Hello, welcome to history here at Oak National Academy.

My name is Mr. Newton, and I hope you're ready for a very interesting history lesson today.

We've got kings and revolutions and gruesome mediaeval battles to deal with today, so I think we better get started.

So we are continuing our big inquiry into how did Magna Carta survive? We've seen that in 1225, things seem to be going very well.

Henry III reissued Magna Carta, tying together the monarch, the church, and the barons in a consensual agreement.

The 1230s were marked by a genuine attempt to rule England according to this agreement.

However, as Henry got older, his kingship showed signs of weakness, and he made costly decisions and invited foreign nobles to rule parts of England.

The native English nobles were angered by this, and by 1258, England was again on the verge of civil war.

Will Magna Carta survive this civil war? That's the question.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain the struggle between the king and the barons and the introduction of parliament.

Before we begin, there are a few key words we need to understand.

Parliament, or talking meeting, is the group of political representatives who make laws, grant taxes, and advise the king.

A council is a group of people chosen to make decisions on a particular subject.

A government is the group of people who officially control a country.

And the knightly class is the group of landholders beneath the barons.

So this lesson is split into two parts, and we'll get started with the first part, which is parliament and Simon de Montfort.

Towards the end of the 1250s, tensions were high between Henry III and the English barons.

One man whom the English barons seemed to trust was Simon de Montfort.

The image on the left is an illustration of Simon de Montfort on horseback.

Simon was born abroad, and Henry III made him Earl of Leicester.

He went on to marry the king's sister, Eleanor, and he became a powerful advisor to Henry.

De Montfort had an overpowering character which clashed with Henry III's style of monarchy.

Once, when Simon and Henry were out hunting together, a thunderstorm broke out over London.

Simon turned to the king and asked what he was afraid of.

Henry replied, "I fear you more than all the thunder "and lightning in the world." This story perhaps highlights the tension between the two.

Henry had a peaceful and weak character, but Simon was overpowering and confident.

Simon and other leading barons used parliament to confront the king.

Since Magna Carta, a special meeting of the king's advisors, barons and bishops, had become known as parliament.

It had two main roles, to agree laws and to grant taxes.

At this point, the role of parliament was to advise the king.

If Henry wanted to raise taxes, he had to have parliament's approval, but he did not have to follow their advice about other issues.

In 1258, de Montfort and other leading barons confronted the king in the parliament at Westminster.

This parliament was called to discuss granting money to Henry.

Simon and other barons complained that Henry was not keeping to the spirit of Magna Carta.

They complained about his constant money-grabbing and his favouring of foreigners.

Parliaments met again in June 1258 at Oxford.

The barons were armed and outnumbered Henry and his supporters.

They demanded a radical new way of ruling the country.

Henry had no choice but to accept.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What I want you to do here is complete the sentence with the correct keyword.

Pause the video and have a go.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that this was the correct sentence.

Since Magna Carta, a special meeting of the king's advisors, barons and bishops had become known as parliament.

Okay, let's have a go at this question.

Why did Simon de Montfort and other leading barons confront Henry III in parliament? Was it A, Henry had an overpowering character, B, Henry was not keeping to the aims of Magna Carta or C, de Montfort was fearful of Henry's strength in warfare? Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was B, yes, Henry was not keeping to the aims or the spirits of Magna Carta.

The barons demands at Oxford in 1258 came to be known as the Provisions of Oxford and they effectively set up a baronial government.

This was a radical change because although Henry III would remain king, he would now only be able to make decisions with the advice of a council of 15 men.

Look at the image, it shows the council of 15 barons and we can imagine how the king has now been silenced or controlled by the council of the 15 and it's now the council of 15 who rule the kingdom.

This shows how ultimate power rested not with the king but with a council of 15 barons.

This went further than any version of Magna Carta, it replaced the monarchy with a baronial government.

Okay, let's have another check here, true or false, the Provisions of Oxford demanded that Henry would be able to make decisions without advice, pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that was false, but why is it false? I want you to justify your answer, is it A, the Provisions of Oxford demanded a return to the feudal power of William the Conqueror or B, the Provisions of Oxford demanded a baronial government which placed ultimate power with 15 barons, pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back, yes, it was B, the Provisions of Oxford demanded a baronial government which placed ultimate power with 15 barons.

Okay, great, we're now onto task A.

Some students are discussing Parliament and Simon de Montfort and we can see here, Alex is saying Henry III was a reckless king, Simon was right to demand change at Oxford and Izzy replies Parliament was meeting long before Simon made his demands.

What I want you to do is give one supporting example for each of Alex and Izzy's statements.

