Hi, my name's Mr Brown, and welcome to this lesson.

Today's lesson, we are focusing on planning and making an interactive book.

We'll be looking at all the different aspects we need to think about when we're planning and designing that book, and also starting to think about how we're going to be making a page for an interactive book.

So, without further ado, we'll get on and we'll think about the lesson outcome and the key words.

Our lesson outcome today is to plan and make a page for an interactive book.

We'll be talking about what an interactive book is, how to plan it, and then how to make it.

The key words that we're going to be coming across today are function, performance, movement, and shaping.

Function, well function is what a product should actually do, so what is it actually going to do, what is its purpose? The performance is how a product will work, so exactly how, what sort of mechanism might be used to actually make sure that it works.

Movement, movement is an action that's created by a force, for example, a push or a pull.

And shaping, shaping is how we change a material, maybe with cutting, but also how we can shape something without cutting as well.

And we'll be going through all of these key words throughout this slide deck.

Here is the lesson outline for today.

There are two learning cycles.

The first learning cycle is about planning and designing an interactive page, and the second one is to learning about cutting and shaping and joining linkages.

We will start today with the planning and designing stage of an interactive page.

So today, you're going to be designing and making an interactive book, and that will contain levers and linkages, as a class.

What this means is, is that we will have some of the levers and linkages that you may already know, and think about how we can incorporate that into a book that's going to be interactive, that every page has got something, where something moves.

It could be anything that you have thought about with what the user might require, and then thinking about the different motions and the different mechanisms that we could use and the systems that we can use to actually provide this movement.

You are going to be designing and making one page of that book.

So you're not going to be doing the whole book each, you'll just be doing one page.

Now, when we're planning, designers like you, always look at their design specification.

The design specification might include function, so what it should do, the users, who it is for, the performance, how the product will work, the appearance, what it will look like, materials, what it is made from, and environment.

So how can we make sure that we're not overusing resources, or can we use materials from somewhere else, so we're not having a negative impact? Today, the lesson that we're going to be looking at, we're really gonna be focusing on two aspects of a design specification, and that is function and performance.

Now, designers consider function and performance of a mechanism in an interactive book by firstly, they will identify the movement required.

Now, that is the function, and that's one of our key words today, is making sure that we can identify what sort of movement is needed within that page.

Secondly, what designers will do is they'll think about the performance, and that means choosing the correct linkage that will help for that movement, and this is how there is a difference between the two, this function and this performance.

Function is identifying what you want to happen, what should happen, and then the performance is how that's actually going to be achieved.

Check for understanding now.

What is the performance of a product? Is it how it looks, how it works, or how much it costs? What do you think? Good, well done.

It's how it works.

So it's not necessarily how it looks, although that's still important, or how much it costs.

Again, that's important, but the performance of a product is how it actually works.

Here's an example of a linkage working.

So let's think about its function.

The function of this is that the whale needs to look like it is diving in and out of the sea.

So the performance is to use a reverse motion linkage.

Here's another linkage working.

This one, well, let's think about the function and the performance of both.

So first of all, the function, what does it need to do? It needs to move from side to side and be controlled from actually from the top.

So how do we do that? How do we achieve that? We achieve that through using a parallel linkage.

Here's the next one.

This one is another boat, but this time, instead of it needing to be controlled at the top, it needs to be controlled from the bottom.

So it needs to move from side to side, but also be controlled from the bottom.

So for this example, we're gonna use a push-pull linkage.

Here's a rather nice gif of showing you how a dinosaur is opening and shutting its jaw, and what sort of mechanisms are gonna be needed here.

So for the function, the dinosaur jaw needs to move when the tail is pulled.

So can you have a little think about what performance might be needed? A bell crank linkage can be used to actually achieve this.

This one, what function? What do we need it to happen? What are we looking for? We want the crocodile's mouth to extend.

So how do we achieve that? We achieve that with a lazy tongue linkage.

Okay, check for understanding now.

So we've looked at different types of linkages.

So can you actually link the names and images of these linkages to the gifs that are in front of you? There are three different gifs on the side, on the left-hand side, of different types of linkages.

And on the right are the names of the different types of linkages we have.

Push-pull, reverse motion, and parallel linkages.

What I'd like you to do now is to take a bit of time and match one to the other.

Okay, let's go through it.

