Lesson video

Hello, my name is Mr. March, and I'm here today to teach you all about the impacts of national and international migration on Liverpool.

So grab everything that you need for today's lesson and let's get going.

So by the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to detail the main historic and recent national and international migrations affecting Liverpool and describe the impacts on demography, economic growth, and character.

There are three key terms for today's lesson, and those are inflow, outflow, and migration.

Inflow refers to the migration of people to a place.

Outflow refers to migration of people away from a place.

Migration refers to the movement of people from place to place.

There are three learning cycles for today's lesson, and we're gonna start with learning cycle one, which is significant population inflows and outflows.

Now in terms of place, there are always inflows and outflows of people.

There are always people moving to a place, this would be an inflow, and there are always people moving out of a place, this would be the outflow.

And this movement of people really prompts different questions.

For example, when were these inflows and outflows occurring? Where was it happening from? And where was it going to? And why were these movements happening? So geographers categorise answers to some of these questions in the following ways.

When? Was it historic or was it recent migration? Where from and where to? Was it national? Was it within that one country? Or was it more international, happening between different countries? And these are really some key terms that we're gonna keep revisiting throughout today's lesson.

Liverpool has a long history of migration.

Some of the most significant inflows of people historically have been from Ireland and Wales.

During the 19th century, there were greater inflows of people to Liverpool than outflows.

In the 19th century, over a million people left Ireland, which was then part of the UK.

The most significant time for Irish migration to Liverpool was the 1840s.

And between January of March 1847 alone, 120,000 Irish migrants landed in Liverpool.

Not all remained, many used Liverpool as a transit city for their ultimate destinations of the USA, Australia, and Canada.

But by 1851, 20% of Liverpool's population was Irish, indicating just how many remained.

Also by 1850, over 10% of Liverpool's population was Welsh with many migrants moving from from north Wales to the city.

The historical inflows of people in such large numbers from Ireland was caused by poverty and by famine.

The Great Famine also known as the Great Hunger between 1845 and 1849 resulted in a million people dying of starvation and disease.

More than a million people migrated from Ireland to escape the famine.

Now, the cause of inflow from Wales was different.

It was mainly driven by employment opportunities, specifically within the building trade as Liverpool's undergoing rapid development and jobs were easy to come by.

So a quick learning check.

It says that inflows of people Liverpool in the 19th century from Ireland and Wales are categorised as? Now you have four options right there.

What I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you read through the options, consider, and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was A, historic and national.

It is historic because it was happening in the past, and this is a national movement of people because both Wales and Ireland during the 19th century were within the United Kingdom.

So really well done if you were able to get that answer correct.

So a second learning check is for you to read through the three statements that you can see, which have been made by Sam, Sofia, and Alex.

And you need to decide who is correct.

So please pause the video here whilst you read through the options and then consider and select your answer.

And the correct answer is Sam.

Sam is correct in what he says.

So he says that, "The cause of the Irish inflow to Liverpool between 1845 and 1849 was to escape starvation and disease." So really, really well done if you are able to get that answer correct.

So our final learning check says inflows of people Liverpool in the 19th century from Wales were a result of what? I would like you to pause the video whilst you try to recall that information.

And the correct answer was employment opportunities.

Yes, people moving from Wales, particularly many people from North Wales were moving to Liverpool for those employment opportunities.

Really, really well done if you are able to recall that information.

As a major global port city, Liverpool has always been a destination for migrants from all over the world.

In the 19th century, international migrants included sailors from China and the continent of Africa, who settled in the city and use their links to other countries to establish trade routes.

After 1945, after the Second World War, Commonwealth immigrants arrived from the regions of the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent, recruited to rebuild Britain after the destruction of the Second World War.

So a quick learning check, it says significant historical international inflows of people to Liverpool after the Second World War were from which two regions? So what I'd like you to do is read through the three options, pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was A, the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean.

Yes, after 1945, the UK really was in desperate need of reconstruction after the war with Nazi Germany and the people from the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean all came to assist and support those efforts.

So really well done if you were able to select the answer.

Recently on a national scale, there have been inflows and outflows of people to and from Liverpool, but not on such a significant scale as seen historically.

Most migration to and from Liverpool occurs within the northwest region.

Further afield, inflows of people from Hull and Birmingham and outflows to London have been notable.

The main cause of all of these migrations is employment, education, and lifestyle choices.

Now, recent notable international inflows of migrants to Liverpool have seen the greatest numbers from Yemen and Somalia as a result of conflict, lack of food, and water security, poverty and lack of employment opportunities in their home countries.

There have also been significant numbers of Eastern European country migrants such as Poland since the EU expansion in the early 2000s.

