Hello, I'm Mrs. Kennedy.

Thanks for joining me for today's lesson.

We've got lots of content to get through today and I'll be here throughout the lesson guiding you through it.

So, let's get started.

Today's lesson is called, "Who is a Migrant?" and it comes from the unit, How does identity affect rights? By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain the term migrant correctly, and you'll also be able to describe the different experiences that migrants might have here in the UK.

Now, sometimes in citizenship we talk about topics that people can have quite strong opinions about, and it's really important therefore, when we're gonna talk about topics like that, that we establish some really clear ground rules at the start of our session.

And those ground rules help us to make sure that we can create a safe and respectful place for us to have those conversations, and a place where everyone's voice is listened to, and we can learn from each other.

So I wanted to just talk through some ground rules that we might use in today's lesson before we get started.

Now, it may well be that you already have a set of ground rules that you use when you do your citizenship lessons at your school.

And they might include things like listening to each other, respecting privacy, no judgement , and choosing at what level you want to participate in the lesson.

So I'm just going to leave these up for a moment for you to have a read through.

And it might be that you want to add some other ground rules that you've agreed as a class before we take part in the rest of today's lesson.

Let's have a look at the keywords we're going to use in today's lesson.

So today, we have three keywords.

Our first keyword is migration.

And migration means the movement of people from one place to another.

For example, that might be moving from one country to another country.

Our next key word is migrant.

A migrant is a person who moves from one place to another.

And our final key word for today is hate crime.

And this is a crime that is motivated by prejudice.

We're going to explore those words in much more detail throughout the rest of the lesson, so keep an eye out for them.

Now, our lesson today has two parts, and in our first part we're going to explore what does it mean to be a migrant.

And we've just heard from our keywords that migration is the movement of people from one place to another place.

And there are different types of migration.

So internal migration is when someone migrates within the same country, so they move from one area to another area of that same country.

And then you also have international migration, and that is moving to a whole new country.

So we've got internal migration and international migration.

And the person who does the moving is described as a migrant.

So migration is moving from one place to another and the person who does that moving is called a migrant.

Now, migration is a really common part of human history.

It happened all over the world for thousands and thousands of years.

And people have migrated for lots of different reasons, and I wonder if you can think of any of those reasons.

So looking at an example in history, in the fifth century, tribes from Germany settled here in Britain looking for new farmland.

And you may have heard in your history lessons of other examples of migration.

So a really common one that you might have heard of is the Windrush generation.

So after World War II, the government invited people from the Caribbean to come to Britain to help rebuild after the devastation and fill jobs.

And we had over a thousand people migrate to this country from the Caribbean to do that.

Now, when people migrate, there are both push and pull factors that support that migration.

In today's lesson, we are going to be focusing mainly on pull factors.

Now, pull factors are reasons which encourage a person to become a migrant.

They encourage migration.

And examples might include things like migrating because of a better climate somewhere else.

It might be that some becomes a migrant 'cause they prefer the lifestyle in a different country.

There might be better job opportunities in a different country for them, or there might be better public services like healthcare or better education.

And they are all examples of pull factors that encourage people to migrate.

So Izzy gives us a good example of a pull factor here.

She says, "My sister migrated to Australia.

She loves the sunshine and it hardly ever rains in Australia, which is perfect for her as she likes to walk her dog and exercise outside all of the time." So one of the pull factors that encouraged Izzy's sister to become a migrant was a better climate in Australia.

And Lucas gives us another example.

My aunt has migrated to the USA recently.

She really enjoys the lifestyle in California.

She said she's busy all the time but likes to hike on her days off.

So the pull factor that encouraged Lucas's aunt to migrate to the USA was the lifestyle there.

So let's check that we've understood what we've talked about so far.

Which of the following is describing a migrant? Is it A, a person who has moved from one place to another? Is it B, a person who is visiting a new place for the first time? Or is it C, a person who moves to a new place temporarily? Pause the video now and answer that question.

