Hello, I'm Mrs. Kennedy.

Thanks for joining me for today's lesson.

We've got lots of content to get through today, and I'll be here throughout the lesson, guiding you through it.

So, let's get started.

Today's lesson comes from the unit "What are our identities and our communities?" And our lesson today's called "How are communities changing?" By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain how and why communities have changed over time.

We've got three key words in today's lesson, so let's take a look at those together.

Our first key word is communities.

A community is a group of people who live in the same place or have a particular characteristic in common.

Our next key word is change.

Change is an act or process through which something becomes different.

And our final key word is migration.

The movement of people from one place to another.

For example, moving from one country to another country.

It has three parts.

And in our first part, we're going to take a look at what were early communities like.

Things have developed over time as things changed, and there have been lots of different events and changes in society, which means that communities have had to change too, depending on what's going on.

So, let's take a look back in history.

Now, originally humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers.

That meant that they didn't stay in one place.

They moved around to find food by hunting animals and collecting plants.

During the Neolithic period, which was about 12,000 years ago, we learned how to farm.

We began growing crops and keeping animals, which allowed people to build villages and stay in one place to form a community.

So, rather than being nomadic hunter-gatherers who moved around a lot, we began to settle in areas and form communities.

True or false? Communities built cities during the Neolithic period.

So, did you think it was true or false? Did communities build cities during the neolithic period? So, that one was actually false.

Well done if you got that right.

So, during the neolithic period, people learnt how to farm and built villages, which formed early communities.

However, it wasn't until much later in history that we began to build cities.

In the Bronze Age, people began using metal to make better tools and weapons and impact on communities too.

So, communities began trading with other places and building famous monuments like Stonehenge.

And you can see Stonehenge in the picture there.

Lots of you may have seen that in the past.

So, when did people start using metal to make tools? Was it the Gold Age, the Silver Age, or the Bronze Age? So, people began to use metal to make tools in the Bronze Age.

Well done if you got that one right.

Moving forward a little.

By the time of the Iron Age, people lived in hillforts and formed tribes with leaders and warriors.

When the Ancient Romans came to Britain in 43 CE, they brought towns and roads, but many rural areas and rural communities stayed the same.

So, you can see in those pictures how communities started to evolve depending on what was going on in history.

And when did the Ancient Romans invade Britain? So, we've got four options there.

Was it 23 CE, 33 CE, 43 CE, or 53 CE? When do you think the Ancient Romans invaded Britain? So, well done if you said 43 CE.

That is when the Ancient Romans invaded Britain.

Now, moving past the Ancient Romans, when the Ancient Romans left Britain in the fifth century, the country faced invasion by the Anglo-Saxons, and the Anglo-Saxons came and settled in communities and began to form kingdoms. Again, from 793 CE, Viking raids and invasions occurred in Britain, leading to battles for control between the Vikings and the Anglo-Saxons.

And then eventually, the Normans invaded Britain in 1066, and that brought significant change to the country's culture, society, communities, and our government.

One of the most significant or the biggest changes that the Normans introduced to Britain was a system called feudalism.

Now, feudalism is probably a word that you may not have heard of before.

So, Alex asks, "Well, what is feudalism us?" Feudalism is a system where people got land and protection from more powerful people.

And in exchange, they had to work and fight for them.

So, for the wealthy or the more powerful people who owned a lot of land, the feudalism system allowed them to give people their land.

But in return, the people that they gave land to were expected to work or perhaps fight for them.

Since the Norman Conquest, communities in Britain have changed even further.

So, firstly, with the rise of towns, and then later during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century with the transformation of cities.

So, we began to see much more building and cities being built during the Industrial Revolution.

And you can see there in the picture, that's an illustration showing the construction of the Iron Bridge over the River Wear in Sunderland back in 1796.

The Industrial Revolution increased urbanisation by creating more infrastructure for cities.

And the Industrial Revolution also introduced significant social change to communities, especially in terms of the jobs that it brought, and that also had a really big impact on family life.

New infrastructure meant more factories were built.

