Welcome to this lesson from the unit, hormones and human reproduction.

The title of today's lesson is Hormonal and Non-Hormonal Methods of Contraception.

My name's Mrs. Barnard and I'm going to be taking you through today's lesson.

So by the end of today's lesson, you should be able to compare hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception.

So our keywords for today's lesson are oral contraceptive pill, ovulation, fertilisation, risk, and STI.

We'll put the definitions up now, and if you'd like to write those down, you can pause the video, but otherwise we'll be going through them as we go through today's lesson.

So our lesson today is in three parts.

The first part is hormonal contraception.

So we're going to be looking at those devices and methods that can be used in order to prevent pregnancy that use hormones.

Then we'll be looking at the devices and methods that will be used to prevent pregnancy, they don't use hormones.

And finally we'll be looking at the pros and cons, the benefits and the risks of each of those different types of contraception.

And we're going to be evaluating them.

So let's start with the first part of today's lesson, which is hormonal contraception.

So you might recall that human reproduction is dependent on the female menstrual cycle and that the menstrual cycle is controlled by four hormones.

So those four hormones are shown on this graph.

So we've got FSH, oestrogen, LH, and progesterone, and the different levels of those hormones.

And their roles give us the cycle of events that take place in the menstrual cycle that allow ovulation and menstruation to take place.

So this is a reminder of the cycle.

So in days nine to five, progesterone levels decrease and menstruation takes place.

So we've got a hormone there.

And then on day 6 to 14, FSH causes a follicle to mature and oestrogen to be released.

And oestrogen causes the thickening of the uterus lining and it causes LH to be secreted from the pituitary gland.

So we've got lots of hormonal action there on day 6 to 14.

And then that LH is gonna cause ovulation, which occurs around a 14.

And the progesterone that's made is going to maintain the uterus lining.

And finally, the progesterone maintains the uterus lining and it prevents FSH and LH from being released from the pituitary gland.

And then we go all the way around again with menstruation levels decreasing.

So we can see that hormones are really important in human reproduction by controlling the menstrual cycle.

So what's contraception? Contraception are methods that can be used to prevent fertilisation.

So that's when the sperm and the egg fuse in the fallopian tube and pregnancy.

So they may stop that fertilised egg planting into the uterus lining.

There are two groups of contraception.

There's the non-hormonal, or they can be called barrier methods and they prevent the sperm from reaching the egg.

So an example of that would be a condom.

And then we've got the hormonal methods which disrupt the menstrual cycle.

And an example of that would be the oral contraception, and you might have heard that called the pill.

So hormonal contraceptions will change the normal levels of hormones and therefore will affect the normal processes that would take place in the menstrual cycle.

And the normal processes that take place are follicle maturation.

So remember that's when the follicle that contains an egg within the ovary matures ready to release that egg.

The second process is ovulation, which is when the egg is actually released from that follicle and the thickness of the uterus lining.

So building up that uterus lining in order to prepare the uterus for a fertilised egg to implant.

And we can see on this graph that ovulation takes place around a 14, and it can vary between different individuals and the hormone levels that go up and down to control those processes in this cycle.

So time for a quick check, select the hormone that causes ovulation.

Is it oestrogen, LH, progesterone, or FSH? Okay, so the correct answer is LH or luteinising hormone.

This is the hormone that causes the egg to be released from the follicle, so ovulation.

So select the hormone that causes the release of LH.

Is it oestrogen, LH, progesterone, or FSH? And the correct answer is oestrogen.

So when oestrogen is released from the ovaries and it causes FSH to stop being produced and LH to be released.

So have you got that right, well done.

Another hormone, select the hormone that maintains the thickness of the uterus lining.

Is it oestrogen, LH, progesterone or FSH? Okay, so the correct answer is progesterone.

Progesterone.

So if you got that right, well done.

It's really important that we know what the hormones do and what processes they control if we're going to look into how we can use hormonal contraception in order to describe these processes.

So the combined pill contains oestrogen and progesterone.

The mini pill only contains progesterone.

They're both forms of oral contraception, but this is how they're sort of known and more colloquially.

They are both oral contraceptive pills.

