Hi there, my name is Mr. Groom, and you have made a super choice to study history with me today.

We're going to have such a great time in this lesson, learning about how imperial anxiety led to a celebration of empire towards the end of the 19th century.

So, if you're ready, let's get going.

Today's lesson is called "Imperial anxiety and celebration of empire," and it's from the unit "Interpreting the British Empire: How has it been commemorated and contested?" By the end of today's lesson, we'll be able to explain the causes of imperial anxiety and how Britain responded to this for a celebration of empire.

Our keywords for this lesson are on the screen.

A group of countries or provinces ruled from the centre by another person or group of people is called an empire.

Something relating to empire is known as imperial.

Imperial anxiety is the sense of unease within an empire due to potential threats to its power.

In this lesson, nationalism is support for the political independence of a country.

So let's start our lesson by looking at the rise of Germany and the USA and how that contributed to imperial anxiety.

In 1871, within the opulent Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, a significant event unfolded.

The proclamation of the German Empire.

This act marked Germany's entrance as a major force in European politics, posing a direct challenge to British supremacy.

Germany swiftly became an industrial powerhouse fed by its rich coal and iron deposits and supported by its educated and disciplined workforce.

By the late 19th century, Germany had secured a leading position in key industrial sectors such as steel production and electrical engineering, rivalling Britain's economic superiority.

In the autumn of 1885, the three-wheeled vehicle invented by Carl Benz in Germany became the first successful petrol engine car.

So let's check that you've understood from hearing about Germany how Britain might have viewed it.

So I want you to think about this question and the potential answers.

Which of the following statements best describes how the British viewed the German Empire in late 19th century? Was it A, that British imperial supremacy remained unchallenged by German industrialization? Is it B, that German industrialization was a direct threat to British imperial supremacy? Or was it C, German industrialization supported British imperial supremacy? Pause the video while you think about your answer and press play when you're ready to see if you were right.

That's right, the British view of the German Empire in the late 19th century was that German industrialization was a direct threat to British imperial supremacy.

At the same time that Germany was becoming more powerful and industrialising, across the Atlantic, America was undergoing its own remarkable transformation causing waves of anxiety across Britain as its imperial supremacy was called into question.

Following the American Civil War between 1861 to 1865, the country entered a period of rapid industrialization marked by significant advancements in manufacturing, an expanding railroad network, and the advent of the telegraph and telephone.

The discovery and exploitation of natural resources, including oil and materials, further accelerated its economic expansion.

I want you to think about what you can see in the image on the right-hand side of the screen and think about what you can see and why this might have posed a threat to British supremacy.

So while you think about that, pause the video, and when you're ready to see if your ideas were similar to ours, press play.

That's right, in that image you can see examples of American industrial progress, including a steam press, an electric telegraph, a locomotive and a steamboat.

So let's check your understanding of the rise of America and the impact of American industrialization on the British Empire.

So, two students here are discussing what they think the impact of American industrialization was on the British Empire, Jun and Sofia.

What I want you to do is I want you to think about which of these pupils is accurately telling us about the impact of American industrialization on the British Empire.

Is it Jun or Sofia? So Jun is saying that the American economy grew with its expanding railroad network and the advent of the telegraph and telephones.

Sofia is saying that American industrialization with advances in areas such as the electric telegraph and the railroad network contributed to British anxiety about its imperial supremacy.

Which one of those is telling us about the impact of American industrialization on the British Empire? Pause the video and press play when you're ready to see if you were right.

That's right, it was Sofia.

Jun is describing what was going on in the American economy, he's describing American industrialization, but not actually talking about the impact it had on the British Empire, which is exactly what Sofia is doing.

So, let's complete this task together now to see if you could bring together your knowledge and understanding about the rise of Germany and the USA and the impact it had on British imperial supremacy.

We have a statement here.

"German and American industrialization had no impact on British imperial supremacy in the late 19th century." Now that statement, as you should probably have worked out by now, is incorrect.

So what I'd like you to do is to explain the impact of German and American industrialization on British imperial supremacy.

Essentially, you'll be correcting that statement by providing an explanation of the impact of German and American industrialization on British imperial supremacy.

I'd like you to include the following words in your answer.

Anxiety, supremacy, empire, and imperial.

So, once again, explain the impact of German and American industrialization on British imperial supremacy and try and use those words in your answer.

Press pause while you're doing this, and when you're ready to check your answer against mine, press play.

Well done, your answer might have included some of the following.

German industrial expansion in areas including steel production and electrical engineering contributed to a growing sense of anxiety about British imperial supremacy.

