Hi there, I'm Mrs. Kim.

Welcome to today's lesson all about Diseases.

Okay, let's get started then.

So today's lesson, our main outcome is I can describe communicable and non-communicable diseases, including causes and also some risk factors.

These are the key terms that we'll be using today, and if you would like to read them in a little bit more detail, please do pause the video, otherwise, rest assured I will go through these as we move through the slide deck.

We've got three different learning cycles today.

We've got Good to ill health, Communicable diseases, and Non-communicable diseases.

We'll be starting with Good to ill health.

So when I say health to you, what does it really mean? What does it mean to be healthy? Well, you're probably getting a really nice balanced diet, you're exercising regularly, you feel really happy within yourself, and maybe you've got a really good group of friends that you spend time with and socialise with.

And actually, a person's health doesn't just include their physical health, it also includes their mental health.

What do I mean by that? Well, physical health is the kind of condition of your body.

It's all of those organ systems, organs working together harmoniously, carrying out the jobs that they're supposed to do really well.

Whereas your mental health is really how you feel, think and act, how you see yourself, you know, are you happy? Do you feel sad, do you feel lonely, or do you feel like you really have got a really good group of friends.

And actually, a person's never really just healthy or unhealthy, in fact, it's more of a range.

You may feel on some days that you're a little bit more towards the good health, and then other days it might be that actually you are towards the ill health.

And really it's any deviation from how you feel normally, okay? So on a normal day, how do you feel, and that could be towards either the ill or good health range.

One measure of way knowing whether or not your health is in good tact is actually how well you can cope with your normal life.

So are you able to go to school? Are you able to go and carry out your normal jobs around the house, things like that, and are you actually physically and emotionally really quite sound? In order to maintain your good health then, it is important that all of us look after, not just our physical health, so making sure that we get lots of exercise, but also making sure that our mental health is really well as well and taking care of that and time to look after yourself.

So a disease is a persistent deviation, so a change quite regularly, okay, being the persistent part from a person's normal appearance.

So how they look, how their body functions and also how they behave.

So if they suddenly have quite a different change in their personality, and this continues over a long period of time, it might indicate that actually, they have got some sort of disease.

Diseases can either be communicable or they can be non-communicable.

What that means is communicable, they can be passed from person to person, and some examples of communicable diseases are measles and COVID-19.

Measles and COVID-19 are both caused by different viruses.

Non-communicable means that you are not able to pass that on another person, they're not infectious, and some examples of those are asthma and also cancer.

Communicable diseases then, because they can be passed from person to person, there must be something that's actually causing that disease and that will be a pathogen, and that is the thing that is actually then able to be passed from person to person.

They can either be things like viruses or bacteria or other types of micro-organisms. Some examples then, we've got our viruses, our bacteria, and then we've also got fungi and protists, all of those have the potential to cause disease.

However, not every single microorganism actually can cause diseases, only ones that are pathogenic.

Non-communicable diseases, and these are the ones that cannot be spread from person to person, so they're not caused by pathogens.

Instead, they're often linked to certain lifestyle factors that we may have or also genetics.

Genetics are what is in your chromosomes, okay? And this can be passed from parent to child.

It might be a lifestyle factor then, the type of food that you eat, this looks like a really nice healthy plate of food, but it might be that you are not eating quite as healthily as you should be and your diet isn't particularly balanced.

Exercising then, if you do not exercise, then you are going to increase your risk of some non-communicable diseases, and also, of course, smoking is linked with many different types of non-communicable diseases.

The World Health Organisation actually states that non-infectious diseases are the biggest cause of death globally, and actually, at least 17 million people die before the age of 70 globally every year.

86% of premature deaths then, so ones that are before the age of 70 actually happen in low income to middle income households.

So that means that actually disproportionately affects people depending on how much money their household brings in.

Asthma is an example of a non-communicable disease, and actually the exact cause is really unknown, but some people do tend to be more at risk.

Some examples then, if you already have some kind of allergy to say, food or hay fever, so you're allergic to pollen, actually that means that you are more likely to also have asthma.