The hormones, their hormones stop the secretion of FSH, which means that no more eggs will be matured inside those follicles and therefore ovulation will not take place.

And we can see on this graph that high levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the normal cycle inhibit FSH.

You can see the FSH levels are low when oestrogen is high.

And the FSH levels are low when progesterone is high on that graph there.

So human sperm and egg cells meet in the fallopian tubes, and if ovulation doesn't take place, then fertilisation cannot take place.

We see the fallopian tubes there and that's where our ovary is.

Now, this method prevents pregnancy and so it allows us to control fertility.

So if the sperm in the end cannot meet in the fallopian tubes, therefore we cannot have fertilisation.

This is where fertilisation would normally take place.

Other types of contraceptions also use hormones such as the injection, the implant, the patch, and the intrauterine system or IUS.

And these methods use progesterone only like the mini pill, but they are slow release and so they prevent the maturation of follicles and ovulation.

So we can see the injection there contains progesterone.

It's not an injection every day, you have an injection and it lasts a number of months.

Same with the implant, which is slow release.

It just goes underneath the skin in the arm.

The patch again applied to the outside of the skin.

And an IUS is placed inside the uterus in a medical procedure in order to releases progesterone, but it also stops the implantation of an embryo in the uterus.

So time for a quick check, select the contraceptive method that may contain oestrogen and progesterone.

So pause the video while you decide and then we'll check if you've got it right.

So the correct answer was B, which is the contraceptive, oral contraceptive pill because that can contain both progesterone and oestrogen.

So time for another task.

So this is a confidence grid.

So for each of the statements, I want you to decide whether you think the statement is correct or it's incorrect.

And once you've decided whether it's correct or incorrect, how sure are you? Are you sure it's correct or you think it is? Are you sure it's incorrect or do you think it is.

Okay, so pause the video while you do this and then we'll come back and see how you've got on.

Okay then.

So oestrogen and progesterone are used in contraceptives.

This is correct.

Oestrogen is used in implants, injections and patches.

That is incorrect.

Those are progesterone only.

Oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the release of FSH, this is correct, and therefore stops eggs from maturing and oestrogen and progesterone prevent ovulation.

This is also correct because they prevent LH from being released, which causes ovulation.

So if you've got those right, then well done.

If not, take a little bit of time to correct your answers.

So we're moving on to the second part of our lesson, which is non-hormonal contraception.

So non-hormonal contraception or barrier methods.

Now they prevent the sperm from reaching the egg, so fertilisation cannot occur.

So for males, a condom can be worn.

So you can see that how they look like when they are rolled up and obviously quite often inside foil packets and then what they look like when they're unrolled there.

So this stops the sperm from entering the female during sexual intercourse.

Spermicides, which are an extra chemical gel that you can add to the condom can also be used and that can kill sperm cells for added efficacy.

So just to double check, okay, to make sure that no sperm or no live sperm can get inside the female during sexual intercourse.

For females, a barrier method that they can use is a diaphragm or a female condom.

In both cases, they will be inserted before sexual intercourse.

And again, they are a barrier and they prevent the sperm from reaching the egg and therefore fertilisation can't take place.

An intrauterine device or an IUD as you see here, can be inserted into the uterus biomedical professional.

So it looks very much like the IUS, but the IUS, it releases progesterone slowly over time, whereas this one does it, it's got like a copper coil and this prevents an embryo from embedding into the wall of the uterus.

There's other options as well that are a lot more long term and that's surgical procedures.

So surgical procedures for males and females can be performed, but often they can't be reversed.

So this is really like a long-term action.

So an example is a vasectomy.

You might have heard it called being called having the snip where the sperm ducts are cut and then they are tied.

So that prevents the sperm cells from being ejaculated.

So it would stop the sperm cells from travelling up the sperm duct up to the prostrate gland where a fluid is added.

So would still occur with a fluid, but it just would not include any sperm cells.

And because there's no sperm cells, then fertilisation cannot occur.

So time for a quick check.

So condoms kill sperm to prevent pregnancy.

So is that true or false? And once you've decided whether it's true or false, which of the statements below best justifies your answer? Okay, so condoms kill sperm to prevent pregnancy.

This is false.