Now you can do this as a discussion or you could write your examples down.

Pause the video and have a go at the task.

Okay, great and welcome back.

Now the example that you may have included for Alex was that Simon de Montfort was angry with Henry's reckless spending on failed foreign wars, constant money grabbing and favouring foreign barons.

And you may have come up with an example such as this one here for Izzy's response.

A talking meeting of barons and bishops had been meeting since Magna Carta was sealed in 1215.

Parliament agreed laws and granted taxes.

Throughout his reign, if Henry III wanted to raise taxes, he had to have Parliament's approval.

Okay, let's move on to the second part of task A.

What I want you to do here is explain how the provisions of Oxford demanded a radical way of ruling the country.

In your answer, include as many of the following words as you can.

Advice, council, radical and government.

Pause the video and have a go at this task.

Okay, welcome back.

Now you could have answered this question in many ways but compare your answer with the one I have here.

The provisions of Oxford stated that Henry would remain king but he could only make decisions with the advice of a council of 15 men.

This was a radical way of ruling the country because it went further than any version of Magna Carta.

It replaced the monarchy with a baronial government.

Okay, great, we've reached the second part of the lesson.

So let's move on with the first parliament and monarchy restored.

To regain full control of the country, Henry fights de Montfort's forces in the Second Barons' War.

So how did the Second Barons' War start? Henry III was furious about the situation after the provisions of Oxford but knew that he did not have enough support to ignore parliament.

Eventually, Henry was strong enough to break his promise.

Many barons were disappointed with Simon's rule who was just as money-grabbing as the king had been.

These barons switched to Henry's side who by now had the support of King Louis of France.

In 1264, the two sides met outside the Sussex town of Lewis and the Second Barons' War began.

We can see in the image Henry III on the left with the crown on his head, fighting with his barons.

Henry III and Prince Edward lost the Battle of Lewis and were taken prisoner by de Montfort.

At the Battle of Lewis, Henry III's son, Edward, was at first successful in his part of the battle.

However, Henry's overall army had been defeated.

Henry and Prince Edward were taken prisoner by de Montfort.

In the image, we can see Henry III being captured by Simon.

Henry was reduced to a puppet king.

His actions were controlled by someone else.

The Battle of Lewis meant that baronial governments, government by council, not by king, could now begin.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

How did Henry III eventually respond to the provisions of Oxford? A, he accepted the changes for the rest of his reign.

B, he built support and launched what became known as the Second Barons' War.

Or C, he lost support and the barons launched the Second Barons' War.

Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, great, and welcome back.

Well done, yes, it was B.

He built support and launched what became known as the Second Barons' War.

So, a council of nine now ruled England, with the king forced to put his name to anything it decided.

And you can see from the diagram on the left, a feudal pyramid with the king at the top who has been imprisoned by Simon.

In 1265, Simon called a parliament, sometimes called the First Parliament.

The reason it's often called the First Parliament is because it not only included barons and bishops, but also those within the knightly class as well.

Look at the map.

It shows people invited from across the country to attend Simon's First Parliament.

This was the first time that people from all major regions of England and from ranks below that of a baron had been invited to discuss and to decide the future of England.

Despite this important milestone of Simon's First Parliament, Simon was really trying to maintain support for his baronial government.

To gain support, de Montfort invited the knightly class, and he also forced Henry to reissue Magna Carta in 1265.

This meant Simon could get support from more than just the barons in England.

He could get people from the knightly class.

He also could be supported by Magna Carta.

The charter was very popular across the country.

By having Henry reissue it, it was like Magna Carta gave Simon and his parliament a stamp of approval.

It also ensured the survival of Magna Carta under Simon's rule.

Why did de Montfort need support? Firstly, attachment to monarchy.

People had grown up with a monarch.

It was the way people had been ruled.

A good king provided them with peace and protection.

Simon's baronial government was completely unknown to them.

Secondly, de Montfort's unpopularity.

He had been just as money-grabbing as the king had been.

Thirdly, an imprisoned king equals a broken kingdom.

To many, even though Henry III had his faults, an imprisoned king effectively meant a broken kingdom.

There was no one person protecting the kingdom and doing the various things a king does to keep the kingdom running.

It was very strange to have the king of the country put in prison.

All this meant that there were many people in the country who were still supporting the king and not Simon's government.

Okay, let's have another question here.

Why is de Montfort's parliament known as the first parliament? Is it A, it's included only the barons and bishops across England? B, it's included those from the knightly class across England? Or C, it was held in a different location than previous parliaments? Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back.

Yes, well done if you knew it was B.

It's included those from the knightly class across England.