So a quick learning check, it says recent national outflows of people from Liverpool are mainly to? What I'd like you to do then is read through the four options, pause the video, consider, and then select your answer.

And the correct answer is B, the recent national outflow of people from Liverpool is to other areas in the northwest.

Really, really well done if you are able to get that answer correct.

Again, a learning check.

I would like you to read through the three options, Jacob, Aisha, and Jun, and decide which person is correct.

So pause the video whilst you read through those three options and select the answer.

And the correct answer is Jun.

Jun says that, "Significant recent international inflows to Liverpool have been from Somalia and Yemen." This is absolutely correct, and it is on account of their recent civil war and other conflicts as well as unfortunate famine which has caused starvation and death and disease for the people that are living there.

Time now for our first practise question.

It says annotate the mind map with significant inflows and outflows of people to and from Liverpool.

Place them above or below the line according to whether they were historic or recent.

The second practise question says for you then to colour code the inflows and outflows according to the following categories: national in one colour, international in another colour.

The third and final practise question asks you to then annotate each inflow and outflow with factual information, including dates and/or time periods and also causes of the migrations.

So I'd like you to do then is pause the video here whilst you attempt those three practise questions.

Best of luck.

Time now for a bit of feedback.

So in terms of the recent international migration, you may have put Yemen and Somalia, and the reasons that they are moving is because of escaping conflict and poverty.

In terms of the national recent migration, people are moving from Hull and Birmingham into Liverpool, why? Well, due to employment, education, and lifestyle choices.

Then let's look at the historic inflow of people into Liverpool.

Let's start with Ireland.

People moved there from Ireland during the 1840s due to the Irish Great Famine and escaping disease and starvation.

Again, in the 19th century there was Wales, a national inflow of people.

And people were moving from Wales into Liverpool due to employment opportunities.

Let's now look at the international historic migration into Liverpool.

Let's start with the 19th century, people moving from China and Africa.

These were typically sailors establishing trade routes.

And finally, let's look at the people from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent.

And this happened post-World War II, so post-1945, and this was due to employment opportunities.

If we now turn our attention to outflows, while people are moving out of Liverpool due to looking for other employment, education, and lifestyle opportunities, but they're typically moving more towards the northwest of England, but some do move down south towards London.

And again, they're looking for employment, education, and lifestyle opportunities.

Let's now move on to our second learning cycle, which is the demographic impacts of migration.

So recent and historic national international inflows and outflows impact population.

Amongst others, demographic impacts include the total amount of people living in the city of Liverpool, the ethnic makeup of the people of Liverpool, and finally, the population structure in terms of perhaps age and gender.

So census data between 1801 and 2021 shows how Liverpool's population has changed through its history.

For example, in 1801, when the first census was recorded, Liverpool had a population of 90,000.

In 1931, it had its maximum population up at around 850,000.

Now in its most recent census, Liverpool's population stood at 486,000.

So we can see by following this graph how Liverpool's population has increased and decreased at different periods of its history.

But population change is not only due to migration.

My question to you is what else do you think causes populations to grow and decline? Now, you may like to pause the video here before I reveal the answer.

Well, changes to birth and death rates will also impact total population.

For example, as birth rates increase, the population should naturally increase.

And likewise, if death rates was to decrease, then the same result would occur, there'll be a natural population increase.

So a learning check.

And there are three different statements trying to explain Liverpool's population change.

Now I want you to decide who's correct.

So read through the three options, pause the video whilst you consider, and then select your answer.

And the correct answer is Lucas.

He says that, "Liverpool's population change is partly due to inflows and outflows." Yes, that's correct.

But Liverpool's population change is partly due to migration, but of course also due to natural population change, by which I mean fluctuations in the birth rate and the death rate.

Really, really well done if you've also selected Lucas' answer.

So now we can try to identify the impact of historic, recent, national, and international migrations by looking at this census graph of Liverpool's population.

Now what we can see here in this vast period is it shows a significant growth partly due to inflow of people.

Remember, Liverpool was a really famous port city during this time, and many, many people flocked to the city of Liverpool for those job opportunities at the port.

So after this rapid expansion of its population, we see a decline in the total population of Liverpool.

And again, this now is partly due to outflows, people then leaving the city of Liverpool, and this might happen between 1931 and 2001.

Finally, there is a small increase between 2001 and 2021, and this again is partly driven by greater inflows of people than outflows of people.

So learning check.

Which statement is incorrect, which is wrong about Liverpool's population growth between 1801 and 2021? I would like you to read through the four options, pause the video whilst you then consider and select your answer.

And the correct answer is D.

Population growth has been consistent between 1801 and 2021.

This statement is incorrect 'cause as you can see by looking at the graph, you can see that the population growth has not been consistent, that there have been times of increase, but also times of decrease.

