Hello, and welcome to today's lesson on segregation and discrimination.

This lesson is part of a broader unit looking at how the Civil Rights Movement developed between 1954 and 1960.

As part of this broader inquiry, we'll be looking at lots of events within that time period.

However, for today, we're just going to be focusing on Segregation and Discrimination in the USA.

Before we get started for today's lesson, you're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

So before we get started, just pause the video now, get everything you need, and then come back, press play and we can get started.

Great work.

So as you can see on the slide, we've got a lesson outcome.

By the end of the lesson, you can describe the history of segregation in the USA, but in order to be able to do that, we're going to need some keywords.

And for today's lesson, we have four.

Discrimination, segregation, Jim Crow laws and lynched.

Now, seeing them in the context of the lesson will be great, but before we do that, we should probably look at some definitions.

So discrimination is unjust treatment based on a particular characteristic or a physical trait.

When different groups of people are forcefully kept separate or apart it's called segregation.

Jim Crow laws are a set of laws that enforce segregation in the USA, named after Jim Crow, which was a stereotype of lazy, Black American people.

And finally, when someone is lynched they're killed for an offence without a trial, usually by an armed group.

Now that we've got some definitions of our keywords, we can get started on today's lesson.

Now, for the first part of this lesson, we're going to be looking at slavery in the USA.

In 1776, what had been 13 British colonies in America declared their independence and became the United States for America, also known as the USA.

By this time, slavery had already become an integral part of society for many of these former colonies.

As the USA expanded after 1776, so did slavery.

But although slavery had been growing, by 1861, the majority of these states had abolished slavery.

But this was not the case in the south.

Many southern states were deeply opposed to abolishing slavery as the southern economy depended on the money made from the work of enslaved people on plantations.

It was so important to them that the southern states left the USA to form their own Confederate States for America.

There was then a civil war.

That's when two different groups within one country go to war against each other.

This civil war was between the Confederate States, those were the southern states, and the rest of the USA, which became known as the Union.

The Confederate States wanted to keep slavery.

And by the end of the war, the Union was fighting to abolish slavery.

Now, before we go on to look at what happened at the end of the civil war, let's pause so far and just check our understanding.

So I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

Many southern states continue to practise slavery.

Pause the video now, make a decision and then come back when you're done.

Excellent work.

We know that statement is true.

However, we need to think about why that statement is true? So now you need to justify your answer.

Is it true because A, the southern economy depended on the money made from slavery.

Or B, there was no abolition movement in the south.

So again, pause the video.

When you think you know why that statement is true, come back and press play.

Really good work.

We've learned so far that the southern economy depended on the money made from slavery and therefore, many southern states continue to practise slavery.

Well done so far.

Let's go back to having a look at what happened after the civil war.

So like we were saying earlier, America had descended into civil war.

By the end of the war in 1865, the southern states known as the Confederate States were fighting to protect slavery.

Whereas the rest of the states, the Union States were fighting to abolish slavery in a simplified version.

But in 1865, the Confederate States lost the American Civil War and the US President, Abraham Lincoln, issued the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery across the USA.

So in 1865, slavery across all of the United States of America was abolished.

That was in the Union and Confederate States.

Because remember, the Confederate States had lost the American Civil War.

And it's important that you remember these were southern states.

Even though in 1865 slavery was abolished, and that meant that slavery did come to an end.

Many of the racist ideas and the discrimination that had enabled slavery to continue in the USA for over 300 years would not disappear overnight.

So before we go on to look at what happened after 1865, we're going to pause for now, check our understanding and put what we've learned so far into practise.

I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

Slavery, racism and discrimination came to an end in 1865.

Pause the video now, and when you think you know the answer, press play.

Good work.

We know that this statement is false.

But again, we need to do more than just saying whether a statement is true or false.

Is this statement false because A, slavery came to an end in 1865, however racism and discrimination would not disappear overnight.

Or is it false because slavery would not end until the 1900s, however racism and discrimination slowly came to an end in the 1860s.

