only affected by how many friends they have.

B, a person's physical health and mental health are affected by their diet.

I'll give you a little bit of time to think about it, but if you do need more time, please do pause the video.

Okay, did you choose false? Excellent.

And the reason for that then is a person's physical and mental health are affected by their diet.

Okay, so both of those things contribute to, are contributed sorry, by their diet.

One way to tell if a person is eating a balanced diet is to actually calculate something, called the body mass index.

We often see that represented as BMI.

This is the calculation here.

You may want to write it down if you've got a little bit of paper.

Body mass index is equal to the person's body mass, divided by their height squared.

Now for this calculation to work, it's really important that we get our units correct.

The body mass index will be measured in kilogrammes per metre squared.

A person's body mass has got to be in kilogrammes and their height needs to be a metres in order for this to work.

So, once we've actually calculated a person's BMI, what we can do then is we have a look to see what category that person fits into.

So, we've got the BMI range here, so those are the numbers and it shows you which category.

So, if they're less than 18.

5 with their BMI, they're going to be underweight.

If they're between 18.

5 and 24.

9, they're a nice healthy weight.

25 to 29.

9 they are classed as overweight.

Between 30 and 39.

9 they will be obese.

Above 40, they are severely obese.

So, obviously everyone is trying to aim for that BMI in between 18.

5 and 24.

9 so that we can be a healthy weight.

I just want to make sure that you realise that actually these categories are for adults and we do use different categories for younger people.

So, you would not necessarily fit into these as well.

Let's have a little go then, I'll do one example for you where we calculate a person's BMI and then I'd like you to have a go.

So, a 30-year-old man is 178 centimetres and has a body mass of 83 kilogrammes.

Calculate his BMI.

There are a hundred centimetres in a metre.

Remember, that we need to have the person's height in metres.

So, first of all we need to calculate our centimetres into metres and we do that by dividing the centimetres by a hundred and that gives us 1.

78 metres.

We then need to square his height, so we do the square of 1.

78 squared and that is equal to 3.

1684 metres squared.

Feel free to use a calculator for a lot of this part of the lesson.

Then we want to calculate the BMI and so we do 83 divided by 3.

17 and that is equal to 26.

2 kilogrammes per metre squared.

Okay, so if we look those categories up, that gives us overweight.

So, that person would be in the overweight category.

I'd like you to have a go then.

So, a 30-year-old woman is 161 centimetres and has a body mass of 52 kilogrammes.

Calculate her BMI, again, you need to know that a hundred centimetres is in one metre.

Now, you can use a calculator for this and I will give you some time.

However, if you do need more time, please do pause the video.

Okay, let's go through that together.

So, first of all, we needed to convert our centimetres to metres.

So, we divided 161 by a hundred and that gives us 1.

61 metres.

We then needed to square her height in metres and so 1.

61 squared is equal to 2.

5921 metre squared and then we can calculate the overall BMI by dividing the body mass 52 by 2.

5921 and that is equal to 20.

1.

Now, if we looked at that category in our table from earlier, we would see that that woman is actually a healthy weight, which is great.

Onto our first practise then, please do get your worksheet out so that you can record your answers on this.

The question is Toby is a 23-year-old man.

He has a height of 182 centimetres and a body mass of 59 kilogrammes.

Calculate Toby's BMI and decide which category his BMI falls into.

So, you're going to be able to use that table for this question.

What advice would you give to improve his BMI? I'm going to give you some time to think about it, but please do pause the video if you need more time.

Okay, let's have a little look at what we should have done then.

So, first of all, we needed to calculate his BMI and we have calculated his BMI to be 17.

8 and if we look at our table and see where that puts him, that unfortunately puts him into the underweight category.

What advice would we give to him then to improve his BMI? Toby is not eating enough calories in his diet.

He needs to increase his consumption of carbohydrates, remember we talked about pasta being a carbohydrate, but bread and potatoes could be in there as well and unsaturated fats, we find some really good healthy fats in things like nuts and avocados.

They would be a great thing for Toby to start eating.

So, hopefully you've got all those points if you wanted to add anything else, please do that now.

Onto our next learning cycle then, this one is entitled malnutrition.

Malnutrition is actually a very serious condition and it can affect anyone anywhere, okay? So, this is not just for one type of person, this is for many different types of people.

It actually occurs when you do not get the right amount of nutrients that you require.

People who do not eat enough food or eat food lacking in the necessary nutrients.

So, although they're eating lots of food, they're actually not very nutrient dense are at risk of becoming malnourished.

Children that are malnourished from lack of food and we can see in that picture there is a picture of a boy who has become malnourished.

He can actually experience, both something called stunting and wasting.

So, I'm gonna tell you what both of those things mean.

Stunting is when the child is too short for their age and in fact their brain may not fully develop and it might mean that they never reach their full cognitive.