Well done if you were able to also get that answer correct.

Another learning check.

Liverpool's population peaked in 1931.

What was the population at this time? So once again, read through the three options, pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was C, 850,000 people.

Really, really well done if you are able to select that answer.

So needless to say, historic and recent international inflows have impacted Liverpool's ethnic composition.

We can clearly see then that 84% of Liverpool's population are White, but that we also have a 5.

7% coming from Asia, 3.

5% belonging to Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean, or African descent.

We've also got other ethnic groups accounting for 3.

3%, and then we also have 3.

5% belonging to mixed or multiple ethnic groups.

You can see how Liverpool has really sort of built this rich tapestry of ethnicities and cultures as a result.

So aspects of ethnic composition can also be presented spatially.

They can be presented on a map, as a map in front of you is showing.

This is showing just with a legend at the bottom, people born outside the UK.

Now the darker the colour, the more people living there that were born outside the UK.

So let's try and dissect this map.

It says that in the 2021 census, 14.

9% of Liverpool's population were born outside the UK.

This percentage does vary greatly across the city as the map helpfully explains.

For example, in Broad Green, 5.

8% of people living there were born outside the UK, whereas in Toxteth Park, it's up at around 41%.

So you can see how in some areas of Liverpool, there are more people who are born outside the UK and in other areas there are less.

So a quick learning check.

What percentage of Liverpool's population, according to the 2021 census, was born outside of the UK? What I'd like you to do is read through the three options, consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer was 14.

9%.

So really, really well done if you are able to get that answer correct.

And our second learning check asks you the question, which area of Liverpool records the highest percentages of people born outside of the UK according to the 2021 census? So I'd like you to do then is pause the video whilst you try to recall this piece of information.

And the correct answer is Toxteth Park.

And my follow-up learning check question is asking you what percentage of people in Toxteth Park were born outside of the UK according to the 2021 census? So please once again pause the video whilst you try to recall this piece of information.

And the correct answer is 41.

2%.

So really, really well done if you are able to get those two answers correct.

So population structure is shown on a population pyramid, and you can see on the left we have the population pyramid of the UK as a whole.

And then on the right, we have it just for Liverpool.

And I have two different questions for you to consider.

It says how is Liverpool's population structure similar to the UK's? And also how is Liverpool's population structure different from the UK's? So what I'd like you to do then is pause a video whilst you identify and try to look at these two different population pyramids.

Look at the age groups and see how the shape differs and how it is similar.

Look at the banding of ages and try to look for similarities and differences.

So please pause the video here whilst you try to identify one or two correct answers.

So in terms of how they are similar, Well, if we look at the age brackets of 0-20, 40 plus, but also the male to female ratio, we see a lot of similarities.

The shape between these age groups and genders look very, very similar.

For example, between 0 and 20, we can see that the shape is very similar and above 40, we can see that the shape of the two population pyramids are relatively similar as well.

In terms of how they're different though, the biggest difference for me was in the 20-30 bracket.

In Liverpool, it's much, much wider indicating many more people in this age bracket compared to the UK, which is much, much slimmer, indicating that they're as a whole of the UK that that population segment is a lot, lot less.

So what this tells me then is that in terms of Liverpool alone, it shows that recent national and international inflows of people of a working age have really impacted Liverpool's population structure.

Liverpool has been attracting lots of people in that age group of 20-30.

They're looking for job opportunities, they're looking for educational opportunities, they're looking for lifestyle choices as well.

And that's really attracted that young demographic to the city of Liverpool.

And that really does just explain why it is that Liverpool has such a broader shape for that 20-30 age bracket.

So a quick learning check.

Which statement below is correct? What I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you read through those three options and then consider and select your answer.

And the correct answer is A, Liverpool's population structure evidences an inflow of people aged 20-30.

So really well done if you are able to identify the answer.

We're on now to our one and only practise question for the second learning cycle.

And it says to correct the eight mistakes in the summaries of demographic data.

So what I'd like you to do is read through these three paragraphs, identify the eight mistakes, and then correct those mistakes.

So please pause the video here whilst you attend this practise question.

Best of luck.

So some feedback, and these are the three corrected paragraphs.

It says, "Total population: Liverpool's most significant period of population growth was between 1801 and 1931 before a decline until 2001 when population slowly started to increase once more.

Inflows and outflows have contributed to this.

Ethnic composition: historic, recent, national, and international inflows have affected the ethnic composition of Liverpool.

14.

9% of Liverpool's population at the time of the 2021 census were born outside the UK.

Toxteth Park is the area of Liverpool which has the greatest ethnic diversity.

Population structure: recent data on Liverpool's population structure shows that it is broadly similar to the UK.