If other people in your family have got asthma, then you are more likely to have it, and also if you are born with a very low birth weight, you are also more at risk of having asthma.

So onto our first check of today then.

Which of the following diseases are non-communicable? A, asthma, B, COVID-19, C, cancer, or D, measles? I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you get asthma and also cancer? Very good, well done.

True or false then, all micro-organisms cause disease.

Is that true or is that false? Justify your answer.

A, only pathogenic micro-organisms cause disease, or B, pathogens are not types of micro-organisms. I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you get that as false? And of course that is because only pathogenic micro-organisms cause disease.

There are many other micro-organisms in the world that have absolutely no problem living very, very closely with us.

Okay, onto our first task of the day, please can you get your worksheet out in order to record your answers.

Number one, explain why asthma is a non-communicable disease.

Question two, explain why measles is a communicable disease.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, let's go through those answers then.

So number one, asthma is a non-communicable disease as it cannot be spread from person to person.

It is not caused by a pathogen and is associated with certain risk factors such as low birth weight, other allergies, or a family history of asthma.

Question number two, measles is a communicable disease as it can be passed from person to person.

It's actually caused by a pathogenic virus.

I hope you got all those right, and if not, please do add to your answer.

Excellent, well done.

Onto our next learning cycle of the day then, communicable diseases.

So an example of a communicable disease that we're going to talk about is one that's caused by bacteria and it's tuberculosis or TB for short.

It is actually a disease that affects the lungs and it's very, very serious if not treated because it is a bacterial infection, then we can treat it with antibiotics, but sometimes we might need to use a range of antibiotics in order to make sure that we completely eradicate the disease.

Some symptoms include a persistent cough, a high temperature, loss of appetite.

We can see a doctor there listening to the breathing of a person that could potentially have TB.

When a person is infected by TB then, if they cough, what happens is that actually when some of that mucus leaves their mouth, then it will contain millions of the bacteria in that mucus.

If somebody is nearby, they're able to then breathe that in and that bacteria can then go down into their lungs and cause a tuberculosis infection as well.

In order to help prevent the spread, actually the best way to do that is to vaccinate anyone that might be at risk.

People that are at risk then tend to be people that are immunocompromised, so that means that for some reason their immune system isn't working in the correct way, or it might be that you have more chance of actually coming into contact with people that have got tuberculosis depending on what you do for a job or where you live.

People that live in very, very close quarters, so living together in high numbers in households are more likely to contract tuberculosis.

So TB and other communicable diseases actually can spread really rapidly in areas of low income.

Just like I just said, if you live very close quarters, so very close together, actually you're more likely to spread it.

People that live in very poor housing, so we can see a little picture there of what we might call a shanty town, and actually in those areas they've got very limited access to healthcare, so they probably haven't been able to get vaccinations, the housing is very cold and damp, they haven't got sort of the necessary insulation in there, there might be very poor sanitation in the area, so that means taking away waste from toilets, things like that, also, not having access to clean water and potentially also having quite a poor diet that's not rich in all of those different proteins, good fats and carbohydrates and all the types of vitamins and minerals that you need to keep your body healthy.

So let's do a quick check.

Why do diseases disproportionately affect people living in poverty? A, they live in poor housing, for example, cold and damp, B, they have readily available clean water, C, they have access to a balanced diet.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you realise that actually they live in poor housing, for example, cold and damp? Actually, it might be more likely that they don't have clean water available and they're also not able to access such a well balanced diet.

Okay, so actually more than 60% of human pathogens, so micro-organisms that cause disease in humans, actually originated in other animal species.

For example, HIV in non-human primates, so things like monkeys and chimpanzees, and also Ebola is another type of disease and actually that originated in bats.

What often happens is that people might actually be consuming those animals and that's when that disease hops from one species to another.

There are certain factors then that increase that happening.

For example, climate change, okay, climate change is meaning that it's squashing a lot of different organisms into small areas to live much closer together than they would do normally.

Travel and tourism then, people actually going out into different areas of rainforest, things like that, and actually it means that you're coming into much more contact with wildlife that you would not normally see.