So, their full brain capacity.

Wasting is when a child is dangerously thin for their height and they have a really weakened immune system.

They are then at an increased risk of death unfortunately and they really do require urgent care straight away.

And what that care may come in is actually there might be some lifesaving powder that you can add a little bit of water to that contains, lots and lots of different nutrients that they can try and get those nutrients in straight away.

When a child is going through wasting, it can be referred to as something called acute malnutrition that is seriously dangerous.

In November, 2023, the World Health Organisation or we often see that written as WHO, issued new guidelines to support countries to try to prevent and manage acute malnutrition in children.

So, this is obviously to try to help everyone globally with the problem of malnutrition.

They actually recommended focusing on mothers and children, because that is where we see, real vulnerable groups of people.

Children are very vulnerable to this type of thing.

They said that governments should try to provide all children with access to breastfeeding.

So, that would probably come in the form of education for mothers and education for families in order to help them to access breastfeeding, but also trying to help people in the home to provide nutrient dense diets for children and mothers.

They also said that people and families should have access to community health workers that would go around and help families to cook nutritious food at home and actually show them how to do these things, so that they can then go on and do it for themselves.

There's also a very serious condition, called anorexia nervosa that can lead to malnutrition.

It's a serious psychiatric disease, which leads to a very, very low BMI and eventually starvation.

It's where a person actually tries to maintain a very low body weight themselves and they do this by limiting the amount of food that they eat.

They often exercise excessively and they often do both of those things in order to make sure that they stay at a very low weight.

The person is likely to have a distorted body image believing that they are actually overweight when they're not.

So when they look in the mirror they will see a completely different person to maybe what is actually looking back at them.

It can be very successfully treated, especially if it's caught early enough and the types of things that you would treat somebody with anorexia with is talking therapy.

So, going and talking about how they feel and why they feel that way and also supervise weight gain.

Often people will be admitted into hospital where they will be checked upon to make sure that they are eating a balanced diet.

If you are ever worried about anyone that you know in concerns of anorexia, please do talk to a teacher or another trusted adult in order to get that person help as soon as possible.

So, why are these things so serious? That is because the long-term effects of starvation can be really, really terrible on the body.

One thing is your mental health, so people can feel very depressed.

You can also get a disease where you are not able to control your blood sugar levels and that's called diabetes.

You might get some weakening of the bones and you can see in that picture there where the bones of someone with osteoporosis have many more little holes in them than a normal bone and it means that that bone becomes very weak.

So, if you fall or injure your arm or something like that, your bones will break a lot more easily and will not heal as well.

There's also cardiovascular disease that is related to starvation and that is where your heart isn't able to work as well.

So, let's go on to our next check.

This time it's a true or false.

Not consuming enough food can lead to a high BMI.

Is that true or false? Could you justify your answer for me? A, it will eventually lead to obesity and a high BMI.

B, it will eventually lead to starvation and a very low BMI.

I'm going to give you a little bit of time to think about it, but if you do need more time, please do pause the video.

Okay, did you think of false? Of course it's false, well done.

And that is because of B.

It will eventually lead to starvation and a very low BMI.

Excellent, well done.

Let's have a look at our second practise of today then.

Again, please do get your worksheet out and you can record your answers on there.

Andeep was asked to suggest what might happen to someone if they regularly ate less food than they needed to.

How could you improve Andeep's answer? Think of at least two things.

Let's listen to what Andeep said then.

"The person would lose weight and feel quite tired." What else could you add in there? I'll give you a little bit of time to think about it, but if you do need more time to record your answer, please do pause the video.

Okay, let's have a look at some of the things that you could think about.

So, as well as what Andeep said, a person may also experience physical and mental ill health.

Not consuming enough food can cause BMI to become low and eventually lead to starvation.

In extreme cases, they could become malnourished.

Malnutrition can lead to osteoporosis, depression, cardiovascular disease and diabetes or in extreme cases death.

Okay, if you'd like to add any more to your answer, please do.

Otherwise let's move on to our final learning cycle.

So, we're moving on to nutrient deficiencies.

Okay, so deficiency diseases are a form of malnutrition, due to people becoming deficient in vitamins or minerals.

So, deficient means there is a lack of those vitamins and minerals.

The following can contribute then to people not accessing nutritious foods.

Modern diets and unfortunately foods that are out processed.

So, things that we can see on there like crisps and pizzas and fizzy drinks.

Unfortunately, although they are very high in calories and often quite high in fat and salt, they actually lack a lot of the nutrients that you would find in the whole foods, okay? So, whole foods are things that haven't been processed or have had a very limited amount of processing.

Poverty then again, if people are not able to purchase very good quality food or they just can't access food at all, fresh food especially, then they're going to be lacking in certain nutrients.