Okay, let's continue the story.

In 1265, Prince Edward escaped and raised an army who were loyal to the king.

They marched to confront de Montfort.

Edward declared that he would uphold the promises of Magna Carta, which reassured everyone that Magna Carta would survive if they supported the royal forces.

In 1265, at the Battle of Evesham, de Montfort was outnumbered.

He was waiting for reinforcements, but they never arrived.

Realising that he could not win, de Montfort chose the fate of a heroic knight.

He would fight to the death.

In the image, we can see what's happened to de Montfort.

We can see a brutal scene of war with dead and captured soldiers.

In the circle, we can see de Montfort was cut to pieces.

His hands and feet were cut off.

De Montfort's supporters were also chased into Evesham Abbey, and they were slaughtered there.

Following the battle, Henry III was released and restored to power.

With Henry back in charge, he realised that there would need to be a compromise between the ideas put forward by the barons and the ideas put forward by those defending the monarchy.

This would keep the peace and win the support of his people.

For this reason, in 1267, Henry III passed the Statute of Marlborough.

This law upheld some of the baronial demands made in Oxford.

Henry would rule with the advice and consent from the baronial and knightly classes.

Throughout the late 1260s, Parliament was called more regularly than at any other point during the reign.

Okay, let's have another check here.

What were the consequences of the Second Baron's War? Select two correct answers.

Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back.

And well done if you knew it was B, de Montfort was cut to pieces at the Battle of Evesham, and C, Henry III was released and the monarchy was restored to power.

Okay, let's have a go at this question.

How did Henry III compromise once he was restored to power? Pause the video, select the correct answer, then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Yes, well done if you knew it was D, Henry ruled with the advice and consent from the baronial and knightly classes.

Okay, let's move on to the first part of task B.

Starting with the earliest, sort these events into time order.

And you can see on the left, I've given you a selection of events and I want you to put them in the correct time order in the boxes on the right.

Pause the video and have a go at that task.

Okay, great, welcome back.

Let's check those answers.

So firstly, you should have had de Montfort confronted Henry in the Westminster Parliament.

Then de Montfort's first parliament included people from the knightly class.

Then de Montfort was cut to pieces at the Battle of Evesham.

And then monarchy was restored.

Okay, let's move on to the second part of task B.

What I want you to do is select the words below to complete the text underneath.

And you can see I've given you the words there highlighted in green.

And I want you to use those words to fill in the blanks from that text.

Pause the video and have a go.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's have a check of those answers.

So the text should have read, in 1258, Simon de Montfort and other leading barons used the parliaments at Westminster and Oxford to confront Henry III.

A baronial government was created which limited the power of the king in favour of a council of barons.

De Montfort expanded his powers by calling the first parliament which gave him the support of the knightly class.

He also forced the king to reissue Magna Carta in an attempt to gain further popular support.

In 1264, Henry III and Prince Edward fought back in the Second Baron's War.

In 1265, people who began to dislike baronial government sided with the monarchy and defeated de Montfort in the Battle of Evesham.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to the third part of task B.

Okay, what I want you to do here is explain how Henry III tried to fix the power struggle between the king and parliament after he was restored to power.

You could write your answer down or take turns in explaining it with a partner.

I'll give you these points to consider in your answer.

That is compromise.

How is compromise used during this period? And the second point to consider is the Statute of Marlborough in 1267.

Pause the video and have a go at that task.

Okay, welcome back.

Now, there are many ways we could have answered that question, but compare your answer with the answers I have here.

So firstly, you could have had, after Henry III was restored to power, he tried to fix the power struggle between the king and parliament by making a compromise.

And there's that point that I told you to try and use.

He tried to take on some of the less radical ideas from de Montfort's first parliament.

And the second point you could have got was, yes, that's why Henry III passed the Statute of Marlborough in 1267.

He agreed to rule more with parliament.

He hoped this would fix the power struggle by winning the support of his people.

Okay, let's summarise today's lesson, Simon de Montfort and the First Parliament.

Since Magna Carta, a special meeting of barons and bishops have become known as parliaments.

Simon de Montfort confronted Henry in parliament because he was not keeping to the aims of Magna Carta.

Simon de Montfort established the First Parliament.

Simon de Montfort was eventually defeated in the Battle of Evesham.

Henry III was restored to power.

He accepted some of the baronial demands and ruled more with parliament.

Well done on a brilliant lesson.

We've covered a lot there and Magna Carta has survived a baronial government, Simon's First Parliament, a second baron's war and a monarchy restored to power.

I hope you've learnt a lot in this lesson and I hope to see you in the next lesson.