Pause the video now, make a decision.

And when you think you know why this statement is false, come back and press play.

Good work.

We've learned that this statement is false.

Because although slavery came to an end in 1865 with the 13th amendment, racism and discrimination would not disappear overnight.

So let's put what we've learned so far into practise.

I'd like you to fill in the blanks to describe how slavery came to an end In the USA.

The words to use are listed underneath the paragraph.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself around five minutes to fill in the gaps and then come back and press play when you've completed your paragraph.

Really good work in this first part of the lesson.

Let's have a look at what your completed paragraph should have looked like.

In 1776, the 13 British colonies in America declared their independence and became the USA.

At this point, slavery had become an integral part of society.

However, by 1861, the majority of states had abolished slavery, but many southern states were opposed to abolishing slavery.

This tension led to a civil war between the Union and Confederate States, which ended in 1865 with the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery.

If that's exactly what you did, really well done.

If you've got a couple things to correct, not to worry, just pause the video now, make those corrections and press play when you're ready to move on to the second part of the lesson.

So in the second part of the lesson, we are going to be looking at a time period that became known as Reconstruction.

So after slavery was abolished in 1865, 2 more amendments were passed to give greater freedom to Black Americans.

The 14th Amendment gave all Americans, including those formerly enslaved, equal protection under the law, and the 15th Amendment gave all Americans the right to vote.

This marks the beginning of a period known as Reconstruction, when many Black Americans saw some improvement in different areas of their lives as they were able to vote, gain land and work.

If we have a look at the illustration on the slide, we can see Black American politicians during the Reconstruction era.

As they were able to vote, gain land and work as a result of the 14th and 15th Amendments, we can see them here being successful politicians.

Like we said, we did say some improvement in different areas.

So not all people who were formally enslaved were able to see the success of the people we see illustrated here.

But as a result of the change in laws, we did see change for lots of Black Americans, and therefore, this period became known as Reconstruction.

So let's pause for now, check our understanding, and then put into practise what we've just learned about Reconstruction.

Firstly, I'd like you to answer this question.

What did the 14th and 15th Amendments change for Black Americans, including the formerly enslaved? And here you can pick two.

So did it give them equal protection under the law? Give them the right to vote? Or free them from slavery.

Remember, you can pick two.

So only one of these answers is incorrect.

Pause the video now, come back and press play when you've got a couple of answers for me.

Really well done.

We know that the 14th Amendment gave them equal protection under the law, and the 15th Amendment gave them the right to vote.

Let's have a look at another question.

Reconstruction was a period when many Black Americans saw some improvements in different areas of life.

Is this statement true or false? Pause the video now.

When you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Great work.

We know that this statement is true.

It was a period when many Black Americans saw some improvements in different areas of life.

Remember, it was some, not all Black Americans, but it's important to acknowledge this period was a time of change for many.

Now we need to think about why? Is that because although they could not vote or gain land, Black Americans were free from slavery? Or because as well as being free from slavery, Black Americans were able to vote, gain land and work.

Pause the video now.

When you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Great work.

It's B.

We know that they were freed from slavery just before Reconstruction with the 13th Amendment.

As a result of the changes in the Reconstruction period that Black Americans were able to vote, gain land and work.

Let's put what we've learned so far into practise.

So I'd like you to write one paragraph to explain why life improved Black Americans during the Reconstruction era.

I'd like you to try and include the following phrases in your answer.

As a result of this, this led to, and this shows that.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself five to 10 minutes to write this paragraph and then come back and press play when you're done.

Really brilliant work.

Let's have a look at what your answer may have included.

One of the reasons why life improved for Black Americans during the Reconstruction era was because of changes in laws.

In 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery and as a result, see we've got that phrase there.

Two more Amendments were passed.

The 14th and 15th Amendments.

The 14th Amendment gave all Americans equal protection under the law and the 15th Amendment gave them all the right to vote.