Climate change, is having a real problem all around the globe then, so we've got a picture here of some flooding and flooding would mean that people would be moved out of their homes and out of their area.

So, they're much less likely to be able to buy food and actually cook it well.

Epidemics, so, we saw this with our COVID epidemic, didn't we? Where actually food is not able to move around the globe as easily and we might have limited sources in our supermarkets compared to normal.

Let's have a think about some of those specific nutrients then.

So, we met vitamin C, didn't we? In our lesson about balanced diet and if we have a lack of vitamin C, it could lead to scurvy.

We find vitamin C in things like citrus, fruits and oranges.

Scurvy is often linked to pirates and people that used to sail on boats, and that's because a long time ago when they people set off on ships, they would be sailing for a really, really long time and actually they would have a lack of fresh fruit and vegetable as they went and that would mean that they got a lack of vitamin C in their diets and they often developed scurvy.

The symptoms of scurvy are things like fatigue, so feeling very tired, but also bleeding gums. A lack of iron can lead to anaemia.

Remember that we find an iron in foods like nuts, green leafy vegetables and red meats, okay? So, you might be a person that is a vegetarian or a vegan and actually there are some really good sources of iron for you, not just found in meat.

Symptoms of anaemia then can include fatigue.

So, feeling tired again, having very pale skin and also having heart palpitations.

So, your heart palpitations is where your heart isn't beating in a regular fashion and you might be able to feel that in your chest.

A lack of vitamin D or calcium can lead to something called rickets.

We find vitamin D in things like mushrooms and oily fish and we find calcium in mostly in dairy products but also in green vegetables again.

The symptoms include painful bones and deformities.

In particular, you can see on this image here of a child that has got rickets the legs bow out in a fashion, so they go into a bow where they normally would be straight and that is very normal of somebody who has rickets.

A lack of protein can cause this disease called kwashiorkor.

That's quite a difficult word to say.

So, please do say it after me, kwashiorkor.

Okay, excellent.

Good practise.

We find proteins in things like tofu, beans, fish and meat.

There's a picture of some tofu there and if somebody is lacking in protein, what we can often see is that they've got a delayed growth, they get frequent infections and they also get that.

You can see in this picture here, sort of extended swollen stomach and that's very classic of kwashiorkor and you can see it evidently in that poor child on the picture.

Can you match the symptoms to the deficiency that causes them.

So, we've got A, a swollen stomach in the picture.

B, heart palpitations is a picture of the heart.

And C, bleeding gums, you can see that person has some bleeding gums there.

Can you match it to number one, lack of iron.

Number two, lack of vitamin C or number three, lack of protein.

I will give you a little bit of time to think about it, but if you do need more time, please do pause the video.

Okay, so A, the swollen stomach is of course cross your course kwashiorkor.

So, that is number three, lack of protein.

Lack of iron can cause anaemia, which goes with B, the heart palpitations.

The bleeding gums there, of course is a symptom of scurvy, which goes with two lack of vitamin C.

Onto our final practise of today.

Again, get your worksheet back out.

You may want a little bit more space for this, because we're going to produce an information poster on nutrient deficiencies.

You should include the symptoms caused by a lack of vitamins and minerals in our diet.

So, you think about each one of those that we've talked about and advise on types of foods people can eat to prevent deficiencies.

I will give you a little bit of time to think about it, but if you do need more time, which you will do here for this information poster, please do pause the video.

Okay, so your poster may include the following vitamin and mineral deficiencies, but you may have actually chosen some others.

So, vitamin C goes with scurvy and we could eat citrus fruit to help with that.

Iron causes anaemia, which is we should find some iron in nuts and red meat.

We've got calcium or vitamin D and the deficiency in that is rickets.

We could help somebody with a deficiency in calcium and vitamin D by giving them dairy foods, but also mushrooms and fish for the vitamin D.

Proteins is that kwashiorkor.

And we could help somebody who has a lack of protein in their diets by giving them some tofu and meat.

But again, there are other options for the types of food that you could give to people.

So, you may have thought of those.

So, we're very, very close to finishing.

I've really, really enjoyed today.

But I would like to go through the summary with you of the key points that we've learned about today.

So, not consuming a balanced diet can lead to physical and mental ill health.

People who don't eat the right amounts of all the nutrients, vitamins and minerals that the body needs are at risk of malnutrition.

Body mass index or BMI can be calculated from a person's height and body mass to show if a person is underweight or overweight.

Not consuming enough food can cause a person's BMI to become too low and in extreme cases can lead to starvation.

Deficiency diseases are the result of not consuming enough of a particular nutrient.

Deficiency diseases include scurvy, anaemia, kwashiorkor and rickets.

Okay, thank you so much for learning with me today.

I hope to see you again soon.

Bye.