Hi there.

It's great to see you again today.

I'm Miss Roberts and I'm going to take you through another history lesson.

This is lesson two of our unit about the Ancient Egyptians, and today's lesson will focus on the three kingdoms of Ancient Egypt.

We are building on what you already know about Ancient Egypt, so you'll probably be able to make some connections of your own too.

By the end of the lesson today, you are going to be able to describe how the kingdoms of Egypt changed over time.

Now, you may remember from last time that the Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted for 3,000 years.

It's pretty amazing, really.

So when we talk about things that are changing over time in Ancient Egypt, we are talking about how they changed over the course of 3,000 years.

Okay, let's have a look at some keywords that you'll be using today.

We're going to be using these words a lot, and it is important that you understand what they mean because that way you'll be able to use them yourself when you are talking about Ancient Egypt.

Let's start with the first word today, which is laws.

Can you say laws? Nice job.

The next word is taxes.

Can you say taxes? Good stuff.

The next word: subjects.

Can you say subjects? Lovely.

Pyramid.

Hmm.

You may have heard of that from maths rather than history.

Can you say pyramid? Excellent.

And the last word: chariot.

Can you say that one? Chariot.

Well done.

Okay.

I'm just gonna go through what each of those words mean, just to make sure there's no underlying niggles.

Starting with laws.

You're probably familiar with laws.

Laws are sets of rules that people must follow.

So in the modern day, the simplest way to look at this is that here, we have police officers, and when people do things that are against the law, that's when police officers might arrest them.

So laws are the sets of rules that people must follow.

We'll be thinking some more about laws that were around in Ancient Egypt.

The next word is taxes.

You might have heard adults at home talking about taxes or maybe people on TV because people still have to pay taxes today.

They're an important sum of money that every single individual person must pay to their rulers.

So in modern times, we pay our tax to help run important things in the country.

We are going to investigate whether the people in Ancient Egypt paid taxes.

The next of our keywords is subjects.

Now you might be thinking that subjects is talking about the things you study at school like maths, English, history, science, and yes, they are subjects.

However, when we think about history, this word has another meaning.

Subjects in this context are the people who live in a particular place at a particular time and are controlled by their ruler.

So today we are going to be looking at the subjects who are the people that lived in Ancient Egypt.

The pyramids.

Now I mentioned you may be familiar with this from maths, of course, because a pyramid is a special type of 3D shape.

In Ancient Egypt, you may remember from last lesson, we saw a photograph of one of their pyramids called the Great Pyramid.

Pyramids were actually a building.

They don't look like buildings, do they, that we are familiar with, but that's what they were.

They were a special type of building made from stone, and that's where the earliest Egyptians would bury their rulers, the pharaohs.

The last of the keywords today is the word chariot.

A chariot is a type of vehicle.

It doesn't have an engine though, like a car might have.

A chariot is a vehicle that is pulled by an animal, usually a horse, and it's not a vehicle that we use for getting around the streets or getting from A to B to go to market to pick up the bread.

These were special types of vehicles that were used by soldiers for fighting during wars.

We're going to find out how they were used in Ancient Egypt later in this lesson.

So let's get into our lesson now.

There are actually going to be four parts to this lesson.

That's because first of all, we are going to investigate what the pharaohs did, and then after that, we will investigate each of the three kingdoms in turn.

So we will look at the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

We are starting, however, with finding out a little more about what the pharaohs did.

Take a look at this drawing.

Here you can see what we believe a pharaoh probably looked like.

The pharaohs were the rulers of Ancient Egypt, and they had great control over their subjects, over the people that live there.

The pharaoh and only the pharaoh could decide on all the laws.

They also set the taxes that the subjects, their people, had to pay.

Nobody else had any input into those decisions.

The pharaoh was the all powerful ruler.

The pharaoh also owned all of the land in Ancient Egypt.

No single individual person owned any land for themselves.

Every single inch of Ancient Egypt rightfully belonged to the pharaoh.

In fact, the pharaohs were so powerful that the people of Ancient Egypt came to think of them as being both a human and a god.

They believed that the pharaohs were directly related to their gods and that the pharaohs could communicate with them by going to temples to perform special ceremonies.

Now, you've already heard quite a bit of information, so let's just have a quick breather and check what we've learned so far with a multiple choice question.

The question is asking who sets the taxes that people had to pay in Ancient Egypt? You have three options to choose from.

Listen carefully and make your choice.

Option A: the subjects set the taxes.

Option B: the pharaoh set the taxes.

Option C: Ancient Egyptians did not pay taxes.

Have you decided? Okay, let's have a look at what the answer is.

Did you choose option A: the subjects? No.

Well done.

The subjects weren't the ones who set the taxes.

The subjects were the ones that had to pay the taxes.

Did you choose option B? Well done.

Option B is correct.

It was the all powerful pharaoh who set the taxes.

Option C is definitely incorrect.

People in Ancient Egypt did indeed pay their taxes.

Let's try another activity now so that you can make use of your new knowledge all about pharaohs.

Here we can see the drawing of the pharaoh again.