This led to some improvements for many Black Americans as they were able to vote, gain land and work.

This shows how laws improved life for Black Americans as they provided Black Americans with greater freedom.

If you were able to use all three of those phrases and getting the impact of the changes that came as a result of the 14th and 15th Amendments, really well done.

Fantastic work.

Now let's move on to the third and final part of the lesson.

In the third and final part of our lesson, we are going to be looking at Jim Crow and discrimination.

Now, as I said earlier, the Reconstruction era brought change for some Black Americans.

Unfortunately, not all Black Americans saw improvement in their lives, especially not in the south.

Although slavery had been abolished across the USA, many white Americans continue to hold racist beliefs.

And like I said, especially in the south, because remember, those were formerly Confederate states that were fighting to protect slavery.

As many Black Americans found greater freedom, different groups and society looked for radical ways to limit these freedoms. The main way this would be achieve was through racial segregation.

And remember, that's one of our keywords.

So it's when people are kept apart based on a particular characteristic.

So if we're saying racial segregation, they're segregated or separated according to the race that they're perceived to be.

And the laws that would enforce the separation society became known as Jim Crow laws.

Another one of our keywords.

And if you remember I said that it's based on Jim Crow, who was a stereotype of a lazy, Black American.

If we look at the slide here, we can see how that stereotype was depicted.

So we can see that his shoes are torn, that his clothes are not well kept, that he's not working particularly hard and just seems to be entertaining himself.

This was the stereotype of many Black Americans, and what it did was enable the racism in the south that further enabled segregation and support for it.

However, this wasn't just segregation that was enforced in the south.

There were also some northern states that introduced Jim Crow laws.

So these laws impacted every area of life for those people in the south, but also some Black Americans in the north.

Now, before we go on to look at how these Jim Crow laws impacted every area of life, let's pause so far and check our understanding.

So I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

Jim Crow laws impacted every area of life, but were only introduced in the south.

Pause the video now.

When you think you know whether this statement is true or false, come back and press play.

Great.

We did learn that this statement was false, but we need to think about why? Was it false because Jim Crow laws were introduced in every state in the USA, both northern and southern states? Or is it false because Jim Crow laws were introduced in every southern state and some northern states? Pause the video now, and when you think you know why this statement is false, come back and press play.

Excellent.

This statement is false because Jim Crow laws were introduced in every southern states and some northern states.

Now let's have a look at how these laws impacted everyday life for Black Americans.

Now, we've already learned that Jim Crow laws impacted every area of life, and by the late 1800s they've been introduced in every southern states and some northern states.

These laws would segregate all public facilities, schools, restaurants, theatres, and they were enforced using extreme violence sometimes from local authorities and also by local people.

We can see here that this is a photo of a segregated coach station.

On the sign, you can see coloured waiting room.

As Black Americans were sometimes refer to as coloured people.

However, that's not a phrase we commonly use anymore.

If you were seen, especially a Black American, to break these laws, then you could be lynched.

And with Jim Crow laws came discrimination.

As these facilities were not equal.

Black Americans were forced to use poor quality facilities except lower paid jobs, attend poorly funded schools, and live in poorer neighbourhoods.

They also faced political discrimination.

Despite the 15th Amendment giving everyone the right to vote, many Black Americans were stopped from voting by violence or threats from employers.

This meant they could not vote for a political representative who could improve their situation.

And remember, those who oppose these laws risk being lynched.

So it would cost them their life if they tried to resist against these laws of segregation.

And it wasn't just separate.

Remember, those facilities that Black Americans had to use were poorly funded, they were poorly paid, and they had to live in poorer neighbourhoods.

So life for Black Americans, particularly in the South, was incredibly difficult.

But remember that some northern states also introduced Jim Crow laws.

So for some Black Americans in the north, life wasn't much better.

So before we go on to look at a pivotal turning point in 1896, we're just going to pause and check our understanding so far.

I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

With Jim Crow law's claim discrimination.

