Hi there.

I'm Mrs. Kemp and welcome to today's lesson.

I'm really pleased that you've decided to come and learn about the human skeleton with me today.

I'm sure that we're gonna have a great time.

Today's lesson is all part of the human skeleton and muscles unit and today's topic title is the Human Skeleton.

You'll be learning about the role of the human skeleton in support, protection, and making red blood cells.

Some of the information that you learned today will be completely brand new, but you don't need to worry 'cause I'm going to be there to help you through it.

You'll have also come across some of this information before when you've learned about the human skeleton and cells.

Some of the words that we'll be using today are bone, skeleton, joint, tissue, and red blood cells.

They will appear in the lesson and I'll explain each one of them.

However, this slide is always available so that if you want to go back you can have a look and refer back to these key terms. The lesson outline for today includes the role of the human skeleton in support and protection.

The human skeleton is a living tissue and the role of the human skeleton in making red blood cells.

We're going to start at the beginning with the role of the human skeleton in support and protection.

Have a look at this image.

It's an X-ray of someone's wrist.

Have you ever had an X-ray taken before or do you know someone that may might have done? Why did you need to have it taken and what did it show? Have a little think about that for a moment.

Excellent.

Do you know that X-ray images actually show us the bones inside our body? Most of the time when people have X-rays, it's because they might be worried that one of their bones have been broken.

You have X-rays taken in the hospital and it allows the doctors to be able to see whether or not your bones are broken.

Bones are really important to us and they make up the human skeleton.

We find that where two or more bones meet together, they're joined together by a joint.

We have many different bones that make up our body.

Some are very big, some are very small.

The smallest bones in our body are called the ossicles and they're found in your ear.

The largest bone in our body is called the femur and that's found in your thigh.

Can you complete the sentence? Excellent, the human skeleton is made up of bones connected together by joints.

Well done.

I'm sure you've got those correct.

One of the roles of the skeleton is actually to provide support.

Running up your back, you have the vertebral column or you may have heard of it, called the spine before.

This holds your body upright.

Have a little think for a moment.

What do you think you'd look like without a skeleton? Did you think that you might look a little bit like a jelly, a bit like a jellyfish? I think so too.

Some animals don't have bones like the jellyfish and they're all squidgy.

We need our skeleton in order to provide support to hold us upright.

Your skeleton also provides protection for some of our vital organs.

Do you know what some of our vital organs are? Have a little think for a moment.

Did you include the heart, the lungs, and the brain? You might have thought of others like our liver and our kidneys.

These are all organs that are found inside our body.

Different parts of our skeleton provide protection for some of those different organs.

Inside our skull, then we find our brain.

Inside the rib cage across our chest, we find our heart and our lungs.

Those parts of the skeleton protect those particular types of organ.

Remember we talked about the vertebral column? The vertebral column is a little bit more unusual.

It's actually made of many smaller bones connected together.

This means that we can move our back easily and allows flexibility.

The vertebral column actually protects something called the spinal cord and the spinal cord is part of our nervous system.

We have nerves that run all over our body and they allow us to be able to sense things like temperature and light.

Those nerves connect to our central nervous system, which is made up of that spinal cord that's protected by the vertebral column and our brain that's protected by our skull.

Which of the following are part of the human skeleton? A, brain, B, lungs, C, ribcage, or D, skull.

Excellent.

Well done.

It's actually C and D, ribcage and skull.

Let's try another little check.

Match each part of the skeleton to the organ it protects.

Well done.

The skull protects the brain.

The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, and the ribcage protects the heart.

Excellent.

Well done with those.

Let's move on to our first task.

You can find the first task, task A, on your worksheet.

Describe the structure and function of the vertebral column.

I'll leave a little gap in the video.

However, if you need more time, please do pause.

Well done.

Did you think of these points? The vertebral column is made of smaller bones called vertebrae.

It supports your body by holding it upright.

It also protects your spinal cord.

Excellent.

Well done.

Let's move on to our second section.

The human skeleton is a living tissue.

Bone is a type of tissue that is made up of cells.

You can see here in the image these are some bone cells that have been seen under a microscope.

Remember, a microscope is a piece of equipment that you are able to magnify different images so that you can see them clearly.

A bone is a tissue.

It's actually a group of similar cells working together for the same function.

So all of these bone cells are working together in order to create the bone.

This makes it a tissue.

Bones are able to get bigger because they're made of cells, so they make new cells and grow.

In order to be able to grow and stay alive, the skeleton needs a really rich blood supply.

You can see on the image here some of those blood vessels that are running really close to our bone.

The ones that are on the skull there are very obvious.

They need this rich blood supply because it needs to provide them with oxygen and glucose.

Glucose is a type of sugar.

Both oxygen and glucose are provided by the blood and they're used for respiration in order to release energy.

Unfortunately, as we mentioned earlier, bones can actually be broken.

If they are broken, they are actually able to repair themselves and this is because they're a living tissue.

The body is able to make new cells to repair that damage.

In order to do that, they need that really rich supply of oxygen and glucose, which is the type of sugar and other nutrients that it may need for growth.

When the break first happens, it's actually joined together by a connective tissue that's known as cartilage.