This concern that the British Empire was no longer superior was worsened by the rise of the USA as an industrial power with developments in areas such as the electric telegraph and railway networks.

Let's move on now to look at another thing that was affecting imperial anxiety, the growth of nationalist movements.

The rise of Germany and America as industrial powers contributed to a growing sense of imperial anxiety.

This feeling of unease and fear experienced by the British Empire was further exacerbated by the growth of nationalist movements in the colonies.

In 1885, the Indian National Congress was established as a response to the growing desire among Indians for a greater say in their governance and for more autonomy within the British Empire.

This nationalist group aimed to present the concerns and demands of the Indian people to the British government, advocating for increased representation in government and civil services.

The Indian National Congress organised meetings and demonstrations, especially in Bengal, a region in northeastern India, to push forward their nationalist beliefs and campaign for independence.

These efforts were part of a broader movement seeking to redefine India's role within the empire, aiming for more independence and participation in decision-making processes.

However, the British government was not receptive to these demands.

Given Britain's reliance on India for economic benefits including trade, labour, and raw materials, there was considerable resistance to any changes that might undermine British control and supremacy.

So let's check your understanding of what we've just heard.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes imperial anxiety? Is it A, the belief that another empire might have a stronger military? Is it B, the sense of unease within an empire due to potential threats to its power? Is it C, the feeling of unease within an empire held by its leaders? Pause the video while you think about your answer and press play when you're ready to see if you were right.

Well done, that's right.

Imperial anxiety is the sense of unease within an empire due to potential threats to its power.

Let's also check your understanding about the growth of the nationalist movement in India.

So I want you to complete the sentences about the Indian National Congress.

You could use some of the words below.

Anxiety, supremacy, imperial, independence, nationalism.

So, one, "The Indian National Congress wanted more blank." Two, "The British Empire were not receptive to these demands, viewing them as undermining their imperial blank." Think about which words you want to use to complete those sentences correctly.

Pause the video while you're doing this and press play when you're ready to see if you were right.

Great job, so that's right, the Indian National Congress wanted more independence, and the British Empire were not receptive to these demands, viewing them as undermining their imperial supremacy.

Now, in Ireland, the latter half of the 19th century was also marked by growing discontent with British rule and growth in nationalism.

Many Irish people sought more control over their own affairs, leading to a surge in resistance against the British.

This desire for independence gave rise to significant organisations such as the Irish Republican Brotherhood, which was founded in 1858.

This group wanted Irish independence and they looked to armed rebellion as a means to this end.

In 1867, they attempted an uprising against British control, a rebellion which was swiftly quashed by British forces.

In 1870, the Home Rule League was formed in Ireland.

This movement, eventually led by Charles Stewart Parnell, sought domestic self-government due to the belief that Irish affairs were not properly handled by Parliament at Westminster in England.

The British saw the attempted uprising and establishment of the League as incompatible with the survival of the British Empire, further contributing to the growing sense of imperial anxiety.

So let's check your understanding about what we've just heard.

I'd like you to pick the correct option to complete this sentence.

"The Irish Republican Brotherhood believed in blank." Did they believe in imperialism, supremacy, or nationalism? Pause the video while you're completing your answer, press play when you're ready to check that you were right.

That's right, the Irish Republican Brotherhood believed in nationalism.

So let's bring your learning from this learning cycle together to complete this task.

I'd like you to use the sentence starters to explain how the rise of nationalist movements contributed to the growth in imperial anxiety.

So I want you to complete the following sentences.

"The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 in order to.

." "The Irish Republican Brotherhood were another nationalist movement who wanted.

." "The Home Rule League, established in 1870, believed that.

." While you're doing this, pause the video, and press play when you're ready to see if you were right.

Well done, I'm sure some of your answers will have included the following.

The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 in order to push forward their nationalist beliefs.

Their desire for independence was viewed by the British as a direct threat to their imperial supremacy who relied on India for economic benefits including trade, labour, and raw materials.

The Irish Republican Brotherhood were another nationalist movement who wanted independence.

In 1867, they attempted an uprising against British control.

Although the rebellion was swiftly defeated, these threats to the empire's dominance added to their growing sense of imperial anxiety.

The Home Rule League, established in 1870, believed that Irish affairs were not being looked after by the British.

The British saw its establishment as incompatible with the survival of the British Empire, adding to their imperial anxiety.

So now we've heard all about the causes of imperial anxiety in the mid to late 19th century.

Let's have a look at how the British people reacted, particularly by looking at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

Despite this growth in imperial anxiety caused by international competition and nationalism in the colonies, the British Empire was determined to show its power and might.

It was against this backdrop that Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee unfolded in 1897, not just as a celebration of her 60 years as monarch, but also as a grand spectacle of empire, unity, and loyalty.

