Hi there, I'm Mrs. Kemp and welcome to today's lesson all about smoking.

This is from the disease and drugs unit, so let's get started then.

Our main outcome for today then is I can describe the effects of smoking on the human body.

We will be using all of these key terms today.

However, if you would like to read them in a little bit more detail, please do pause the video.

But do remember that I will be going over each one of these as we move through our learning cycles.

So we have three learning cycles for today.

We've got tobacco, the effects of nicotine and the effect of smoking on the gas exchange system.

Of course, we will start with tobacco.

So you may not realise this, but actually back in May 2017, the government decided that cigarette companies were no longer able to put kind of recognisable characters on the front of them.

You can see at the bottom there there's a little camel, and that's back from the 1950s that camel cigarettes used to put that character on all their adverts and all their packaging.

And actually what the government said was that instead of that, what they want are kind of really graphic images that show what can happen to people if they have been smoking.

So have a little think, why do you think they did this? Okay, so for a start, actually, those characters are really appealing to children.

You can see that camel down there from the 1950s, it's got a really smiley face, hasn't he? Actually, it might encourage people to start smoking, especially people that are a younger age.

It makes you think that it's like a fun activity that you don't need to worry about.

And actually, this is something that we need to worry about so you can really understand why the government wanted to change this and make people realise that actually, this isn't a fun activity, this is something that could kill you.

Now, smoking really affects everyone all over the globe and it's believed that about eight million people die from diseases related to smoking each year.

There are many problems. You can get damage to your skin, cancer, high blood pressure, asthma, damage to foetuses.

That's if the mother has been smoking whilst pregnant.

There is also chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which we can shorten to COPD.

We have met that in previous lessons, but we will talk about it in more detail, especially this example of emphysema later on.

So you may not realise this, but actually, tobacco is from a plant and it's grown on tobacco farms in particular parts of the globe.

What they do with that plant then is they actually dry it out, probably just in the sun, and then those leaves are kind of broken up and they're used to roll into cigarettes or cigars.

Now, from being rolled up into a cigarette or cigar, then what people do is they will burn that tobacco and when they burn that tobacco, it actually releases about 5,000 different chemicals, which is completely astonishing.

70 of those are known to cause cancer.

So we know that for a definite.

There's actually no safe level for smoking, all right? You can't just have one a day and it'd be fine or one occasionally and you'd be completely safe from any risk.

Actually, any amount is dangerous.

These are just some of the chemicals then that we find in that smoke and it's quite astonishing really.

So we've got cadmium.

This is also found in car batteries.

There's arsenic, which is a known poison.

There's formaldehyde, which they use to preserve dead bodies, which is the embalming process and also used in sort of laboratories in order to keep different samples of living tissue.

We've got butadiene then, which is used in rubber manufacturing and also benzene, which is an industrial solvent.

None of those chemicals would you normally choose to take into your body, okay? But because they are being burnt into the smoke and you maybe can't see them is why people don't necessarily think about them.

So let's go onto our first check of the day.

This is a true or false.

As long as you don't smoke every day, your health should be fine.

Is that true or is that false? Can you justify your answer? There is no safe level of smoking or B, you have to smoke all the time to have a negative effect.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, now, of course, that one is false because remember, there is no safe level of smoking.

Brilliant, well done.

We've got another quick check here as well.

So where does tobacco come from? Is it A, animals, B, plants or C, manmade in a laboratory? I'll give you a moment to think about it again, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you remember that actually, it comes from that tobacco plant? Fab.

Well done.

Okay, this is our first task of the day and for this, I'd like you to get your worksheet out so that you can record your answers.

So I'd like you to draw a picture of a cigarette onto your page and then around that picture, I'd like you to draw some other little images that show some of the effects of smoking that we've discussed.

So I'll give you some time to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay then, did you think of cancer? I've drawn a little piece of DNA there to show that actually, it could be the damage to the DNA that then leads to cancer.

Did you get damage to that unborn child? Or you may have written foetus.

We've got emphysema where we've got the damaged alveoli.

We've got some damage to the skin in the form of wrinkles and then high blood pressure, which I've shown there with a blocked artery.

Okay, I hope you've got some of those.

You may have some extra and you may wish to add some of mine onto your diagram too.

Excellent.

Let's move on.

So onto our second learning cycle of today, the effects of nicotine.

So nicotine is a recreational drug that means people are taking it for other reasons than medication.