More technology and investment resulted in more machines in factories and more people were needed to operate them.

And that began to bring people in to work in cities instead of farms. So, the change in the job market brought families into cities and away from farms. And this led to new kinds of work like factory jobs and created crowded city communities, more like the urban cities we see nowadays.

This led to changes in people's routines and many families moved to live closer to the factories.

So, that's a lot of information you've just heard.

Let's check what you've understood.

So, communities in the UK were transformed by, A, the Industrial Revolution, B, the Industrious Revolution, C, the Industrial Revelation, or D, the Industrious Revelation.

So, they're all quite similar, those answers.

Have a read of them yourself and decide which one is the correct answer to finish the sentence, "Communities in the UK were transformed by." So, well done if you found the right answer in amongst those.

The correct answer was the Industrial Revolution.

It was the Industrial Revolution which transformed cities, which transformed communities in the UK.

So, we have a task to check your understanding of what we've talked about so far.

So, I've shared lots of information with you about how changes in history have caused changes to communities, and I'd like you to create me a timeline which explains some of the key features of some of the historic communities in Britain.

And I've given you some hints there.

So, I've given you the different areas I want you to have a look at.

And what were the key features that these times brought? So, we've got the Neolithic Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Ancient Romans, the Anglo-Saxons, and the Industrial Revolution.

And for each of those, I would like you to describe the key feature that it impacted on communities.

Pause the video now to have a go at that.

How did you get on? So, I gave you a timeline with lots of different areas in history, and I asked you to describe some of the key features or the key impacts that those changes in history had had on our communities.

So, let's start with the Neolithic Age.

You might have said that during the Neolithic Age, farming began and villages began to form.

We really had our first ever communities, so we'd moved from hunter-gatherers and nomadic lifestyles to begin to form our first communities.

Next on our timeline was the Bronze Age.

And during the Bronze Age, people began using metal for tools and trading between different communities.

Moving forward to the Iron Age, people began to live in hillfort, formed tribes with leaders.

By the time the Ancient Romans had invaded, they built towns and roads, but rural areas stayed much the same.

When the Anglo-Saxons invaded, they formed kingdoms and began to fight with the Vikings.

And during the Industrial Revolution, we saw real transformation of cities and significant social change with the change in job market and how that moved people in to live near the factories and for much bigger, more busy cities.

Well done if you've got some of those things in your timeline.

So, we've looked at how communities changed throughout history.

Now, we're going to take a look at why communities have changed.

So, communities have changed due to many factors, and some of those factors include things like migration, which introduced new cultures, ideas and traditions to communities.

Now, if you haven't heard of the word migration before, Lucas gives us a little clue, but actually we did hear at the beginning of the lesson in our key word.

But as a reminder, migration is when people move from one place to another.

And that is often when they move from one country to another country.

And when people migrate, they bring with them new cultures, ideas and traditions which can have a real impact and a real change on the communities that they migrate into.

Economic shifts can also impact our communities.

So, when we talk about the economy, we're really talking about kind of money and finance, and an economic shifts can transform work and living conditions for people in communities.

Social change can also have an impact on communities.

So, when we talk about social change, we include things like movements or campaigns for more equality and inclusivity.

And when we talk about equality, what we're really talking about is equal opportunities and equal access for people no matter what their characteristics are.

So, their gender, their race, their background and their beliefs.

And movements for equality and inclusivity really help to reshape our values and improve diversity.

They enhance collaboration among people from different backgrounds and help shape their experiences.

So, social change can have a real impact on our communities too.

Lots of reasons why communities continue to change over time.

So, let's look at some examples.

Politics is a really good one.

So, the people that we elect to be in charge of making policy and laws and regulations for our communities and for our society will change over time, and that can have a huge impact on our communities.

Again, the economy, we talked about the economy being around finances, but what finances available and the wealth in different areas will have an impact on the communities.

The structure of who lives in an area can really impact the community.

And something that really impacts that is migration.

So, one of the reasons we looked at that causes changing communities was politics.

This will always be a force for changing communities.