So which of the following is describing a migrant? Hopefully you picked A, a migrant is a person who has moved from one place to another place.

Well done, if you've got that one right.

What about this one? Which of the following is a pull factor for migration? Is it A, fleeing persecution? B, a poorly paid job? Or C, better healthcare? Which one of those is a pull factor for migration? Pause the video again to have a go at that one.

So the pull factor for migration in these examples is better healthcare.

So remember a pull factor is something that is encouraging a person to become a migrant.

The other two would actually be examples of push factors.

So if someone wants to migrate, they want to become a migrant, there are various different legal ways that they can apply for permission to do that.

And one of the most common ways of doing that is by applying for a visa.

And a visa is special permission from a country to settle there.

Here in the UK, we track our migration figures quite closely, and we particularly look at something called net migration.

I wonder if net migration is a term that you've heard before.

So let's take a look at how net migration is calculated here in the UK.

So in order to work out our net migration, we take the total number of people who move to the UK.

So the number of migrants coming in, and we subtract from that number, a total number of people who have left the UK, who have immigrated to a different country.

So we take the number of immigrants coming in, and we subtract the number of people who have immigrated to another country.

So net migration, as we've just said, is people coming in, take away people leaving.

So according to government data, in 2023 here in the UK, we saw 1.

22 million migrants arriving and we saw 532,000 people leaving the UK.

So we can therefore take those two numbers to work out our net migration.

So you take the number of people who arrived, you subtract the number of people who left, and we saw that net migration was 630,000 people.

So overall, what does that tell us? Well, it tells us that the UK's population has increased.

So true or false, net migration is the total number of people coming into the UK.

Is that one true or is it false? Pause the video now to decide.

So I asked you whether net migration is the total number of people coming into the UK and hopefully you said that that is false.

So actually, net migration is the total number of people coming in migration minus the total number of people leaving immigration.

I have a task for you to check that you've understood what we've talked about so far.

So I would like you to go away and write me an explanation of all the positive or pull factors that a migrant may consider when migrating to the UK.

Pause the video now to have a go at that.

I asked you to write me an explanation of all the positive or pull factors that a migrant may consider when migrating to the UK.

So I wonder what examples you came up with.

Let's have a look at this example and answer together and see if you came up with any of the same pull factors.

So it says, "There are many things that may act as pull factors for migrants looking to migrate to the UK.

First, the National Health Service or the NHS gives people free healthcare when they need it, which is a huge positive.

There's also free education, so families don't have to pay for schools.

Even though the weather isn't always great, there aren't things like regular droughts or hurricanes, so it's not too extreme.

The lifestyle is another reason.

The UK has a lot of variety, from big cities like London, to more peaceful countryside areas, so you can find something that suits you.

And finally, the UK has a strong economy with lots of job opportunities in different industries, so there are chances to earn good money and build a career." So there's lots of pull factors that were mentioned there, which at the public services that we have here in the UK, education and healthcare.

We looked at the climate here in the UK, they looked at the lifestyle here in the UK and also the economy and the opportunities that that brings.

Lots of different pull factors in there.

I wonder if you got any of those pull factors in your example.

Well done, if you did.

So far, in today's lesson, we've explored what it means to be a migrant.

And to conclude the lesson, we're going to look at what some of the experiences of migrants are.

Now, migration can bring many benefits to a country.

I wonder if you can spend a moment having a think or talking to the person next to you about what you think some of the benefits a migrant might bring to a country could be.

Perhaps, pause the video to do that.

Some of the examples you might have come up with might include filling skills gaps.

So for example, migrants can contribute to public services.

A good example of that here in the UK is with our NHS, our National Health Service.

We have many migrants migrate to our country to come and work for NHS, and that helps to fill any skills gaps that we might have there.

Another way that migrants can benefit a country is by contributing to the economy.

And one way that they do that is by paying taxes.

The Centre for Business and Economic Research is an organisation that looks into statistics around migration.