During her time in power, the British had witnessed the expansion of its empire to unprecedented levels, making it the foremost global power of the time.

As a result, the event also became known as the Festival of the British Empire.

And there's a photo here of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

What I'd like you to do is think about what you can see in the photo and think about what image of the British Empire, this Festival of the British Empire, this Diamond Jubilee was maybe trying to convey, and why was it trying to convey that image of the British Empire.

While you're thinking about those questions, just pause the video for a second, and when you're ready to hear some suggestions, press play.

So, as you can see, the streets of London, adorned with flags, teamed with excitement as millions gathered from every corner of the empire and beyond to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee.

The city became a stage for a grand military procession, a visual narrative of imperial unity and strength.

Troops from across the British Empire marched in unison, the diverse uniforms and banners weaving a tapestry of the empire's vastness.

Victoria's carriage, escorted by princes and tended by hordes of cheering subjects, was a moving symbol of imperial pride.

The spectacle was a powerful assertion of Britain's global supremacy with Queen Victoria at its helm.

The day was declared a bank holiday in India as well as in Britain and Ireland whilst memorial fountains were built in the Seychelles as well as in Manchester.

You can see in the image the flags that show pride in the British Empire.

You can see this military procession of soldiers to show imperial strength and unity.

You can see the crowds crowding up, lining up to celebrate the British Empire, happy and jubilant in their celebration of British imperial supremacy.

This moment, the empire stood united in celebration, bound by loyalty to the Crown and the shared glory of being part of the world's greatest empire.

The Diamond Jubilee was a masterful affirmation of Britain's place in the world, a declaration of imperial unity and strength that resonated across the globe.

So let's check your understanding of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

In which year was Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee? Was it 1871, 1870, or 1897? Whilst you think about your answer, pause the video, and press play when you're ready to resume.

That's right, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee was held in 1897.

So let's use some of the knowledge that you've built about Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee and this celebration of empire.

Jacob is looking at the same image that we just saw, and he's saying that this image of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee suggests that British attitudes towards empire in 1897 were positive.

So I think we'd agree that this is a correct statement by Jacob.

What I'd like you to do is think about what evidence you can use to support Jacob's statement.

So while you write that down or have a think about what evidence you can use to support his statement, press pause and then press play when you're ready to see if your answers match up with our ideas.

Well done, so, I'm sure your answer will have included some of the following.

This image of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee suggests that British attitudes towards empire in 1879 were positive.

The grand military procession showed imperial strength and unity, whilst the troops from across the empire helped to demonstrate its sheer size and scale.

Furthermore, the flags were symbolic of patriotism and pride in the empire, and the crowd showed how people were excited to celebrate the supremacy and successes of the British Empire.

Finally for this lesson, I want you to take everything that you've learned and bring it together.

So I want you to think about what you've learned about the causes of imperial anxiety were and what imperial anxiety was, and what we've just learned about Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

What I want you to do is I want you to explain why the celebration at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee was so important for the British Empire.

I want you to use the following words in your answer.

Imperial anxiety, nationalism, empire, supremacy, industrialization, Ireland, India, Germany, and the United States of America.

So a good answer here will talk about the reasons for imperial anxiety and why imperial anxiety was a problem, and then go on to discuss how Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee was used as a way to respond to that imperial anxiety.

While you're completing your answer, press pause, and then restart the video when you're ready to check yours against mine.

Well done, your answer might have included some of the following.

The increase in imperial anxiety in the late 19th century explains why the Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee was so important.

The years preceding the event witnessed a rise of great economic powers in Germany and the USA, both of whom challenged the supremacy of the British Empire.

Coupled with this rapid industrialization was the growth of nationalism in British colonies.

In both India and Ireland, the British saw an increase in support for independence, threatening the empire's power and strength.

The Diamond Jubilee was therefore designed to be a declaration of imperial strength.

Remember, it did that through the military procession, the flags, all the crowds coming out to support it.

Well done, excellent job in today's lesson dealing with some tricky ideas and a lot of factual knowledge.

Let's just summarise what we've learned about the imperial anxiety and the celebration of empire.

So, Germany and the USA rose in prominence in the late 19th century due to rapid industrialization.

This economic threat, coupled with the rise in nationalism in British colonies such as India and Ireland, contributed to a growing sense of imperial anxiety within the British Empire.

In this context, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee was designed as a show of imperial strength, unity, and supremacy.

Excellent effort today, I've enjoyed so much learning about imperial anxiety and the celebration of empire with you.

I hope you have as well, and I'll see you again soon, bye bye.