With the power to make new laws and develop strategies, communities change as a result.

Most new laws will change the community in some way.

I wonder if you can think of any new laws or changes to laws that have happened since you've been alive that have really impacted and changed the community in which you live.

So, Lucas has an idea of one.

He says, "When a new law was introduced, which stopped people smoking in public places and on public transport, I found it much nicer travelling around." So, before that law was introduced, people could smoke when they were in restaurants, when they were on buses and trains, and that really impacted the citizens and the people that were around them.

And that change in law had a real impact on communities.

So, another example, a more recent example of how politics has changed communities is a new law that the government introduced in 2022 called the "Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act." And one of the things that this new law did was give the police more power to control protests and public gatherings.

This made some people in communities angry and upset because they didn't feel they were being listened to anymore.

So, they wanted the ability to protest and come together to talk about things when they didn't think things were going well.

And they were angry that some of that, that the police were being given more power to control that.

And that worried quite a lot of people.

Actually, those involved in social movements thought that this law might take away their rights.

And some people felt that this restricted them and silenced their voice.

So, they felt, if you imagine a social movement in it, and it could be about any kind of movement that a community wants to change something, you know, around climate change or working conditions or whatever they feel strongly about, they're worried that they wouldn't, that their right to protest and come together and explain their opinions and their thoughts on that was being controlled.

A case for everybody.

And plenty of people welcomed this change in the law because it made them feel safer and more secure in their communities.

So, people welcomed the new law as they also felt that it helped prevent disruption in their communities.

So, say people had come into their community to protest and had blocked roads or made the traffic worse, and that had really impacted on, say, their ability to get to work.

And they felt that, actually, the Police, Crime, Sentencing, and Courts Act, by giving the police more power to control protests and social gatherings, was allowing them to get on with their day-to-day lives more easily.

So, different people have really different opinions about whether they thought this new law would be a positive change for communities.

True or false? Political changes in communities are a result of government action.

Do you think that statement is true or do you think it's false? So, that statement is true.

Then let's take a look at why.

So, if the government makes a change, this is considered a political change, and governments can decide on new laws.

And every time, a new law is made or a change is made to existing law, that will have an impact on the community.

So, another factor that we looked at was the economy.

And Lucas is reminding us that the economy is all about how people spend and make money.

It's how a country makes and uses things and how much money that country has to spend on.

Now, how can the economy impact communities? So, communities in the UK have changed because of economic factors such as job availability.

So, we talked about that with the Industrial Revolution.

When the Industrial Revolution happened, there were lots of new job opportunities and people moved into cities to take those job opportunities and that had a real change on the community.

And we continue to see that job availability and job opportunities have a huge impact on the communities around the world.

The cost of living can impact communities, and so can things like access to education.

So, what schools are available in a local community will have an impact on who lives there.

When we have a strong economy, more people are able to get good jobs and there are more opportunities for people.

However.

Struggle, struggle to get work, struggle with opportunities, and this can cause some stress and sometimes force people to move out of their community, or perhaps rely on support.

So, there's lots of ways there that the economy can impact community change.

So, one example of how the economy affected communities is back in 2008 and the financial crisis, and you might have heard of the financial crisis in 2008.

During that financial crisis, many people lost their jobs and lots of communities faced cuts to services like libraries and youth centres.

This led to fewer opportunities for young people, which made it harder for families to get by financially.

And we saw that again when the coronavirus lockdown happened in 2020.

Lots of businesses were unable to keep their doors open due to mounting debt and a lack of income.

So, have a read of this sentence, and which word do you think should finish the sentence? So, when the economy is strong, people have more struggles, more opportunities, or more debt.

So, the correct answer here is opportunities.

When the economy is strong, people have more opportunities.

I hope you got that one right.

So, demography was another factor that we looked at.

Now, demography is the study of populations and how they change over time in terms of their size, their structure, and their characteristics.

So, what that means is it looks at how many people there are in the population, but it also looks at things like what the birth rate is compared to the death rate.

It looks at the general age of the population.

Are we ageing as a population? It also looks at things like gender.