I want you to add labels or notes all around the pharaoh to give information.

You should try to include information about: the powers that the pharaohs had in Ancient Egypt and the beliefs that the Ancient Egyptian people had about the pharaohs.

Remember, you can work with a partner for extra support.

Pause the video now while you complete the activity.

All done? Okay.

Let's have a look at some examples together.

The pharaoh owned all the land in Egypt.

They set the taxes for their subjects and they decided the laws.

The people believed that the pharaohs were both human and gods.

They also believed that the pharaohs did ceremonies in temples so that they could communicate with the gods.

What amazing people the pharaohs were.

And now that we've looked at what the pharaohs did, we are going to have a closer investigation of what these three kingdoms were.

We're going to start furthest back in history with the first of those kingdoms, which was called the Old Kingdom.

Now, to help us out here, Jun is giving us a little bit of information to set the background for why we are referring to the Old Kingdom.

He tells us that the Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted for more than 3,000 years.

So when we talk about Ancient Egypt, historians divide the history of Ancient Egypt into three main periods of time.

We have the Old Kingdom, which is from about 2686 to 2160 BCE.

This is followed by the Middle Kingdom, which was about 2055 BCE to 1650 BCE, and then the final kingdom, the New Kingdom, which was from about 1550 BCE to 1069 BCE.

So they are the three kingdoms that you are going to learn about today.

We are beginning with the period furthest back in history, and that is the Old Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt is the time, as we've just mentioned, from about 2686 BCE, all the way through to around 2160 BCE.

This was the very beginning of the Ancient Egyptian civilization.

It began, if you remember from last lesson, when the two areas of Upper and Lower Egypt were united as one.

Aisha tells us that some historians called this time period of the Old Kingdom, the age of the pyramid builders.

Here's a photo of a pyramid.

This is, in fact, the Great Pyramid.

A lot of pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom.

The main purpose of a pyramid was to be a place where the pharaoh's human body would be buried after they died.

It was believed that after they died, the pharaoh's spirit would continue to live on in the spirit world called the afterlife.

In the afterlife, the pharaoh would still need all of their things, and so the pyramids were also filled with all the pharaoh's treasures when they died as well.

The most famous pyramid is the one we've just been looking at.

It's called the Great Pyramid, and it was located in a place called Giza.

It is still there today, and lots and lots of tourists go to visit it every year.

In Giza, there are several other small pyramids as well as the Great Pyramid.

There are also some amazing monuments.

In particular, one monument called the Great Sphinx.

The Great Sphinx has the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh.

You can see the Great Sphinx in the picture.

It's pretty amazing, isn't it? Here's a true or false exercise just to see that we understand where we are up to so far.

Is it true or false to say that pharaohs lived in pyramids? Have a think and make your choice.

Did you choose false? Well done.

They weren't built for pharaohs to live in them, but how can we explain that we know for certain that that statement is false? I'm going to show you two facts, and I want you to choose which of those two facts is the best to explain why we know for certain that this statement is false.

A: pyramids were built as places for the pharaohs to host parties, or B: pyramids were built as places to bury pharaohs after they died.

Did you choose statement B? Well done.

We know that the statement is false.

Pyramids were not designed for pharaohs to live in.

They were designed for pharaohs to be buried in.

The pharaohs might have had parties, but I don't think they held them in the pyramids if they did.

Let's try another activity now.

This activity is a chance for us to check on the new vocabulary that you've been coming across in this lesson so far.

What I want you to do here is to match each of the keywords on the left in bold with the definitions on the right.

You can work with a partner if you want some extra support.

Pause the video now while you complete the activity.

All done? Great.

Okay.

Let's have a check on the answers: The first word is laws.

Laws are sets of rules that people must follow.

Next, we have taxes, and taxes are amounts of money that people must pay to their rulers.

Subjects are the people that are controlled by a ruler, and the pyramids are buildings where pharaohs were buried in the Old Kingdom.

Great work.

Time to move on now and look at the next kingdom in Ancient Egyptian history, this is the Middle Kingdom.

The Middle Kingdom was the time from about 2055 BCE through to 1650 BCE.

During this time, Ancient Egypt became very rich and very powerful.

They made a lot of money from farming.

You can see an Ancient Egyptian farmer in the picture during the time of the Middle Kingdom.

Although they had already built the Great Pyramids in the Old Kingdom, they continued now to build more, bigger, amazing monuments.

And at this time, other civilizations were coming to think of the Ancient Egyptians as being very strong warriors.

Look at this photograph.

It's a very sandy area, isn't it? And you can see some walls and doors leading to spaces that are hidden in the cliff side.

This is a place called the Valley of the Kings, and this was built during the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt.

This became a new place where pharaohs would be buried instead of putting them inside pyramids.

These burial places are actually hidden away deep underground and deep inside those cliffs you can see.

Let's have a quick check on what you know now about the Middle Kingdom with a multiple choice question.

This time, there are three pictures for you to look at.

I want you to tell me which of those monuments you can see in the pictures were built during the Middle Kingdom? Was the Great Sphinx built during the Middle Kingdom? How about the Great Pyramid? What about the Valley of the Kings? Hmm.