It's a little bit softer than normal bone, and so eventually it is then replaced by bone to make sure that it's nice and rigid and hard.

Let's have a quick check.

What do you think is the best description of a bone in a living human body? A, it's a living tissue.

B, it is a non-living tissue.

Or C, it is not a tissue.

Have a little think about those for a moment.

Excellent.

Did you say A, it is a living tissue? Well done.

It is a living tissue.

Remember that it's made up of cells and it requires glucose and oxygen.

True or false? Bone tissue needs oxygen to survive.

Do you think that's true or false? Can you give a reason for that? A, bone tissue is non-living.

B, bone is a living tissue.

Have a little think about that for a moment.

Of course, it's true.

Well done.

And that's because bone is a living tissue.

Brilliant.

All right then, let's move on to our second task of today.

Again, you can find this on the worksheet so you can fill it in if you want to.

So Izzy says that bones are not alive.

Can you explain to Izzy why bones are alive from the things that we've been learning about in this unit? Try to give a full explanation if you can.

I'll give you some time to formulate your answer, but if you need a bit more time, don't forget you can pause the video.

Okay, let's have a look at some of the things that you could have said to Izzy.

All living things are made up of cells.

Bone tissue is made up of bone cells.

Bones have a rich blood supply to provide them with oxygen and sugar to keep them alive.

Excellent.

Well done for that one.

Okay, we're gonna move on to our final section of today's lesson and this is the role of the human skeleton in making red blood cells.

So some of the bones in your body are actually not completely solid.

We can see from this image here that the bone is making a sort of ring and then inside there is something else.

Inside that bone is something called bone marrow.

Bone marrow is a jelly-like substance.

You may have heard a it before and actually lots of people like to eat it.

You may have also seen it when you've had meat for dinner.

Bone marrow is mostly found in our larger bones in the body like in our arms and legs.

Remember that we mentioned earlier that actually one of our largest bones in our body is that femur in your thigh, so that's likely and does have bone marrow inside of it.

Here's our first check for this section.

Can you complete the sentence? Excellent.

Inside bones we find a jelly-like substance called bone marrow.

Well done.

Okay, so when we're talking about bone marrow, actually one of its really important functions is to make parts that are needed for the blood.

The blood is actually a liquid and it contains two different types of cells.

Those cells are shown in these pictures here.

There are red blood cells and there are also white blood cells.

It's the job of the bone marrow to make both of these types of cells that we find in our blood.

They're both really important types of cell and we're gonna think about actually what they do within the body.

So these different types of cells actually have different functions.

The red blood cells carry oxygen to cells around the body.

Remember that we spoke about this earlier and you've also learned it in the cells topic that actually the body needs oxygen and glucose, which is the type of sugar in order to carry out respiration.

Respiration is the release of energy from sugar.

If we didn't have red blood cells, we wouldn't be able to provide that oxygen for respiration and cells would die.

So red blood cells are really, really important to us as they carry that oxygen to all of our cells.

Why blood cells are actually able to destroy things that make us poorly? So things like bacteria and viruses.

If they enter our blood we are able to kill those by our white blood cells and they will go around finding different things that have entered our blood that might cause us to be ill and kill them, so they're also really important for us.

Which of these images that have been taken down a microscope do you think shows a type of cell made by the bone marrow? A, skin cells, B, plant cells, or C, red blood cells.

Have a little look at those and see which ones you think.

Excellent.

Well done.

It is red blood cells.

You can see them really clearly in that picture and it shows that they've got that really nice disc shape in order so they can fit down our blood vessels.

Can you match up the type of cell that's produced by our bone marrow and its function? Have a little look.

Well done.

Did you say that red blood cells are able to carry oxygen around the body and white blood cells destroy bacteria and viruses? Remember bacteria and viruses are those very small things that can make us feel poorly.

Let's have a look at our final task for today then, and we're going to be looking at that X-ray image that we still saw at the start.

Remember that X-rays can be used to see bones, however, the high levels of X-ray radiation that we need in order to produce these images can eventually kill bone marrow.

Now, actually, this doesn't happen in hospitals and things like that because we make sure that actually you only have a certain number of X-rays each year.

Explain what issues a person might have without living bone marrow.

Have a little think about the function of bone marrow and what would happen if it wasn't working properly.

I'll give you some time to think about it, but if you do need more time, remember you can pause that video.

Okay, shall we have a look at some of the points you could have included? The function of bone marrow is to produce red and white blood cells.

Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells around the body.

A person without bone marrow would not make red blood cells and their body cells would die without oxygen.

White blood cells destroy bacteria and viruses.

A person without bone marrow would not make white blood cells and could become very ill as they will not be able to fight infections.

Did you include all of those points? Did you miss any of them? I'm sure you've done really well.

Well done.

Let's have a little look at a summary for this lesson then as we are nearly finished.

All the bones in the body make up the skeleton.

Bones are connected together at the joints.

It provides support for the body and holds it upright.

It also protects the organs and tissues inside the body.

The skeleton is a living thing, which is made up of bone tissue, which is also made up of cells.

Inside bone there is a jelly-like substance known as bone marrow.

It produces red and white blood cells.

Thank you so much for listening to me today and I really hope that you've enjoyed this lesson about the human skeleton.