So the top one is actually a parallel linkage.

The middle one is a push-pull.

And the bottom one is a reverse motion linkage.

Well done if you got all of those right.

And you'll notice that we've been thinking about all these different types of linkages.

There were two others we've already looked at today but we couldn't fit them all on the screen, so hopefully you can understand which one is which.

Right, now we're moving on.

We need to start thinking about which linkage we're choosing.

Now, first of all, you've got to think of the function.

So what sort of motion do you need? And then which linkage will work? Obviously, you could do it the other way around as well and think about the linkage you want to do and what sort of movement it can make.

So here's Izzy thinking about what she's going to be doing.

She might use a reverse motion linkage to show a fish jumping out of the water.

A bit similar to the whale one that we saw earlier in the lesson.

Andeep is actually going to use a parallel linkage for a left-to-right movement to show a boat moving in the sea.

Again, we've talked about and given examples of that one in the past.

Well, what I want you to do now is to really think carefully about which linkage you're gonna choose and why.

It's almost thinking, what movement do you need, first of all? And which linkage is going to be best suited for it? This is going to need quite a bit of time for you to consider and think about which linkage you might choose.

We'll come back in a minute and talk about which ones you've decided.

Okay, I hope you've got some really good ideas there.

Because when we're planning the function and performance of the mechanism, what we can actually do is we can actually do this through some sketches and just get some ideas out, label them and see how we get on.

Now, these designs, they really do help us in the making process 'cause we can keep going back to them.

We can keep changing them, of course, but we can go back to them 'cause they give us a guide and a reminder of what we're trying to do.

Again, designs are really great, but don't forget they can change and it's not a problem if they do change.

So what I'd like you to do first for our task A of this learning cycle is to draw a design of your page for the interactive book.

You need to try to remember to design the whole page.

Show the movement, the function.

Show the linkage that you're gonna use, that's the performance.

And add notes to the design on how you're actually going to make the page.

This will need a bit of time for you and you'll need some paper to draw on and just come up with lots of different ideas, and don't worry if you don't get it right first of all, but just think about what will the user actually want? What are you hoping to achieve? And what sort of linkages are you going to be trying to incorporate? I'm going to give you a bit of time and I'll give you an example within some feedback.

But for now, spend a bit of time, really work on your designs and label as much as you possibly can.

Alright, off you go.

Welcome back.

Here's Sophia's idea.

So she sketched the page design and drew movement and she chose to actually use a push-pull linkage within her work.

So here's her design and she's designed the whole page.

She's shown the movement that she needs, that's the function.

She's shown the linkage that she's gonna use, that's the performance.

And she's added notes on the design to show how she's gonna actually make the page.

Now this is just a rough sketch.

It's just something to help with her designing and her thinking about how she's actually going to move her work on.

When you have a look at your designs, it might be worth just actually just reflecting.

Have you got the information that you need? So have you got the function, the performance and some notes on how you're going to do this? But also adding about the overall look of it.

If you have a look at the example, we've got where the title is gonna be.

We've got the subheadings.

We've got areas where we're gonna actually have some writing as well as the interactivity of the page.

Alright, well done.

Hope your designs are really coming on and that you're ready for part two.

Here we are with learning cycle two, and we're gonna be learning about cutting, shaping and joining linkages.

Right, now that you've planned your page, we're gonna start thinking about how we're going to make it.

Now you're making linkages.

We can do in three steps, we can cut it, we can shape them and we can join them.

So here's some examples of cutting in a straight line and a curved line.

Because when we're cutting, it needs to be accurate.

If it's not, then the linkage might not work.

So we do need to be very, very careful when we're cutting.

Whether that's cutting a curved line, a straight line, a number of straight lines or a bit of both.

Do make sure that when you're cutting, it's really carefully done.

Sometimes just slowing down a little bit, turning the paper around can actually help you with your accuracy.

Shaping, we can talk about shaping, what that means now.

So card can be shaped with or without cutting the material.

We can create effects for appearance or to improve the performance of a product, and this might not just be the linkage, it might be the overall effect of the whole page.

This is what we call shaping.

So shaping really creates different effects for appearance or performance of a product.

So an example might be, we might score some card before we're gonna fold it.

Scoring with a pair of scissors and a ruler or even just the ruler itself, actually, can really help you with getting some accurate folds, which are straight if that's what you require.