It's actually naturally found in the tobacco plant.

It hasn't been put in there as an extra thing.

It's actually very highly addictive and what that means is that it creates a persistent urge, so need or want to use that drug and people that are smokers will continue to smoke because of the need to take that nicotine, even though they know it's not good for them and it can cause all those issues like cancer, emphysema, and damage to their skin.

So it's because it's addictive that it makes people continue to go back to it.

And one of the effects of nicotine then, apart from making it addictive and you wanting to have more of it is that actually, it can narrow the blood vessels that supply the heart.

We've got the coronary arteries there.

Look, remember, those are the ones that sit on the surface of the heart and supply the heart with its own blood.

Now, if they become narrower then, this is going to reduce the oxygen flow to the muscle cells and therefore, the heart cells will not be able to carry out cellular respiration as they normally do.

Now, this can result in those cells actually no longer contracting and they can die.

If a large portion of the heart muscle becomes damaged, then this can lead to a heart attack and potentially to death.

So by narrowing those blood vessels, it can lead to some real issues for that person.

Nicotine can also raise blood pressure then, so we talked about this a moment ago, didn't we? That actually, those blood vessels can become narrower and so blood is really squeezed a lot harder through those blood vessels.

Imagine like a hose pipe where water is coming through.

If you give that hose pipe a squeeze, the pressure of the water will spurt it out and that's what's essentially happening in your blood vessels.

This can also lead to heart disease then and a potential heart attack.

There's also an issue of the fact that your heart will be beating more frequently and having to work harder in order to supply the body with that oxygen and glucose so that it can have the fuel for respiration.

This will put your heart under more pressure and is going to have to work harder, again causing potential heart disease.

All right then, onto our next check.

Which of the following statements are false? So we're looking for false statements.

A, nicotine is a highly addictive illegal drug.

B, nicotine decreases blood pressure.

C, nicotine increases heart rate.

Or D, nicotine causes the narrowing of the coronary arteries.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, there's a couple on here.

Did we think of A< nicotine is a highly addictive illegal drug? It's not illegal, it is legal, but it does have an age restriction on it.

B, nicotine decreases blood pressure.

Of course, it's actually the opposite of that.

It increases it.

Okay, onto our second task of the day, and again, please do get your worksheet out so that you can record your information on it.

Number one, what is the main chemical that causes people to continue to smoke even though they know it is not good for them? Question number two, explain why smoking causes narrowing of the coronary arteries and how this can lead to cardiac arrest.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, so the main chemical that is in cigarette smoke, of course, is nicotine, which is a highly addictive recreational drug found naturally in tobacco plants.

Addiction is characterised by the persistent urge to use a drug.

This is why people continue to smoke even though they know it's not good for them.

Question number two, then cigarettes contain nicotine.

Nicotine causes the narrowing, so getting smaller of the coronary arteries.

The coronary arteries, remember, are the ones that supply the heart with blood.

The blood brings oxygen to muscle cells in the heart for cellular respiration.

If the arteries are narrower, then not enough blood flows to them.

This can lead to a heart attack.

I hope you've got all of that information on.

If you need to add a little more, please do pause the video.

Our final learning cycle of today then is the effect of smoking on the gas exchange system.

Okay, so one of the problems with smoking is that actually, it can damage these tiny little cells that line our airways.

They're known as ciliated cells and that's because they have these tiny little projections on the top of them that are called cilia.

Now, what their normal job is is that these types of cells, there's some cells around it that produce a mucus.

That mucus traps all the dirt and dust that you breathe in every day and that will hopefully trap all the microorganisms that are in there as well.

The cilia can waft that mucus up, you swallow it, it goes down into your stomach acid and that will kill any harmful pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria.

Now, what unfortunately smoking does is that actually, it damages those tiny little cilia and it makes them shorter and less numerous.

There's just less of them.

And what that means is that those ciliated cells are no longer able to properly move that mucus up and out of your airways.

So what they do is they kind of trap that mucus in place.

What happens to a person then is that first of all, they probably get a smoker's cough and that's a really mucusy rasping sounding cough.

Like (teacher coughing) You may have heard people coughing like that before.

And also, it means because it's holding that dirt now in the place in your airways, actually, it can lead to lots of different lung infections, things like bronchitis, and so they just end up being ill for a lot more times and a lot longer.

There's also tar in cigarette smoke and this can cause cancer.

