Hello, I'm Mr. Marchin, and I'll be your history teacher for today.

I'm really looking forward to starting our learning journey together and my role will be to make sure that you can meet today's learning objective.

Welcome to today's lesson, which is part of our unit on the Industrial Revolution where we we're asking ourselves, did industrialization revolutionise people's lives? In today's lesson, we are gonna be working towards the following objective.

I can explain the role of technological inventions in the Industrial Revolution.

So we're really gonna be thinking about some of the key aspects that changed industry during this period and the type of impact that they had.

There are five key words which are gonna help us navigate our way through today's lesson.

Those are industrial, exploited, mill, textile worker, and canal.

Economic activity related to the manufacturing and production of goods can be described as industrial.

In this context, when resources are exploited, this means they have been used by people for some benefit.

A mill is a factory equipped with machinery for manufacturing.

A textile worker is someone who is involved in the manufacturing of cloths and fabrics.

And a canal is an artificial waterway cut through land for the passage of boats.

So today's lesson is gonna be split into three parts, and we are going to begin by focusing on water and steam power.

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-18th century.

The revolution is usually dated to around the 1830s when historians say it came to an end.

A key element in the Industrial Revolution was change in the sources of energy exploited for work.

The most common sources of energy exploited for work before the Industrial Revolution were human power and animal power.

An example of human power being exploited can be seen in the image on the screen where a wheel for cotton spinning is being turned by the action of a person's hand.

They're having to use their own energy to power that machine.

During the Industrial Revolution however, two new sources of energy were key, water power and steam power.

You can see from the images on the screen where those types of power come from.

So water power was often provided by the flow of rivers and steam power was often exploited by burning coal to release energy.

So let's make sure that our understanding of what we've heard so far about different sources of energy exploited for work is secure.

Before the Industrial Revolution, what were the two main sources of energy exploited by people? Was it human power, human power and animal power, or human power and steam power? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well then to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

Before the Industrial Revolution, human power and animal power were the main sources of energy exploited by people for work.

What this meant is that in a lot of circumstances, work could only take place if people had enough energy to complete it themselves or if they had animals, things like horses for example, that could help out with the work.

And let's try another question.

What was used to help generate steam power? Was it animals, coal or oil? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

Steam power was generated by burning coal.

So well done if you got that right.

During the Industrial Revolution, new inventions allowed water power and steam power to be exploited.

Britain's cotton industry was one of the key areas where these new inventions were put into use.

One of the most important inventions developed in the 18th century to exploit water power was Richard Arkwright's water frame developed in 1765.

This invention was used to spin threads of cotton into cloth.

The machine was powered by a large water wheel, which was turned by the flow of water from a river.

Previously, cotton spinning machines had been powered by hand.

Meanwhile, inventions to exploit steam power were actually developed earlier than the water frame with the first steam engines developed at the very end of the 17th century.

Steam engines burned coal as fuel, which was used to produce steam.

Pressure from the steam was used in these engines to power various types of machines.

However, for much in the 18th century, steam engines were inefficient and difficult to work with.

James Watt made improvements to the design of steam engines.

By 1783, Watt's steam engines were capable and suitable for powering machines like those used to spin cotton.

So let's make sure that our understanding of some of the new inventions of the Industrial Revolution is secure.

I want you to write the missing words in the following sentence.

Richard Arkwright invented the blank to spin cotton.

So pause video here, write what you think the missing word is and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the missing words were water frame.

Richard Arkwright invented the water frame to spin cotton.

This machine exploited water power to help provide energy for the work going on in the cotton industry.

And now I want you to write the missing words in our second sentence.

James Watt's coal-fueled blank engine was capable of powering cotton spinning machines.

So again, pause the video here, write what you think the missing word is and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the missing word was steam.

James Watt's coal-fueled steam engine was capable of powering cotton spinning machines.

Okay, so now we're ready to put all of our knowledge about water and steam power into practise.

I want you to study the statements shown in the table and identify whether each statement is true or false.

You have five statements to think about for this task.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answers.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to study the statements in the table and identify whether each of them was true or false.

Our first statement said that the Industrial Revolution began in the mid 18th century.

That statement is true.

For example, the water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright in 1765.

The cotton industry was one of the first to use new industrial inventions.

That was our second statement, and it was also true.

The third statement said that steam engines were fueled by oil.

That statement was false.

Steam engines were fueled by coal.

Our fourth statement said that human power was a key source of energy before the Industrial Revolution.

That statement was true.

A lot of work was completed by people themselves using their own energy to make sure that it was completed.

And our final statement said that James Watt invented the water frame.

That statement was false.

Richard Arkwright invented the water frame.