And they've had a look at how migration impacts us here in the UK, and they looked at migration levels in 2022 and how that migration levels affected things like taxation, governments spending and the economy as a whole.

And they used that to predict the future impact of migration.

And you can see here on the slide that they have predicted that the UK could benefit by up to 3.

3 billion pounds every year from migration.

So the way they come up with that figure is they've essentially estimated what our economy might have looked like if net migration had been zero in 2022.

And they estimated that if we'd had no net migration in 2022, then our GDP, now our GDP stands for our gross domestic product.

And if you haven't heard that term before, our gross domestic product or our GDP is essentially the value of the goods and services produced in this country during a given time period.

Normally, we talk about it over the course of a year.

So the Centre for Business and Economic Research said that if we'd had no migration, if net migration had been zero in 2022, then it is likely that our GDP, our gross domestic product would've been about nought.

94% smaller, so nearly 1% smaller.

And the impact that that might have had would've been that taxes would've been around 9.

4 billion times lower.

And our public spending also would've been about 6.

1 billion lower.

And then they looked at all of those numbers, and they concluded that they predict that that would result in a positive net impact of around 3.

3 billion pounds a year.

So that's what the research suggests on how migrants can boost or benefit the economy here in the UK.

And another way that migration can benefit us here in the UK is by adding diversity, and that might be through food, clothing, entertainment, and lots of different areas.

So there's just three examples there of how migration can benefit a country.

However, while there are lots of benefits for migration, we also have lots of people who worry about the level of net migration here in the UK, and they worry that it's too high.

What do you think they might be worried about? So if someone's worrying or thinks that we should be lowering on that migration in this country, what do you think might be some of the reasons behind that worry? So one of the reasons could be that they're worried about the pressure it could cause on public services.

So, more people coming in means more people re-accessing things like the NHS or our schools, our transport lanes.

And there might be too much pressure on those services.

Another argument or worry that people might have is, "Well, if there's lots of migrants coming in to fill skills gaps, is that gonna make it harder for me to get a job here in this country?" So they might be worried about job competition.

And another worry might be, "Oh, actually yes, diversity can be really beneficial, but what if we start to lose some of our local traditions and customs?" So there's three worries there on the slide, but you might have come up with some other worries.

So similarly to worried about pressure on public services, just general worries about strain on resources, be that for food, water, or energy.

And people worry that, actually, if there's a lot of pressure on those things that that could lead to costs rising because there might be shortages for those resources, and that might make life more expensive for people.

Another worry that often comes up, and you might have seen in the media, for example, is around housing and housing shortages.

And will we have enough places for migrants to live? So whilst we see lots of benefits of migration, on the counterside of that, there are often lots of worries about the level of migration as well.

And if you put those benefits and those worries together, it can mean that migrants, when they come to this country, can have lots of very varied experiences.

So certainly, migrants can come to this country and have really positive rich experiences.

And Carlos, here on the slide, is a really good example of that.

So he says, "Hi, I'm Carlos.

I was 16 when my family moved from Spain to the UK, and the reason we moved was for better job opportunities.

I was really nervous at first, but I quickly made friends and loved the country's diversity.

I enjoyed learning new hobbies and exploring different cultures.

Moving to the UK has opened up so many opportunities for us, and we felt our lives have improved since then." So Carlos is a really good example of someone who has migrated with his family to the UK, and they've had a really positive experience of what that can look.

Not all people who migrate to the UK will have the positive experience that we've just heard about from Carlos, and some migrants might have quite negative experiences.

Have a think about what some of the reasons behind those negative experiences might be.

And again, you might wanna pause the video for a moment, just have a think about that or have a conversation with the person next to you about that.

So one of the reasons that someone might have a negative experience when they migrate to this country could be around public opinion on migration.

You've got a statistic there on the slide that says, "Nearly a third of people surveyed by an IPSOS poll believed that migration was not positive." And now, IPSOS is the Independent Press Standards Organisation, and they're an independent regulator for UK print and digital news industry.

