Hello, welcome to history here at Oak National Academy.

I'm Mr. Newton, and thank you very much for joining me today.

I'm basically here to simplify any tricky concepts we may encounter.

Right, let's get started.

We are continuing our big inquiry into how did Magna Carta survive.

We've seen how King John is considered the model of a bad king.

He had put heavy taxes on the people, lost his lands in France and argued with the church.

His behaviour provoked the anger of the barons who rebelled and forced him to seal a legal document, called Magna Carta.

This essentially forced the king to limit his powers.

However, Magna Carta also allowed the barons to use force against the king if he broke his promises.

This was extraordinary because it suggested that the barons and not the king was in charge.

Do you think a mediaeval king would accept this situation? Is this fair? By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain why Magna Carta was reissued.

Before we begin, there are a few key words we need to understand.

to annul means to abolish or to reduce to nothing.

Treason is when someone betrays their country, government or leader.

A regent is a person who rules a country for a limited period because the monarch is absent, too young or too ill.

Moderate is when something is not extreme and therefore acceptable to a larger number of people.

Something that is reissued is printed or produced again.

This lesson has two parts.

In the first part, we will look at Magna Carta being cancelled and the barons' response to that.

In the second part, we will see how Magna Carta survives with Henry III, Magna Carta reissued.

So, let's start with Magna Carta annulled and the First Barons' War.

Magna Carta contained promises which would've been unacceptable to any mediaeval monarch.

One chronicler, a chronicle is someone who writes an account of important invents in history, reported a new state of things has begun in England.

Such a strange affair as had never before been heard for the body, wished to rule ahead and the people desire to be masters over the king.

John may have been an arrogance and unfeeling king, but many thought the charter went too far, particularly the security clause, which effectively meant that monarch, could not act independently, act on his own as a king.

We can see in the image, King John angry at the Magna Carta.

As soon as he could, John contacted Pope Innocent III.

He asked the Pope to annul the charter.

Innocent had become the king's greatest supporter, since John publicly submitted to him in 1213.

Innocent promptly annulled the charter.

This means he abolished it on the grounds that John had been forced to seal an unholy document which went against the king's rights.

Okay, let's have a check for our understanding here.

What I want you to do is choose the correct key word to complete the sentence below.

Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was this answer.

As soon as he could, John contacted Pope Innocent III asking him to annul Magna Carta.

Okay, let's have another check here.

Why did the Pope annul Magna Carta? Choose three correct reasons.

A, because he wanted to support the holy rights of the barons? B, because he became John's greatest supporter, after John publicly submitted to him? C, because he thought Magna Carta was unholy and went against the king's rights? D, because John was forced to seal Magna Carta by the barons? Select your three correct answers and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was B, because he became John's greatest supporter, after John publicly submitted to him.

C, because he thought Magna Carta was unholy and went against king's rights.

And then lastly, their D, because John was forced to seal Magna Carta by the barons.

Okay, let's continue the story.

The annulment of the charter resulted in the First Barons' War in 1215.

This was a civil war between the barons and King John.

What had happened was the barons refused to accept the annulment and were angered by what they saw as John's untrustworthiness.

John had previously sealed the charter, but now was going back on his word.

So, in the autumn of 1215, England erupted into civil war.

We can see in the image, the barons' cheering in support of Magna Carta, and they were certainly willing to fight to make sure it survived.

John had an early victory over the barons, successfully laying siege that surrounding it, cutting off the supplies to Rochester Castle in Kent.

This was an important castle to hold, because it was positioned on the main road into London.

John relied on this route to access support from his lands in France.

We can see in the centre right of this map, Rochester Castle on the hill overlooking, an important road and river.

With control over Rochester Castle, the war tipped in John's favour.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

The annulment of Magna Carta led to the First Barons' War.

What type of war was this? Is it A, an annulment war? B, a civil war? C, a World War? Pause the video and have a thing.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that was B, a civil war.

With the war tipping in King John's favour, the barons invited Prince Louis of France to be King of England.