Vector biology.

Vector is another organism that is actually able to pass a pathogen from one organism to another.

Probably one of the most famous examples is malaria, where a mosquito draws the blood of one organism and then goes to suck the blood of another organism, and that passes the protist that causes malaria from one organism to another.

Also living in close proximity.

If you are a farmer and you are farming birds, for example, you've got a much higher chance of actually a disease hopping from those birds onto you.

At the moment, there is quite a big problem with bird flu, and that's one of the ways that it can actually pass from animal into humans.

Also, the globalisation of industry means that once a disease is out there, actually it spreads really rapidly from country to country, okay? People are hopping on planes all the time and going from one place to another, and before you even realise that there is some sort of communicable disease, actually, it may have already been able to pass to a number of different countries.

People who study this and they study epidemiology and they look at how a disease is spreading, so who has contracted it, when did they get it and where did it go within a population, it really helps us to understand how a disease changes and spreads across the globe, and it means that countries are able to plan ahead and decide how they're going to prevent that disease from really causing a problem in your country.

A recent example of this and of course, is COVID-19 that's caused by a virus.

It was actually thought to have originated in bats that had been sold in a market and people had then eaten them, and actually this then spread really, really quickly around the globe.

The first case that was diagnosed was actually in China on the 17th of November in 2019.

This really, really quickly spread to Japan and Thailand by January of the next year, so on the 13th of January in Thailand, on the 16th of January in Japan.

There was then a case in the U.

S.

, which was on the 20th of January, and of course then we just saw it explode essentially across the whole world.

We actually saw our first case in the UK, in York in the first 31st of January of that 2020.

Within five months of the first diagnosis, the global death toll surpassed a hundred thousand.

This is why it's so important that people are studying these diseases to find out how they spread so quickly, and also the whole world can then work together for how we can actually try to diagnose and then stop the spread of the disease.

COVID-19 then actually also spreads through droplet infection.

Just like we saw with TB, if somebody speaks or coughs or breathe, those viral particles in their millions are able to leave the body in the mucus and then be breathed in by somebody else.

Certain symptoms that we should look for then, high temperature, continuous cough, tiredness, aches, headache, shortness of breath, a loss of taste and/or smell.

To prevent anyone from getting this then, then actually we should try to avoid our contact with others, but more importantly, we should try and get that vaccine in order to slow down the spread and eventually stop the spread of COVID-19.

So let's go onto our task then, Task B.

We need to create a patient leaflet about tuberculosis or COVID-19, so it's up to you, you can choose which one you want.

It should include information on, one, what your chosen disease is and what causes it, number two, the symptoms of your chosen disease, number three, how your chosen disease can be spread, and number four, how someone could reduce the spread of your chosen disease.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, if you chose TB, then TB is a communicable disease caused by bacteria.

You may have a persistent cough, high temperature and loss of appetite, is spread by mucus droplets containing the bacteria, and the best way to reduce the spread is vaccination.

Let's have a look at COVID-19 then.

COVID-19 is a communicable disease caused by a virus.

You may get a high temperature, continuous cough, tiredness, aches, headache, shortness of breath, loss of taste or smell.

It's also spread by mucus droplets that contain the virus, and we should try to limit contact with others and also get the vaccination.

I hope you got all of those, but please do add some more to your information leaflet if you've got time.

Okay, onto our third learning cycle of today, non-communicable diseases.

So many of the diseases that we know about are actually non-communicable.

An example of a non-communicable disease then, as we can see in that picture is diabetes, and they can't be passed from person to person.

So you can't be stood next to somebody and actually catch that disease.

There's no way that any kind of close contact at all would spread diabetes from one person to another.

Non-communicable diseases that often have a really long duration then, they take a really long time to actually develop, and then when you've got them, you can live with them for actually quite a number of years.

It can affect people of all ages, in all areas of the country, however, unfortunately, again, they do disproportionately affect people that are living in poverty.

The likelihood is that people living in poverty could potentially not have had such a great education around certain lifestyle factors that may then increase their chance of getting non-communicable diseases.