James Watt was responsible for improving the design of steam engines so that they could be used to power machines used for spinning cotton.

So well done if you got all of those statements identified correctly.

There was a lot for us to think about on that task.

So now we're ready to move on to the second part of our lesson for today where we are gonna think about the Industrial Revolution and work.

Water and steam-powered machines had a major impact on work in Britain.

The impact was most clear in Britain's cotton industry, which was one of the biggest industries and one of the earliest to make use of these new machines.

Cotton manufacturing was affected more than most other areas by the Industrial Revolution.

Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing work in the cotton industry was done in people's own homes.

Cotton was usually spun by skilled women working with small spinning wheels, which were powered by their own hand or feet actions.

New machines like Arkwright's water frame and Watt's steam engine led to significant increases in the amount of cotton thread which could be produced.

The water frame could spin 96 threads of cotton at the same time, making production much faster.

This was far greater than what had been possible with human-powered spinning wheels.

Inventions like the water frame and steam engine also allowed cotton spinning to occur all day long.

So production did not have to be stopped when textile workers needed breaks.

So let's check our understanding of that information we've heard so far about the Industrial Revolution and work.

Which of these was not a reason why greater amounts of cotton were produced in the Industrial Revolution? Was it that new machines replaced all unskilled workers, that new machines produced continuously, or that new machines were faster than people? Remember, you're looking for the answer which was not a reason why greater amounts of cotton were produced.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was A.

It is not true that new machines replaced all unskilled workers.

There were still many people who continued to work in the cotton industry, but the kind of work they did changed.

It is true however that new machines produced continuously throughout the day without stopping, so that allowed more cotton to be produced and also, new machines were faster than people, so that also allowed more cotton to be manufactured.

New machines like the water frame and steam engines were quite large.

This led to a shift in the location of manufacturing work away from people's homes.

Richard Arkwright established a large mill at Cromford in 1771, employing over 200 people.

Cromford Mill was located next to a river which powered its water frames.

Others in the cotton industry followed Arkwright's lead.

By 1800, there were roughly 900 cotton mills in Britain.

Around one third of these were large Arkwright-type factories employing 300 to 400 workers each.

The use of steam engines encouraged further changes in the location of manufacturing work.

By using steam power, mills no longer needed to be located next to rivers.

By the 1830s, it was becoming increasingly common to set up mills and factories in large towns and cities.

This put them close to large groups of people who could be hired as workers.

So let's just check our understanding of how the Industrial Revolution affected the locations of manufacturing work in the cotton industry.

We have a statement that says the water frame had little impact on the locations where cotton manufacturing took place.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false.

The water frame did have an impact on the locations where cotton manufacturing took place.

But we need to be able to justify our response.

So we have two justifications that have now appeared on the screen.

The first says that cotton manufacturing moved into mills which were located next to large towns and cities.

Our second justification says that cotton manufacturing moved into mills which were located next to rivers.

So which one of those justifications is accurate for showing how the water frame impacted the location of cotton manufacturing? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct justification is B.

The water frame led to cotton manufacturing moving from people's homes into mills and these were often located next to rivers as the flowing water could turn wheels, which would power machines like the water frame.

So well done if you got that correct.

In his cotton mills, Richard Arkwright also established what became known as the factory system.

This involved keeping the mills working 24 hours per day.

Textile workers completed 12 hour shifts, either from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm or from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am, to keep the machines operational.

Because the new machines were quite simple to operate, Arkwright and other mill owners could hire unskilled workers.

In particular, cotton mill owners tended to hire unskilled women and children.

By 1851, over 500,000 children in Britain were in work and cotton mills employed 70,000 children under 15.

These workers could be paid far less than the skilled women who had previously been hired to spin cotton, who often lost their jobs as a result.

This allowed the prices of textiles, like clothes, to be kept low and helped mill owners to make big profits.

So I wanna check our understanding of how the Industrial Revolution affected the types of people being employed in the cotton industry.

On the screen, you can see a source.

I want you to pay close attention to it.

Which inference can be made from this image? Is it that cotton mills were located by rivers? That cotton mills hired children as workers, or that cotton mills kept machines working 24 hours per day? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

From the source, we could make the inference that cotton mills hired children as workers.

We can quite clearly see some children working in this factory environment, such as the young girl in the foreground of the image.

Although we can see machines in this image, we can't tell that they would've been operational for 24 hours per day.

We also can't tell from the details shown in this image whether this cotton mill was located by rivers, and that's why neither answers A or C are correct for this particular question.

So we're now ready to put all of our knowledge about the Industrial Revolution and work into practise.