Prince Louis was the son of Philip II.

As you'll remember, Philip had defeated John in the Battle of Bouvines, and I've highlighted Philip there in the purple circle.

It was clear then that the barons wanted to get rid of John as king, even if that meant taking the extreme step of turning to the country's enemy.

This shows just how much the barons detested John.

Prince Louis had also made no public commitments to Magna Carta.

Shocked by this clear act of treason, John continued to wage war.

Louis quickly landed in England and gained control of the southeast of England.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

Choose the correct key word to complete the sentence below.

Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's check the answer.

By inviting Prince Louis of France to be the king of England, King John believed the barons had betrayed their country, because they had committed treason.

The war was already going badly for John, because he had lost control of a large part of England.

Then King John lost the crown jewels in the swampy marshes of the Wash.

What had happened was in October, 1216, John set out from Lynn in Norfolk.

If you have a look at the map on the left, you can see where the crown is and that's where Lynn is in Norfolk.

What John needed to do was to cross the swampy marshes off the Wash, which I've highlighted in the purple circle on the map.

This is where Norfolk meets Lincoln Shear and King John needed to travel across the Wash.

One chronicler reported that John lost the crown jewels in some quicksand.

This just seemed like another example of bad luck or the general clumsiness of King John's reign.

Before leaving Lynn, King John fell ill with dysentery and died on the 18th of October, 1216.

He had greedily feasted and fell violently ill with dysentery, which is extreme diarrhoea.

When he died just a few days later, his servant swiftly stole his personal items and fled the scene.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to task A, complete the following sentence starters and you can see I've given you five sentence starters that I want you to complete.

Pause the video and have a go at that task.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's check your answers.

Now, you could have completed these sentences in many ways.

Just check your responses with mine here.

The First Barons' War began after Pope Innocent III, agreed to annul the charter.

The Barron's saw John's behaviour as untrustworthy, because he had previously sealed the charter, but now was going back on his word.

In the autumn of 1215, England erupted into the First Barron's War.

In desperation, the Barons invited Prince Louis of France to be their king.

John considered this as an act of treason.

After John lost the crown jewels in the Wash, he fell violently ill with dysentery and died a few days later.

Okay, great.

We've reached the halfway point of the lesson, and we have learned that the Pope annulled the charter as it was considered to be an unfair and unholy charter forced upon King John.

The barons were furious and England erupted into civil war.

The First Barons' War, the war was going badly for John and then he suddenly dies.

Now, let's move on to the second part of the lesson.

Henry III, Magna Carta reissued.

John's heir was his 9-year-old son, Henry III.

And we can see how young Henry III, looked in this stained glass window depiction of his coronation.

As Henry was too young to rule by himself, regents were appointed to rule on Henry's behalf.

Henry's regents reissued Magna Carta in 1216 to regain the allegiance of the rebellious barons, realising that Henry would be easier to control than Prince Louis, most of the rebel barons agreed to recognise Henry as their new king.

We can imagine from this wider angle of the stained glass window how Henry III's regents had achieved a wider support for the king and Magna Carter than King John had managed himself.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

In 1216, how old was Henry deferred when he came to the throne? Was it a nine years old? B, 19 years old or C, 29 years old? Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back.

Yes, well done.

It was a nine years old, very young indeed.

A key advisor of Henry III in gaining the support of the barons was Henry III's regents William Marshall, the Earl of Pembroke.

It was Marshall who was the key advisor in the process of reissuing Magna Carta.

Marshall sealed Magna Carta.

Henry III had little choice.

He was too young and had to go along with what his regents advised.

Marshall had started life as a skilled knight and became a clever general and politician, respected for his loyalty.

The reissued charter had the more radical promises, including the security clauses taken out.

This was the clause which placed the barons' power above the king.

It seems Marshall was trying to find a moderate centre ground that could please royals and barons alike.

We can see from the images on the slide.

On the left is the monarchy and those who support having a system of monarchy run the country.

