Hello, my name is Mrs. Hormigo, and I'm looking forward to teaching you today.

I hope you're gonna really enjoy the lesson and learn lots.

Today's lesson is about tropical storms and the hazards and effects.

We're going to be looking at three main hazards tropical storms cause and how this impacts the areas where they make landfall.

By the end of the lesson, you will be able to understand that tropical storms have significant effects on people and the environment.

Let's get started.

There are four main keywords for today's lesson, storm surge, hazard, vulnerable, and infrastructure.

Storm surge is the rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a tropical storm.

Hazard, a natural or human made event that poses a threat to people, property, or the environment.

Vulnerable, being more susceptible or exposed to the harmful impacts of a natural disaster.

And infrastructure, the basic network services and facilities needed for daily life.

For example, roads, utilities, and healthcare.

There are three parts to today's lesson.

Let's have a look at the first part of the lesson.

What hazards do tropical storms cause? Tropical storms create strong winds of up to 250 kilometres an hour.

These can bring down power lines and trees, lift roofs and vehicles, and cause severe structural damage to buildings, as can be seen in those images below.

The Saffir-Simpson scale is used to classify hurricanes and help people to understand their intensity.

It's based on wind speed.

There are five categories on the scale, one being the least severe with the lowest wind speeds, five being the most severe with the highest wind speeds.

Laura says, I've seen the Saffir-Simpson scale being used to report tropical storms in the news.

For example, catastrophic category 5 cyclone devastates Indonesia.

You might have seen some headlines similar to that in the news recently.

Quick true or false for you, on the Saffir-Simpson scale, a category 4 indicates a more intense and dangerous storm than a category 3.

Pause the video and see what you think.

Did you say true? Well done, but why? Can you explain why that is true? Pause the video and see what you think.

Did your answer look something similar to this? The scale is based on wind speed, and a category 4 hurricane has a greater wind speed than that of a category 3, so it is likely to cause more damage.

Well done.

Tropical storms bring very heavy and intense rainfall over a short period of time, and that can lead to severe flooding.

You can see if you look at this aerial image, these houses have been totally submerged by water, so severe flooding, and that can happen along the coast and further inland and causes severe damage.

A storm surge is caused by strong winds and low atmospheric pressure during tropical storms. The winds push seawater towards the shore, while low pressure raises water levels, which leads to a rapid rise in sea level and coastal flooding.

Hurricane Katrina in 2005 generated the largest recorded storm surge in the Atlantic, 8.

5 metres high along the Mississippi coast in the USA, and it caused widespread flooding and devastation.

Quick check for understanding.

What hazards do tropical storms cause? Look at the images and see which ones you think are correct.

That's right, A and C, storm surges, high winds, intense rain.

First task for you.

Can you look at this image and identify three hazards caused by tropical storms and provide a brief description of each? Pause the video and have a go.

Did your descriptions look similar to this? Heavy rainfall, intense rainfall over a short period of time can lead to extensive flooding.

Storm surge, strong winds can push ocean water towards the shore, leading to a rise in sea level, which causes flooding on the coast and further inland.

And strong winds, these can be over 250 kilometres an hour and uproot trees, lift roofs, and cars.

Sam says, the strength of the wind is used to categorise a storm on a 1 to 5 scale, 5 being the most severe storm.

Let's have a look at the second learning cycle.

What are the primary and secondary effects? The primary effects of a tropical storm are the immediate effects of a tropical storm.

Can you think of any primary effects? Pause the video and have a chat.

You might have come up with some of these ideas.

People being killed or injured.

Severe flooding over coastal and low-lying land.

Buildings and bridges being destroyed.

Damage to infrastructure as roads and railways are damaged.

Communication is disrupted, power cables and telephone lines come down.

And coastal habitats like beaches and mangroves are damaged by storm surge floods.

Those are just some of the damages that can happen immediately after a storm hits.

Check for understanding now.

Can you fill in the blanks? Primary effects are the effects of a tropical storm.

For example, people may be, infrastructure is, communication is, low-lying areas may be.

Pause the video and fill in the blanks.

Did you manage to fill in the blanks? Primary effects are the immediate effects of a tropical storm.

For example, people may be injured or killed.

Infrastructure is damaged.

Communication is disrupted, and low-lying areas may be flooded.

Well done if you came up with those words, or very similar ones.

Secondary effects of a tropical storm are the indirect impacts that arise after the storm, and they often happen because of the primary effects.

Displaced communities face overcrowded shelters.

Loss of power and damaged roads disrupt communication and rescue efforts.

Food, fuel, and medical supply shortages occur due to damaged transport networks.

Coastal erosion and pollution affect ecosystems. Damage to crops, livestock, and businesses causes economic loss.

Disease outbreaks such as malaria and cholera increase due to stagnant water, and prolonged rainfall leads to inland flooding and landslides in mountainous areas.

These secondary effects can go on for several months after the initial storm makes landfall.

Which of these are secondary effects of a tropical storm? A.

Displaced people face overcrowded shelters and lack of resources.

B.

People can be injured or killed due to strong winds or storm surges.

C.

Damaged transport networks affect food and medical supplies reaching those in need.

And D, prolonged rainfall can lead to flooding and landslides.

Pause the video and decide which of these you think are secondary effects.

Did you say A.

Displaced people facing overcrowded shelters and lack of resources.

Damaged transport networks affecting food and medical supplies reaching those in need, and prolonged rainfall leading to flooding and landslides.