And they do research such as this survey.

And in this survey, they found that actually nearly a third of people in the UK didn't believe that migration was a positive thing, and that could have quite a negative impact on the people who are migrating to this country.

And often, we can see that through the media portrayal of migration that may be impacted by those views as well.

And another reason that a migrant might not have a positive experience moving to this country is that sometimes people may link migration to illegal migrations.

So they may confuse people who have legally migrated to this country through applying for, say, a visa with someone who's arrived through an illegal route.

And illegal migration is a term that is used to describe when people move to a country against the laws of that particular country.

Now, as we mentioned at the very beginning of the lesson when we were talking about ground rules, migration can be quite a controversial topic and people can have really strong opinions about it.

And one example of a time when those strong opinions became apparent was when the government launched a campaign using vans that had the message, "Go home or face arrest." And this was in a campaign that the government launched in 2013, so quite a long time ago now.

And it was a campaign that was very much aimed at illegal migrants.

So it wasn't aimed at migrants who had come through legal channels, but it was aimed at illegal migrants.

And the vans had this big message on them that said, "Go home or face arrest." And this campaign sparked masses of different opinions amongst the general public here in the UK, and people had very strong opinions on both sides.

So I'd like you to have a think about, well, why do you think the government might made the decision to run that campaign? And what are some of the arguments, both for and against this campaign? And again, you might wanna take a moment.

Just pause the video to have a think about those questions or to perhaps have a conversation about 'em in your class or with the person sitting next to you.

So let's, first of all, have a think about what the supporters of the campaign, so the people who thought the campaign was a good idea might have said.

So, one of the arguments that the supporters of the campaign used was, "Actually, we needed a really clear message about illegal migration, which would deter people from coming or staying in the UK if they didn't have the proper legal documentation in order to do that." And support of the campaign had many other reasons.

They believe that that message was important because it might protect jobs and resources for people who were legally residing in this country.

And that tackling illegal immigration was important for national security, for example.

All of the worries that we looked at earlier in the lesson actually, that perhaps our public services and our resources may be strained and not be able to take the pressure.

And these are all worries that people had that led them to support a campaign like this that was there to tackle illegal immigration.

But people had really strong opinions on the other side of the argument too.

And there were lots of opponents of the campaign who didn't think the campaign should have run.

And one of the arguments they used was, actually, it caused fear and confusion, and it led to discrimination and hostility towards people who were legally in this country.

So the legal migrants who had come via visas for all of the pull factors that we described earlier in the lesson had migrated legally and settled in communities, and actually the campaign was causing confusion, and those people were facing fear and discrimination.

There's been lots of other examples, and you might be able to think of other examples of similar campaigns that have perhaps had really strong opinions on both sides, both those supporting the campaigns and those who opposed the campaigns.

And for this campaign in particular, whilst lots of people thought that it was a necessary step to control immigration, others felt, actually, it was quite divisive and potentially damaging to our reputation as a country of being welcoming.

So, it saw arguments on both sides.

So, let's just check what we've talked about so far.

So in 2013, the government used vans to target legal migrants in the UK with a message, "Go home." Is that statement true or is that statement false? Pause the video now to answer that question.

So hopefully, you selected false for that one.

Let's take a look at why that one's false.

So actually, the UK government used a van to display a message about illegal migration.

So it wasn't targeted at legal migrants, it was targeted specifically at illegal migrants.

And some migrants also may find themselves victims of a hate crime.

Now, if you think all the way back to the beginning of our lesson, we had hate crime as one of our key words.

I wonder if you can remember what the definition of a hate crime was.

So hate crimes are crimes which are motivated by prejudice related to a particular characteristic.

So an example of that might be prejudice related to a person's skin colour, which would be a racially motivated hate crime, or it might be prejudice to do with their religion or their beliefs.

It could be about their sexuality or their gender identity.

So where a crime is motivated by prejudice relating to a particular characteristic, like those ones we've just listed, that would be recorded as a hate crime.