And it'll also look at migration.

And remember, migration is when people move from one country to another country.

So, let's look at an example of that.

London has the largest group of young people in the UK.

So, if you take London as a community, you might think London, because it's got the largest group of young people in the UK, it's going to need more youth facilities like sports centres or venues that are suitable for young people than perhaps a community that has a much older population in it.

And generally speaking, more young people live in urban areas like cities because there are better opportunities for them, better job opportunities for example.

Our governments, the people who run our country and our local communities, so both our national government and our local governments, use demographic information about the population and the population's characteristics to understand trends.

So, they look at things like how populations grow or shrink, and that really helps the government to plan for the facilities and the services that those communities need.

So, things like schools or healthcare and hospitals, how much housing an area might need, and all of that can be based on the needs of the population for that community.

So, for example, if a population is getting older is ageing, there might be a need for more healthcare services for the older people within that community.

Let's look at north Norfolk as an example.

So, north Norfolk has the highest proportion of over 65s in the UK.

So, quite a different setup to London, which had the most young people.

North Norfolk has a really high proportion of people over 65.

And if you therefore look at their demography, their demographic of north Norfolk, you might think that, actually, they need more facilities for older people.

And that could be anything from health facilities to care homes to community venues where events can be run.

So, thinking about what we've just talked about, true or false? Age is a demographic reason why a community might change.

So, that one is true.

Well done if you've got that right.

And the reason it's true is we know that, as people in a community grow older, their needs and lifestyles change.

And this can have an influence on things like local services, housing and activities, and those things lead to ships or change in communities.

Okay, we've got a task for you here.

So, I want you to take a look at this graph and tell me what does this graph show us about communities? So, our graph is called "Number of people living in urban and rural areas." So, just a reminder, an urban area is a built up area, a city, whereas a rural area is more like a countryside village.

And you've got two lines there.

Your blue line is your urban population and your orange line is your rural population.

So, have a look at the graph and tell me, what does this graph show us about communities? Pause the video now to do that.

So, what did you think the graph showed us about communities you might like? Well, since 1975 when this graph begins, the number of people living in urban areas has increased.

There are now more people living in urban communities than there are in rural communities.

So, well done if you spotted that trend.

As part of our task, I would like you to think about, well, why do you think communities have changed in that way? So, we've had look at the graph and we've described how the community has changed, but I'd like you to now tell me why you think it's changed in that way.

Pause the video now to have a go at that.

So, there's lots of reasons that you might have listed about why the community's changed in that way.

So, some of the ones I've got here on the slide are perhaps there were more jobs or educational opportunities in the urban areas and that's what caused people to move to them and their populations to rise.

Perhaps there were higher wages in the urban areas or perhaps there were more facilities and things to do in urban areas.

I wonder if you got any of those reasons, or if perhaps you just did some other reasons.

And for the final part of our task, I'd like you to have a think about who do you think is more likely to live in which area.

And I'd like you to be able to explain your answer to me.

So, we've got our urban population and our rural population.

Who do you think is most likely to live in those different areas and why? Pause the video now to have a go at that.

So, again, there are lots of reasons that that might happen.

So, you might have picked up on something like, well, young people tend to leave rural areas in favour of urban areas in order to find work and more opportunities.

Therefore, it's more likely that we would have young people living in urban areas.

I wonder if you got a similar answer.

So, for the final part of our lesson, we're gonna specifically think about how technology is changing our communities.

So, technological advances have changed our communities in lots of ways, but one thing they've done is make life easier and more connected.

So, things like mobile phones, the internet, and social media help us to stay in touch with people, share information and work from anywhere, which is a real change from communities before those technological advancements where it was much harder to stay in contact with people who were not geographically close to you.

Technology has also changed things like how we shop, how we learn, and even how we play games.

And again, that is often bringing people together in really new ways.

So, Andeep gives us an example.

He says, "The Malaria vaccine produced in 2023 was a combination of work from India and the UK.

Now, without technology and advanced communication, this work would not have been possible." So, India and the UK would not have been able to work together to produce the malaria vaccine.