I want you to study each of the following statements about the Industrial Revolution, and for each statement, I want you to provide a specific example to support it.

Our statements are, the Industrial Revolution made cotton manufacturing more productive.

For example, the Industrial Revolution affected the locations where cotton manufacturing took place for example.

And finally, the industrial Revolution did not improve working conditions for textile workers, for example.

So pause the video here, provide an example to support each of those statements and then press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all of your effort on that task.

So I asked you to provide specific examples to support each of our statements about the Industrial Revolution and work.

Your answers may have included, the Industrial Revolution made cotton manufacturing more productive, for example, the water frame could spin 96 threads of cotton at the same time.

The Industrial Revolution affected the locations where cotton manufacturing took place, for example, the use of large machines like steam engines, pushed work from homes into large mills.

You may also have talked about the idea of how steam powered machines meant that a lot of mills relocated from locations next to rivers to locations closer to towns and cities.

And for our third statement, the Industrial Revolution did not improve working conditions for textile workers.

You may have written, for example, in Arkwright's mill at Cromford, workers had to complete long 12 hour shifts.

So really well done if your own responses look something like those models we've just seen.

And now we're ready to move on to the third and final part of today's lesson where we are gonna focus on the Industrial Revolution and transport.

Industrialization did not just affect work.

Major changes also took place in transportation.

The most noticeable change between 1750 and 1830 was the construction of canals.

One of the first new industrial canals dug in Britain was the Bridgewater Canal constructed by the Duke of Bridgewater in 1761.

A portrait of the duke is shown on the left-hand side of the screen.

The duke owned several coal mines and had many customers willing to buy his coal in industrial towns like Manchester.

However, the poor quality of existing methods of road and river transport made it both difficult and costly for the duke to transport his coal.

The Duke of Bridgewater spent 168,000 pounds, equivalent to roughly 30 million pounds today, on the construction of the new canal between his mines and Manchester.

By 1762, the price of coal sold in Manchester had halved.

The Duke of Bridgewater began to earn over 80,000 pounds each year and the businesses buying his coal were also able to sell their own products more cheaply.

This success sparked a period known as Canal Mania.

Nearly 4,500 miles of canals had been built in Britain by 1840 to connect mines, mills, cities and ports.

So let's check that we have a secure understanding of the Industrial Revolution's impact on transport.

What did the Bridgewater Canal connect? Was it the Duke of Bridgewater's coal mines to Manchester? The Duke of Bridgewater's coal mines to the port or the Duke of Bridgewater's factories to Manchester coal mines? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was A.

The Bridgewater Canal connected the Duke of Bridgewater's coal mines to Manchester.

It cost 168,000 pounds to build, showing just how big a project this was.

And now we have a statement on the screen that reads, "The Bridgewater Canal helped cotton mills in Manchester to sell more of their products." Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was true.

But we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications are now visible on the screen.

The first says that the cost of coal fell so Manchester businesses were able to reduce the price of their own products.

The second statement says that Manchester businesses were able to transport more of their manufactured goods along the canal.

Which one of those justifications is accurate? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was A.

The Bridgewater Canal meant that the cost of coal fell.

It actually reduced by half.

And this meant Manchester businesses were able to reduce the price of their own products as they were spending less on fuel in their production processes.

If they could sell their products for less, then more people would be able to buy those products.

So they ended up making more money.

So well done if you got that correct, 'cause you really had to think around the issue to get the answer on this question.

So now we're ready to put all of our knowledge into practise.

I want you to explain why the construction of canals was an important part of the Industrial Revolution.

You should write your answer as one paragraph.

And you might want to consider the impact of canals on industrial businesses in places like Manchester.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, well done for all your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to explain why the construction of canals was an important part of the Industrial Revolution.

Your answer may have included that the construction of canals was an important part of the Industrial Revolution, because it reduced the costs companies faced.

For example, after the construction of the Bridgewater Canal, the price of coal in Manchester halved.

This was important, because by reducing fuel costs, businesses using steam engines could reduce the prices of their own products, sell more and therefore make greater profits.

So really well done if your own response look something like that model.

And that means we've now reached the end of today's lesson.

So we're in a good position to summarise our learning.

We've seen that new inventions, which exploited water and steam power, were important during the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial machines led to increases in production, affected working practises and the location of manufacturing work.

Some skilled workers lost their jobs, because of the success of new inventions and canals allowed businesses to be supplied more cheaply with coal and allowed them to sell more by reducing their own prices.

So really well done for all of your hard work in today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure to help guide you through it, and I look forward to seeing you again in future as we think further about the Industrial Revolution and continue to ask, did industrialization really revolutionise people's lives?.