Now, it can actually cause cancer in various places around your body.

The ones that are in your gas exchange system are the obvious, but actually, it can be linked to all types of cancer.

These are some examples then in the mouth, the throat and the lungs.

Here's a little diagram of a animal cell to try to illustrate actually what cancer is.

We know that DNA is found within the chromosomes that are found inside that nucleus.

What the tar does then is it damages that DNA, and causes something called a mutation.

A mutation is a change in that code and what that can mean is is that that damaged DNA causes that cell to uncontrollably divide.

So it divides over and over again really, really quickly.

And this is essentially cancer, okay? One of your cells uncontrollably dividing, and it can do all sorts of things where it actually sort of penetrates into other organs and things like that and that's why it's so dangerous.

Tar smoke can also then damage the alveoli.

We have mentioned before that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD for short.

An example of COPD is emphysema.

Now, have a look at this set of lungs that have come from somebody that was a smoker.

Normally the lungs are really nice pink colour because they've got such an excellent blood supply.

However, you can see that in somebody's lungs where they are a smoker, that tar really builds up and kind of sticks inside and you can see that they have actually become blackened.

What's going on there is that that tar then will also be damaging those tiny little air sacs and you can see the one on the right-hand side that it's lost a lot of the really delicate walls between the different alveoli and so we've only got sort of one big sac.

What we've done there is we've really made that surface area a lot smaller, therefore the exchange of gases is going to be more difficult.

Remember, oxygen diffuses from inside the alveoli to inside the blood.

The carbon dioxide is exchanged then from the blood, diffuses into the alveoli and then we breathe it out.

If that alveoli is damaged, it means a person is not going to be able to exchange those gases as efficiently.

There is also a highly poisonous gas in the smoke, known as carbon monoxide.

We can see a diagram there of what carbon monoxide looks like.

So you are probably used to the term carbon dioxide, di meaning two, so there's one carbon and two oxygen.

Carbon monoxide then, so mono meaning one, we've got one carbon and one oxygen.

So this gas actually, when we breathe it in, it's able to cross from the alveoli into our bloodstream and what it will do is it will actually take the place of oxygen in our red blood cells.

That obviously means that our red blood cells are no longer able to carry the same amount of oxygen as they would do normally.

Now, what that means for carbon monoxide then is that obviously, our circulatory system is going to have to work a lot harder, all right? And if it's working harder, then it's going to lead to possibilities of things like heart disease again, and this is the same as what happens with COPD.

Both of these things then can eventually lead to heart disease.

Onto our last check then.

So which of the following diseases are associated with smoking? We've got A, bronchitis, B, measles, C, emphysema, or D, athlete's foot.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Did you think of bronchitis and also emphysema? These are both diseases of the gas exchange system and caused or associated, sorry, with smoking.

Excellent.

Well done.

Onto our final task of the day then.

This is task C.

You can find it on your worksheet.

So Andeep is explaining to Laura why he thinks the government banned smoking in public places in 2004.

Can you add detail about specific diseases that affect the gas exchange system? Okay, so here's what Andeep is saying.

"Secondhand smoke could still affect a person's breathing, so the government banned smoking in public places." Okay, can you add a bit more detail then? I'll give you some time to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you think that first of all, there's cancer, and tar in cigarette smoke can damage a cell's DNA.

This can lead to uncontrolled cell division.

This is cancer.

Smoking can lead to types of cancer like throat, mouth, or lung.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease then.

Tar found in cigarette smoke can damage the alveoli in the lungs and lead to COPD.

The walls of the alveoli break down, leading to a smaller surface area for gas exchange.

This reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, and so the circulatory system will then have to work harder.

This can lead to heart disease.

Okay, I hope you got all of those, but if you need to add a little bit more onto your answer, please do.

We're onto our final little part then 'cause we have finished all of our learning, but we're just going to do a quick summary of our key learning points.

Tobacco is found in cigarettes and is made of the dried leaves of tobacco plants.

It contains thousands of different chemicals, including nicotine.

Nicotine is a highly addictive drug that makes smokers continue to want to smoke even though they know it isn't good for them.

Smoking can affect the gas exchange system and lead to asthma, lung infections, COPD, and cancer.

Okay, I hope you've realised that actually, it's better to just not start smoking and if you do start smoking, try to give up as soon as possible.

Thank you so much for learning with me today.

I hope to see you again soon.

Bye.