So for example, not knowing which types of foods are good for you and which type of activities we should increase or decrease like exercising or smoking.

Unfortunately, ultra processed foods, the ones that have a high link to these non-communicable diseases actually tend to be the cheapest types of food.

If you look on the back of packaging and you see ingredients that are on there that actually you wouldn't normally find in a everyday kitchen, so things like emulsifiers, that is an ultra processed food, and we should really try to limit those in our diets.

Other risk factors then associated with non-communicable diseases, smoking and vaping, okay? There isn't a great deal of body of work about vaping at the moment, but things that are coming out about vaping actually don't look great, so we shouldn't start smoking or vaping, and if we have, we should definitely try to stop.

If you've got high blood pressure then, you might have a blood pressure monitor that you can test your blood pressure at home, or you may have had that taken at the doctors.

High levels of obesity can lead to non-communicable diseases.

We can find out if somebody is obese by doing the BMI calculation.

But also alcohol, excessive use of alcohol and also substance abuse are also linked with non-communicable diseases disease.

So examples of non-communicable diseases that are associated with obesity then, coronary heart disease.

The coronary arteries are the arteries on the outside of the heart that supply the heart with blood.

If they become narrow or blocked, it can lead to coronary heart disease.

The next one then is stroke, and we're going to look at that one in a little bit more detail in the later slide.

Also, lots of types of cancer such as bowel cancer are linked with obesity, and of course, type two diabetes where a person is not able to control their blood sugar levels.

Let's have a look at stroke in a little bit more detail then.

We can see in the picture that actually a stroke has to do with the brain and it's to do with the blood vessels that are supplying the brain with blood.

It's a life-threatening condition, and it's where those blood vessels become blocked or narrower, and so therefore, the blood flow to the brain is prevented, essentially.

And because the blood is bringing oxygen and glucose in order to carry out respiration to provide energy for the cell, if it doesn't get those things, then actually it can lead to cell death and it can lead to permanent brain damage.

Some of those blood vessels, then they can burst or they could get a blood clot in them that prevents the blood from flowing past it, or there might be a fatty plaque that lays down within that blood vessel that also prevents the blood from flowing freely.

Things you can look for then in a person that you may be worried has had a stroke, spells out the acronym FAST.

Face, the person's face may have actually drooped or dropped on one side.

Arms, they may not actually be able to lift their arms freely.

Speech, they may suddenly in the middle of a conversation actually start to slur their speech or become garbled so that what they're talking about doesn't make sense.

If that happens, you've only got a very short space of time to actually act, dial 999 immediately in order to call for an ambulance.

Okay, let's go onto another check then.

Which activities are risk factors for non-communicable diseases? A, drinking alcohol, B, eating fruit and vegetables, C, exercising or D, smoking? I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you go for drinking, alcohol and smoking? Excellent, well done.

Onto our final task of the day then, please could you get your worksheet out in order to record your answers.

You notice that your friend's face has dropped to one side and they are not able to speak properly.

They are also unable to lift their arm.

They have a high BMI and do not exercise regularly.

Number one, what do you think may be wrong with your friend? Number two, what immediate action should you take? Number three, can you suggest some lifestyle changes they should make to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases? I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, so did you think that the patient may have been having a stroke? It can happen when there is a blockage in the blood vessels that supply part of the brain with blood.

Without a continuous blood supply, the brain will be damaged.

You should call 999 immediately.

Number three, the patient should try to reduce their BMI.

They should eat a more balanced diet and exercise more regularly.

They should reduce the amount of ultra processed foods in their diet.

I hope you got all those points, but please do feel free to add a couple more to your answer.

So we're very nearly done, we're just gonna go through a summary of those key learning points for today.

So health is a range from good to ill health.

A person's health can be compromised by disease.

Diseases can either be communicable or non-communicable.

Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens that can be spread from person to person through direct or indirect contact.

Non-communicable diseases cannot be spread from person to person.

Certain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of developing diseases such as diet, hygiene, and exercise.

We've come to the end then.

Thank you so much for learning with me, I really enjoyed today's lesson, I hope you did too.

Bye.