We can also fold.

So we can use folding techniques.

Now this concertina effect might not be what you need right now, but you will need to fold the tabs for effectiveness, for the performance of a product, but also you might want to use it as an effect.

And lastly, curling.

Now curling will tend to be more for appearance rather than for performance, but it can be used in both.

The curling sort of aspect is quite a nice decorative touch.

But of course, we've got to remember, if we choose to do that, this, of course, is going to be a page within a book.

So we've got to think which is going to be the most appropriate for us.

Check for understanding now.

So we've talked about shaping card, but which of the following is a way of shaping card? Is it A, folding? B, glueing ? Or C, sketching? Make your choice now.

That's right, it's folding.

Well done.

Okay, when we're talking about joining, we can think about it in a number of ways.

But joining mainly needs to be accurate.

Otherwise, the linkage won't work.

And this is why we've got this gif again that shows how to actually make a pilot hole into one of our levers in readiness of making one of our linkages.

So do make sure that you are using these holes.

If you have a little look there, there is a lot of sticky tack underneath the card lever and then a pencil is poked through and that creates a nice, safe pilot hole.

And that will actually help you when we're trying to join things together because a way of joining linkages or joining the levers together to make the linkage is by using split pins.

Making the pivot hole too big, too small can be a big issue and will either reduce the amount of movement or make the movement too unstable.

So it's really important you are accurate.

And again, like I said already, placing the sticky tack underneath the card will actually really help you when you're making a pilot hole.

Another check for understanding.

True or false? The pivot hole needs to be precise to stop the linkage from failing.

Is that true or is that false? Correct, it is true.

But why? Well, a badly made pivot hole will stop the linkage from moving freely and interrupt its movement.

Or alternatively, it could also be too big and then the movement will be too much and then we'll lose the accurate movement that we're after.

We're going to be starting to think about the linkages now.

Now, all the linkages, depending upon which one you choose, you might need different materials.

This is an example of some of the linkages that you could make.

So you might need some strips of card.

You might need split pins, sticky tack, scissors, pencil and card for a movable object.

Now, that card could be a bit of serial card.

It could be some plain card.

It could be some scraps of card.

It depends upon what you have actually decided to use within your design.

Now, like I said, you might not need six levers to develop your linkage.

If you're doing the bell crank linkage, you might also need a slightly different shape as well.

There are very different ways of doing this.

I'd encourage you to think of something completely different.

Really try hard to consider all of the different linkages that we've looked at and also consider what you feel is going to work best for your design.

There is no one way of doing this.

There are lots of different ways of doing this, and it's down to you to decide.

So for task B, the first thing I want you to do is to accurately cut and shape the linkage that you choose, thinking about your design that you did in task A.

You then need to cut and shape the object that's gonna go on top of the linkage mechanism.

For example, here we've got four card levers, and we've got a boat that's sitting on top of those card levers.

The last thing that you need to be doing, step three, is joining the linkage together with the correct fixed and loose pivot points so that you've got an accurate working linkage with the object that's moving on top of it.

Okay, I'm gonna let you get on now, and I look forward to seeing what you're gonna be doing.

I'll be able to give you some examples in a moment.

Enjoy and work hard, and remember, when you're cutting and shaping, be as accurate as you possibly can.

Okay, now here's an example of what Sophia did.

So she cut, shaped and joined her linkage, and she also tested that it was working, and she then added her boat to the top of the linkage.

And there you go, there's an example of her using some levers and split pins to make a linkage to then actually add her boat and to have something working.

I'm absolutely sure that you've been able to get to this stage and that you've got a working linkage mechanism.

And that is the key aim of today's lesson and the lesson outcome.

So in summary for today.

Today our lesson has been about planning and making an interactive book.

Our first step has been actually planning and making the linkage and thinking about different linkage mechanisms and making sure that we've got the function and the performance correct.

Let's go through the key learning points from today.

Design specifications used to plan products.

Linkages need to be cut and shaped accurately so the mechanism works.

And linkages need to be joined accurately so the performance of the mechanism is effective.

We've done lots of different keywords today, and you've done lots of practical.

I hope you've enjoyed the lesson.

I'm sure you've done incredibly well.

Well done today, and I look forward to speaking with you and working with you next time.