Have a think now and make your choice.

Ready? The place that was built can only be option C, the Valley of the Kings, because the Great Sphinx and the Great Pyramid were both built in the Old Kingdom.

Now, keep looking at the same three options, but now use those pictures to answer a different question.

The new question is: where were pharaohs buried during the Middle Kingdom? Were they buried in the Great Sphinx? Were they buried in the Great Pyramid? Were they buried in the Valley of the Kings? Did you go for option C again? Good job.

Yes.

The reason that the Valley of the Kings was built in the Middle Kingdom was as a new burial place for the pharaohs.

You've learned a lot about the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom.

You can see some things that were happening in each kingdom and things that were changing.

I would like you to make some notes in this table now to show what you can recall about the Old Kingdom and about the Middle Kingdom.

You can pause the video now while you complete the activity, and if you finish quickly and have some extra time, then try sharing and comparing your notes with a partner and consider how they are similar and how they are different.

All finished? Wonderful.

I think you have some great ideas.

Let's look at some examples together.

Did you say something like: in the Old Kingdom, it was the start of the Ancient Egyptian civilization? That in the Old Kingdom they built pyramids and monuments in Giza.

There was one called the Great Pyramid, and another called the Great Sphinx.

In the Old Kingdom, they buried pharaohs in pyramids.

For the Middle Kingdom, your notes may have said that the Ancient civilization was becoming very rich and powerful.

You can say that they built the Valley of the Kings and you can say that they buried their pharaohs in the Valley of the Kings too.

Well done.

You've been paying attention really well and learned a lot so far.

So we are going to move on next to the third kingdom, the most recent kingdom in history, which was still a very long time ago.

So we are going to move on to the final kingdom in Ancient Egypt, which is the New Kingdom.

The New Kingdom was the time from about 1550 BCE to 1069 BCE.

Laura would like to point out that this time period tells us that the Ancient Egyptian civilization was growing during the Bronze Age.

It was during the New Kingdom that the Ancient Egyptian civilization became more powerful and stronger than it had ever been before or ever would be again.

This is some Ancient Egyptian artwork that shows a chariot.

In the New Kingdom, the Ancient Egyptians began to use these vehicles called chariots during battle.

If you remember the definition of chariots from the keywords we looked at earlier, the chariot is a type of vehicle with wheels and it was usually pulled along by an animal like a horse, so it would be able to go very quickly in battle.

The horses were attached to the chariot by a harness.

In the New Kingdom, the Ancient Egyptians also used bronze to make strong weapons that they would use in battle as well.

It was thanks to having these amazing new chariots and bronze weapons that they won a lot of battles during this time, and this allowed them to take over many new lands and expand their civilization into new places.

Time for a quick multiple choice question: What were weapons made from during the New Kingdom? Was it A: iron, B: stone, C: bronze, or D: brick? Have a quick think and make your choice.

Have you decided? Did you pick A: iron? No.

How about B: stone? That's not right either.

What about C: Bronze? That's the right one.

During the New Kingdom, bronze was being used to make things like weapons and chariots.

And that means that D: brick wasn't used to make weapons.

For your final activity in this lesson, I need you to think of all of the information you have learned so far, so I want you to recall things that you have learned about the Old Kingdom, things that you have learned about the Middle Kingdom, and things that you have just learned about the New Kingdom.

On the timeline, you are going to first add labels for each of the three kingdoms so we know which one is which.

And then along the timeline, you can choose to draw pictures or add some notes to represent what was happening in Ancient Egypt throughout each time period.

Pause the video whilst you complete the activity and remember, you can talk to a partner about what's on your timeline and listen to them talk about what's on theirs.

All done? Excellent.

I think you've got some brilliant ideas there.

Let's take a look at an example timeline together.

First, double check that you got those kingdoms in the right place.

Furthest to the left is the furthest back in history, so the first of the kingdoms was the Old Kingdom, then we have the Middle Kingdom, and then we have the New Kingdom.

In the Old Kingdom, it was the age of the pyramid builders and the Great Pyramids were built.

In the Middle Kingdom, the Egyptians became rich from farming and the Valley of the Kings was built.

And in the New Kingdom, the Egyptians took over many new lands after winning battles and they won those battles thanks to their bronze weapons and chariots.

You may have chosen to draw pictures and you may have included some different facts.

I hope you enjoyed not just that creative activity, but also learning so much about the 3,000 year history of Ancient Egypt.

Let's have a quick review of everything we have studied today.

Now we know that the rulers of Ancient Egypt were called pharaohs and that their subjects thought that they were both human and a God.

The history of Ancient Egypt is split into three time periods called kingdoms. We have the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

In the Old Kingdom, the pharaohs were buried in pyramids.

In the Middle Kingdom, pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings.

In the New Kingdom, the Ancient Egyptians used chariots and bronze weapons to extend their empire.

You've done very well to listen to a lot of information today.

I can't wait to see you next time to find out even more about the amazing Ancient Egyptians.

See you then.

Bye.