However, it does show significant inflow between the ages of 20 and 30." So really well done if you are able to identify and then correct those eight mistakes.

We're on now to our third and final learning cycle, which is the impacts on economic growth and character.

Inflows of people into Liverpool most significantly historic enabled significant economic growth due to increased labour supply, enabling buildings and other infrastructure to be quickly built.

Innovation allowed the transfer of knowledge from one country to another, spreading expertise and ideas.

So a quick learning check.

And Sam, Lucas, and Aisha are having a debate as to what has caused Liverpool's economic growth.

I would like you to read through their three statements, pause the video whilst you then consider and select which is the most accurate.

And the correct answer is Aisha.

Yes, "Liverpool's economic growth was supported by inflows who provided both labour and new ideas." So really well done if you were able to select that correct answer.

Immigration has impacted the character of Liverpool, fostering a welcoming and ethnically diverse city.

England has been home to diverse religions since the Middle Ages, and for centuries the inflow of Muslim people to Liverpool has increased the variety of religious buildings, including mosques.

The oldest recorded mosque in the UK was founded in a Liverpool terrace house in 1889.

The distinctive Liverpool Scouse accent is believed to have been heavily influenced by immigrants from Wales and Ireland as well as Scandinavian sailors.

Many place names in Liverpool today have roots which can be traced back to Wales and Ireland, such as Belfast Road.

Inflows have brought a variety of traditions, foods, and fashions to the city.

And there are strong cultural links to national and international countries as well as one of the oldest Black communities in Europe.

Liverpool's Chinatown is one of Europe's oldest and home to a characteristic range of restaurants.

Today, Liverpool has a significant and well integrated Irish community.

And with 75% of its population considered to have Irish heritage, there is a strong connection between the two countries.

In 1997, a Liverpool-Irish famine trail was designated in honour of those who migrated to the city during the period of the Great Famine in Ireland.

And there is also an annual Liverpool Irish festival.

Furthermore, ethnic cultural festivals include the Liverpool European Festival, which celebrates the city's European cultural heritage through dance, music, and film.

So a quick learning check.

It says there are a number of ways in which the character of Liverpool has been impacted through inflows.

Which one is missing? So I'd like you to do is pause the video whilst you try to recall this piece of information.

And the correct answer is the Scouse language.

Really, really well done if you're able to identify that correct answer.

And the second learning check says Irish influence on Liverpool's character is significant.

What was designated in 1997.

What I'd like you to do is read through the four options, pause the video whilst you consider and then select your answer.

And the correct answer is C, an Irish famine trail.

Really, really well done if you were able to select that correct answer.

Unfortunately though, there have also been some challenges as a result of the migrant inflows.

For example, the influx of Irish immigrants escaping the Great Famine initially caused conflict with local communities and the city authorities who resented the need to support the large numbers of famine refugees.

We're on now to our one and only practise question for the third and final learning cycle, and it says to explain the impact inflows of people have had on the economic growth and character of Liverpool.

It says to consider the following in your response: to write about both economic growth and character, to include evidence, for example, place names, events, and dates, but also to consider the positives as well as the challenges.

So I'd like you to do is pause the video here whilst you attempt this practise question.

Best of luck.

And now some feedback.

And you were asked to explain the impact inflows that people have on economic growth within Liverpool as well as the character of Liverpool.

Now your response may have looked something like this.

It says, "Liverpool's economic growth has been positively impacted by inflows of people.

Firstly, additional people are a source of labour, and historically this allowed buildings and other infrastructure to be quickly constructed.

Furthermore, people bring with them innovation through sharing knowledge and ideas from their country of birth.

The Scouse accent reflects Welsh and Irish roots, while the city's cultural landscape includes England's oldest recorded mosque in 1889.

Chinatown's restaurants and events like the Irish Famine Trail and Liverpool European Festival.

However, immigration has also caused tension, such as conflicts during periods of large Irish arrivals where residents and city authorities clashed with immigrants." So really, really well done if you were able to include anything like that in your own answer.

To summarise then, we can see in front of you different examples of historic and recent national and international inflows and outflows.

Let's start with a historic national inflow, which was the significant Irish community which moved into Liverpool in the 19th century.

A significant national recent outflow are those people moving out of Liverpool into the wider northwest region of England.

In terms of inflows, historically in an international perspective, we have those peoples moving from the Indian subcontinent after World War II, and then more recently people moving into Liverpool from Yemen and Somalia.

So demographic impacts include changes to population, the structure of that population, as well as the ethnic composition.

For example, the increased ethnic diversity.

All migrations have impacted on the economic growth and character of the city of Liverpool.

For example, the historical increase in labour and innovation.

So really, really well done during today's lesson.

It was a pleasure teaching you, and I look forward to seeing you on the next lesson.

Goodbye.