So, that's a really good example of how technology is changing things.

Technology has also increased our ability to part our global community by connecting with people all over the world.

And communication is developed from things like letters to phones and now to the internet and social media, meaning we're able to connect with anyone around the globe.

And it's this infrastructure, what makes up the places we live, in our neighbourhood communities that allows this to happen.

So, for example, cellular towers, routers, modems, and aerials.

Thinking about what we've just talked about, do you think this sentence is true or false? Technology has helped us to become a more connected global community.

Is that true or false? It's true.

Well done if you've got that right.

Technology has helped us to communicate with people all over the world, leading to amazing inventions across countries and improving life for communities all over the world.

So, I've got another check for understanding here.

I would like you to identify three technologies that have helped us to become a more global community.

So, what three technologies did you identify? So, I've got three answers here.

And so, your answers could have included social media, telephones, or the internet.

Well done if you've got any of those.

The telephone is a really useful example to demonstrate how technological advances have changed communities.

So, the first popular telephone had to be wired into your home.

You couldn't take it anywhere with you.

Today, we've got mobile phones, which have changed the way we live and the way our communities function.

We can now stay informed about local events, have access to maps at our fingertips, and can reach people much more easily in emergencies.

In the 1980s, to phone someone abroad from the UK cost a lot of money, sometimes over £five a minute.

But nowadays, we have the internet, social media, and mobile phone data.

We can make calls abroad, all included in the cost of our everyday phone package.

We can now phone people on the other side of the world at a much lower cost to us, and that's really changed how we communicate with people who live in different countries from us.

This has helped to improve relationships and has meant that people who have migrated can now speak really easily to families and friends who live where they migrated from.

So, have a think about this one.

How have mobile phones helped people who have migrated to another country? Is it, A, they can go shopping easily, B, they can order food easily, or C, they can communicate with family easily? So, I'm sure we all said C, mobile phones have helped people who have migrated to another country because they can now communicate with their family and their friends more easily.

Let's look at another example.

AI, artificial intelligence.

AI has made it easier for people to find information quickly.

So, think about using things like voice assistants to answer questions.

This has seen massive changes in the way communities access and receive information.

For example, it helps businesses understand what customers want, allowing them to change their systems and provide better products and services.

Think about education communities like your school or universities.

AI tools can really help personalise learning, helping pupils and students learn at their own pace and improving their skills.

I wonder if you ever use AI or voice assistants to help you find out information and learn new skills.

So, have a read of this sentence for me and see if you can fill in the gap.

Artificial, what? Has changed the way our communities receive and access information.

So, the correct answer here is intelligence.

Artificial intelligence or AI has changed the way our communities receive and access information.

So, for our final practise task, I would like you to think about, do you think technological advances will continue to change communities? And again, I don't wanna just hear yes or no.

I'd like some really good reasons to explain your answer.

Pause the video now to have a go at that.

So, I asked you the question, do you think technological advances will continue to change communities? And I was particularly interested in you explaining your answer to me.

So, your answer might look very different to this and don't worry if that's the case, but it might have included something like.

I believe technological advances will continue to change communities in the future.

New inventions like AI will improve how we communicate, travel and work, making life easier.

Technology can also influence migration as people move to find better work and education opportunities.

Therefore, communities will keep changing as they adapt to new technologies and increase diversity, helping people stay connected and informed.

I really like that answer because it really clearly explains that, yes, this person does believe that technological advances will continue to change communities.

And they've given me lots of reasons to back up why they think that.

And that brings us to the end of today's lesson.

I've really enjoyed exploring with you how communities changed in history and how they continue to change nowadays.

So, let's have a look at some of the key things we talked about.

So, we said early communities changed dramatically over time due to things like people and places changing.

There are many political, social, and economic reasons why communities change, like politics, economy, and demography.

Technological advances have brought change to communities by allowing them to communicate more easily and effectively regardless of where they are in the world.

And finally, communities will continue to change with the advancement of technology, changes across the world from migration.

Thanks for joining me in today's lesson.