On the right, we can see the barons and those who support the ideas of letting the barons have more control, a baronial government ruling the country.

A baronial government would have been seen as too radical.

So many people thought a compromise could be found, somewhere in the middle of a monarchy and a baronial government, a moderate centre ground that could please all people.

Now, Magna Carta 1215 was too radical, an extreme change in the ruling system of the country, reducing the power of the monarchy and placing too much power with the barons.

However, the hope was that the reissued Magna Carta 1216, sealed by Marshall was a moderate charter, a balance that could avoid another all powerful King John, but without having an all powerful group of barons, undermining royal authority.

Magna Carter 1216 ended the First Barons War and created what many believed to be an improved monarchy.

This set a standard of compromise, which would be a key element in future reforms throughout the ages, achieving change through compromise, rather than forcing one point of view.

In 1216, prince Louis maintained his claim to the English throne, until he was defeated at the Second Battle of Lincoln in 1217 and sent back to France, a move which marked the end of the First Barons' War.

For the next few years, England was governed by a series of regents who made decisions about the country, whilst Henry III was growing up.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

Which of these clauses, did the reissued Magna Carter of 1216 remove? Was it A, the security clause, if the king broke his promises, a council of barons could take away his land.

B, the security clause.

No free man can be imprisoned, unless they're judged by their peers.

Or C, the security clause, the church should be free from the king's interference.

Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back.

Yes, well done.

If you knew that was A, the security clause is if the king broke his promises, a council of barons could take away his land.

Okay, another question.

What did it seem William Marshall was trying to do with the reissued Magna Carta? A, he was trying to find a moderate centre grounds that could please both royals and barons.

B, he was trying to find a radical way to remove the king from power entirely.

C, he was trying to include more radical promises to strengthen the power of the barons.

Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back.

Well done if you knew it was A, he was trying to find a moderate centre ground that could please both royals and barons alike, which was trying to find that compromise in the middle that everyone could get behind.

Okay, let's move on to the first part of task B.

What I want you to do here, starting with the earliest, sort these events into chronological order, you can write your answers on the empty flow chart on the right.

Pause the video and have a go at the task.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's check your answers.

So, the first event should have been, King John seals Magna Carta.

Then the Pope annuls Magna Carta.

Then it's the First Barons' War, and then finally Henry III reissues Magna Carta.

Okay, onto the final task.

So, what I want you to do here is take all of your knowledge from the lesson and apply it to this final task.

Explain in one or two paragraphs why Magna Carta was reissued in 1216.

In your answer, you can include as many of the following words as you can.

Regent, reissue, allegiance, barons, moderate and support.

Pause the video and have a go at the task.

Okay, welcome back.

Now, you could have answered this in many ways, so check your answer with mine here.

Henry III's Regents reissued Magna Carta in 1216 to regain the allegiance of the rebellious barons.

As Henry was too young, William Marshall was appointed as a regent to rule on Henry's behalf.

Marshall sealed the reissued charter for Henry.

By creating a moderate charter, Marshall was making sure a large number of people would support it.

The barons were happy, because the charter was reissued with most of its clauses.

However, to keep the royals and their supporters happy, Marshall made sure that the security clause was removed as this placed the barons power above the king.

This was a balance that could avoid another King John.

But without having an all powerful group of barons, undermining world authority, Marshall's moderate charter helped to end the First Barons' War and create an improved monarchy.

Okay, let's summarise today's lesson.

The First Barons' War and Magna Carta reissued.

John had Magna Carta annulled.

John's actions led to a civil war, known as the First Barons' War.

In 1216, Henry III came to the throne as a child, Henry III reissued Magna Carta in 1216, without its most radical clause, Henry's regent, William Marshall, hoped this moderate Magna Carta, would mean a better balance between King and the barons.

Well done on a brilliant lesson, and thank you for joining me for this first major hurdle that Magna Carta has had to survive.

I will see you next time when we continue this story of how Magna Carta survived.

See you in the next lesson.