Pause the video now.

When you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Well done.

We know that with Jim Crow laws discrimination followed.

However, we need to think about why this statement is true.

Is it true because segregated facilities were unequal as Black Americans were forced to use poorer quality facilities? Or is it true because some segregated facilities were unequal, although some places were shared such as schools? Pause the video.

When you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Excellent work.

We know that this statement is true because segregated facilities were unequal as Black Americans were forced to use poor quality facilities, and school was one example of this.

Great work.

Now, I told you that we'd be looking at a pivotal moment in 1896.

And it was in 1896 that the situation only worsened when a court case known as Plessy versus Ferguson rule that segregation was legal so long as it was separate but equal.

This was a ruling passed to the Supreme Court, the most powerful court in all the USA, which means that it was to be followed across the entire United States of America.

Although it ordered that facilities must be equal, many interpreted this ruling as simply legalising segregation.

Now, Jim Crow had the support of the courts, not just any court, the most powerful court in the United States of America.

By the time, the second World War had ended, segregation had become part of everyday life across the USA.

It was much more severe in many southern states where Jim Crow laws were enforced in every single state.

However, segregation still existed in some northern states, and discrimination and violence against Black Americans were still common.

So now we've had a look at what the Jim Crow laws meant, how it changed in 1896 and what things were like by the time the second World War had ended.

Let's pause.

Check our understanding one last time, and then put what we've learned this lesson into practise.

So I'd like you to complete this statement.

Plessy versus Ferguson rule that segregation was legal so long as it was.

A, separate but only in public facilities.

B, separate but equal.

Or C, separate but made clear with signage.

Pause the video now and when you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Great work.

We know that Plessy versus Ferguson rule that segregation was legal so long as it was separate but equal.

Now, I'd like you to put what we've learned into practise.

So I'd like you to read Aisha's interpretation about the impact of Jim Crow laws.

She says, "Jim Crow laws impacted every area of life for people in southern states.

As segregation in public facilities, schools, restaurants or theatres was enforced using violence, Black Americans were forced to accept the discrimination that came with Jim Crow laws or risk their lives.

This, together with political discrimination, meant that there was very little Black Americans felt they could do to improve their situation." How far do you agree with this interpretation? I'd like you to use a quotation from her response and evidence from this lesson to support your judgement.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself 10 to 15 minutes to write a response to this interpretation telling me how far you agree with it.

Remember to use quotes and evidence from the lesson to support your answer.

And then when you're done, come back and press play.

Really great work.

Let's have a look at what your answer might have looked like.

"I agree with Aisha's interpretation to a significant extent as she highlights the widespread impact of the Jim Crow laws on Black Americans.

She states that segregation was enforced using violence, evidence to support this is that Black Americans could be lynched if they were found to be breaking Jim Crow laws.

However, Aisha only mentions the enforcement of Jim Crow laws in southern states and does not mention their impact in some northern states where they were also enforced." This is a brilliant response.

Because as you can see, there's three different keywords here, segregation, lynched and Jim Crow laws.

They've used a quotation from Aisha's interpretation and also given clear evidence to support.

And finally, they've acknowledged something that Aisha doesn't mention to show that they were really paying attention during the lesson.

Really great work.

Let's summarise what we've learned before we finish today.

So in looking at segregation and discrimination in the USA today, we have learned that although slavery was abolished in 1865, racism and discrimination would not disappear overnight.

This was the racism and discrimination that had allowed slavery to continue in the first place for around 300 years.

It wasn't just going to disappear.

We also learned that Jim Crow laws were introduced by those who continue to hold these racist views and to limit the freedoms Black Americans had found in the Reconstruction era.

That Jim Crow laws impacted every area of life and were introduced in all southern states and some northern states.

And then finally, we learned that Jim Crow laws led to increased discrimination, especially political discrimination, which only worsened in 1896 when Plessy versus Ferguson ruled segregation was legal if it was separate but equal.

Really good work this lesson.

Well done.