If so, well done.

B is a primary effect.

It happens immediately as the storm hits land.

Let's have a go at this task.

Categorise these impacts of a tropical storm into primary and secondary effects.

You can write your answers into the table, just like we've done for this first one.

Buildings were destroyed, including homes.

That's a primary effect.

Read through the others and make your decisions.

And then number two, explain the difference between primary and secondary effects of tropical storms. Pause the video and have a go at these two tasks.

Let's see how you've got on.

Power was lost and roads were impossible due to flooding.

Another primary effect.

Many people were injured, and some died.

Another primary effect.

Cholera outbreaks due to lack of clean water is a secondary effect.

Landslides were triggered by heavy rain, a secondary effect.

And food shortages occurred after crops were flooded, a secondary effect.

Did your answer look something similar to this for question number two? Primary effects of tropical storms happen immediately.

They are caused by the strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges associated with tropical storms. Secondary effects are indirect impacts.

They often happen because of the primary effects and may be longer term effects.

An example of a secondary effect could be the spread of disease as a result of polluted flood water.

Well done if your answer was similar to this.

Let's go on to the third part of today's lesson.

Why are some countries more vulnerable? All countries in areas where tropical storms occur face significant challenges when dealing with primary and secondary effects of tropical storms. However, some countries are more vulnerable to these effects due to physical, economic, or social factors.

Lower income countries can be particularly vulnerable due to weaker infrastructure and less advanced disaster response systems. This photo shows an image of a flooded street and people trying to make their way through it to help others or to escape from high risk areas.

Physical factors that make some countries more vulnerable to the effects of tropical storms could include their location.

Countries and cities that are repeatedly hit by tropical storms are more likely to suffer damage.

Low lying land this makes the country more vulnerable to storm surges, flooding, and high winds.

And mountainous areas, steeper slopes are more susceptible to landslides following heavy rain and flooding.

Andeep says these physical factors can affect both high and low income countries.

Hurricane Katrina's storm surge had such devastating effects as the area of the USA it hit is very low lying.

Good point.

Social and economic factors that make countries more vulnerable to the effects of tropical storms include lack of financial resources.

So less investment into buildings and infrastructure might mean they are of poorer quality, and so damage is likely, which could lead to greater economic loss.

Poor medical and emergency services, this can make it harder to rescue and care for people affected by the storm.

And basic infrastructure, so it may make it difficult to get key resources to people after the storm, like clean water and power, which make the secondary impacts more severe.

These countries are vulnerable to tropical storms due to physical factors.

Bangladesh is vulnerable to storm surges.

It's a very low lying country and has a very dense population.

So, the storm surges will have a huge impact.

The Philippines is located in a region where typhoons are frequently forming, and it has mountainous and coastal areas that make it vulnerable to winds and flooding.

Quick check for you now, which of these are physical factors that lead to areas being more vulnerable to tropical storms? Low lying land, poor infrastructure, or steep slopes? Pause the video and see what you think.

Did you say low lying land and steep slopes? Well done, that's correct.

Infrastructure is a socio-economic factor, and poor infrastructure is more likely to be seen in lower income countries, which makes them vulnerable.

Haiti is exposed to hurricanes due to its Caribbean location, and it's vulnerable to the effects as it is a lower income country that lacks strong infrastructure.

True or false? Lower income countries are generally more vulnerable to the impacts of tropical storms. Pause the video and see what you think.

Did you say true? Excellent, but why? Can you explain why you decided true was the correct answer? Did your answer look something like this? Lower income countries may have a more basic infrastructure, buildings of lower quality, and poorly resourced medical and emergency services.

Therefore, they often experience greater damage and more deaths after a tropical storm.

Well done if your answer was similar to that.

On to your final task.

Two questions for you to answer.

Number one, Haiti and Bangladesh are vulnerable to the effects of tropical storms. What does this mean? Number two, explain two factors that can increase the vulnerability of a country to the effects of a tropical storm.

You may want to use examples to support your answer.

There are some words that you may also want to use in your answer to question two.

High income country, low income country, physical, economic, social, infrastructure, low-lying land.

Think carefully about what we've learned today and come back when you are ready with your answers.

For the first question, did your answer look something like this? This means that they are more susceptible to the effects of the strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges associated with a tropical storm.

As a result, they have a greater likelihood of deaths, injuries, and damage from the storm.

Well done if your answer was similar to that.

And number two, your answer might look something like this.

Lower income countries that have more basic infrastructure are more vulnerable to the effects of tropical storms. Buildings and services are more likely to be damaged, and it is more difficult to get the help and resources to the people who need it.

Physical factors such as low-lying land and steep slopes can mean a country is more vulnerable to storm surges and high winds.

This applies to both high and low income countries, for example, the USA and Bangladesh.

That's a trickier question to answer, so well done if your answer is very similar to mine.

You've worked hard today, let's have a look at a summary of today's lesson.

The main hazards a tropical storm causes are strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges.

The strength of the wind is a way of categorising the severity of the storm.

This is how the Saffir-Simpson scale works.

Strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges can cause immediate effects, known as primary effects.

Secondary effects are indirect impacts of the storm, which often happen after the storm as a result of primary effects.

Countries may be more vulnerable to tropical storms due to physical, economic, or social factors.

Well done, I hope you've enjoyed today's lesson and you've understood it as well.

Look forward to teaching you again soon.