Hate crimes are reported to the police.

And here in the UK, the government tracks the data.

However, not all hate crimes will be reported, so some hate crimes go unreported.

So it is tricky to get a true figure for how much hate crime we see here in the UK.

So Alex is gonna give us an example there of a hate crime that he's seen.

So he says, "My mom's friend is Romanian.

She came to the UK for a better paid job.

Since she arrived here, she's experienced racism.

She's often called names." So she's experienced hate crime based on her nationality or her skin colour.

And according to government statistics, in 2024, racially motivated hate crimes accounted for about 70% of all hate crimes that were reported to the government.

So it's a huge percentage of hate crimes we see are racially motivated.

And Izzy's gonna give us another example.

She says, "My uncle has lived here since he was born but he has a Nigerian name.

Despite being English, he's often rejected from jobs he's qualified to do.

And here in the UK, it's illegal to discriminate against people because of their race.

However, we've seen that Pakistani and Nigerian applicants who grew up in the UK and have British citizenship and qualifications are invited to interviews significantly less than white British applicants.

So what conclusion could you perhaps, perhaps draw from that statistic? And Lucas has got a third example for us.

He says, "My aunt's wife moved to the UK to escape LGBT discrimination in her home country where she couldn't marry freely.

In the UK, she can marry and live openly." So again, in the UK we have laws that protect all of our citizens, including migrants.

And one example of a law that protects us against discrimination, like discrimination and against LGBT people is the Equality Act 2010.

And that Equality Act allows many people to live freely in British culture.

And research shows that Britain has become more accepting of other cultures.

So which piece of legislation is designed to protect people from discrimination? Is it A, the Equal Marriage Act, B, the Equality Act, or C, the Equal Chances Act? Which one of those pieces of legislation is designed to protect people from discrimination? Pause the video now to make your selection.

So I asked you which piece of legislation from the list below was designed to protect people from discrimination.

Hopefully, you selected B, the Equality Act.

So for our final task of today's lesson, I would like you to consider the evidence you've heard so far in the lesson and think, do you think Britain is a welcoming country for migrants? And there's some different things you might want to think about when you are coming up with your answer.

You could think about our laws, our values, and also some of the experiences you have read about today or perhaps that you've heard about outside of today's lesson.

Pause the video now to have a go at that task.

So I asked you to consider the evidence you've heard so far and have a think about whether you think Britain is a welcoming country for migrants.

Your answer might have looked something like this.

"Migrants are welcoming the UK.

They provide lots of important skills to our workforce and many work in important sectors like healthcare.

There are also laws in the UK such as the Equality Act 2010, which protect people from discrimination and this includes migrants.

So all of this suggests that migrants are welcome.

However, on the other hand, many migrants unfortunately experience racism.

And in 2024, racially motivated hate crimes accounted for 70% of hate crimes.

Furthermore, despite government laws that protect the rights of migrants, a 2013 government campaign against illegal migration used the slogan, "Go home," which could be seen as unwelcoming.

However, this campaign was against illegal migration, and therefore it could be argued that the UK is welcoming to legal migrants." Now, don't worry if your answer didn't look exactly like mine.

What I wanted you to do is really think about everything you've learned today and apply it.

So you might have come to quite a different conclusion, and as long as you can give some really good evidence to back up how you came to your conclusion, that is fun.

And that brings us to the end of today's lesson.

Thank you for joining me today to explore migration here in the UK.

Let's have a quick look at some of the key things we've talked about.

So we said, many migrants arrive in a new country to find a better life.

A country's pull factors.

So the factors that pull people to want to come and migrate to that country might be things like enjoying a new climate, experiencing more work and educational opportunities, or learning new skills.

Despite laws like the Equality Act offering protection to migrants against discrimination, we know that some migrants in the UK do face negative experiences such as being the victims of hate crimes or racism.

So we've gone through an awful lot of information today.

Thank you for joining me, and I hope to see you at our next lesson.