And the statement that best justifies this one is this one, condoms act as a barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

So if you've got those right, then well done.

So what I would like you to do as your task then is I would like you to place the contraceptive methods that we've looked at into the correct place in the table.

Some may appear more than once, so you need to decide in where it goes.

So if it's male and hormonal, where does it go? If it's female and hormonal or male and non-hormonal or female and non-hormonal.

Okay so once you've done that, draw it nice and neatly.

If you're drawing the table with a pencil and a ruler, then we'll come back and I'll give you some feedback, make sure they're in the right place.

Okay, then let's see how you've got with this one then.

So in the male section, we don't have any hormonal forms of contraception that are in use, but in the non-hormonal we've got a condom or we've got surgical I.

e.

vasectomy.

So most of the contraceptions fall into the female category.

And for hormonal they are the oral pill or the oral contraceptive pill, implant, patch, injection or IUS, which is the intrauterine system.

And then in the non-hormonal section, we've got the female condom, the diaphragm, the IUD, intrauterine device and surgical procedures.

So if you've got all those in the right place, well done.

Otherwise move them around so that you've got them correct.

Right it's time to move on to the third part of our lesson, which is evaluating contraception.

So there are benefits and risks to each type of contraception, and an individual must evaluate these before making a decision about using them.

A risk is a chance that something could cause harm or lead to unwanted consequences.

And with contraception there is a risk of pregnancy associated with each method as well as risks to the health of a person.

And these risks could be due to incorrect use of the contraceptive method.

So the oral contraceptive pill must be taken daily with breaks between cycles, whereas the progesterone only pill needs to be taken at a specific time of day.

If the user does not follow the instructions precisely or is unwell, for example, if they have sickness or diarrhoea, the pill might not be absorbed and the hormone changes that are needed to prevent pregnancy might not take place.

So therefore the contraceptive pill is not a hundred percent effective.

The oral contraceptive pill can also increase the risk of certain cancers, but it can reduce the risk of others and may also have side effects.

These include, these side effects include, changes in weight, mood and blood pressure due to high levels of oestrogen.

However, modern pills contain much less oestrogen.

And so the side effects have been much reduced in more recent times.

Non-hormonal contraception is also associated with user error.

They might not be fitted correctly and they may tear or rip.

And so these are examples of those contraceptives that might tear or rip, and some of them are very thin, so it's easy for that to happen.

These barrier methods do prevent if they're fitted correctly, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections as well as preventing pregnancy.

So the female condom and the diaphragm.

So they have added benefits.

Spermicidal agents can be added to barrier methods to increase the effectiveness for preventive pregnancy because they kill the sperm.

And an IUD must be fitted by a medical professional, but the benefit is it can remain in place for 10 years.

There is a small risk of an ectopic pregnancy and that is when an embryo starts to develop in the fallopian tube, which can be quite dangerous, but it's a very small risk.

So let's have a quick check.

So select the contraceptive methods that have a risk to the health of a female.

So pause the video while you decide and then we'll come back and check.

So which have a risk to the health of the female? So we've got oral contraception because of those side effects there and also because of some increased cancer risk and the IUDs 'cause of the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

So we've got those right then well done.

So time for another practise task.

So what I'd like you to do is complete the table for the benefits and the risks for each of the listed contraceptive methods.

Okay so take a little bit of time to read back over what we have learned this lesson and fill in the information in this table.

So pause the video while you do that and then we'll come back and check you've got all the information you need in the right place.

Okay then.

So let's look at some feedback.

So the oral contraception benefits, it is highly effective.

Risks, is not a hundred percent effective.

There are side effects like changes in mood and weight and it doesn't protect against STIs.

Condoms benefits, no side effects from hormones and STI protection.

Risk, it may rip or tear and it's not a hundred percent effective.

Diaphragm, no side effects from hormones.

Again, it may rip or tear.

It's not a hundred percent effective and it does not protect against STIs.

The IUD and IUS benefits is they are highly effective and long term, but they must be inserted by a professional.

There's a small risk of ectopic pregnancy and they do not protect against STIs.

And surgical procedures the benefits are, they are long term, but the STIs are, they may not be reversible and they do not, again, protect against STIs.

So if you've got all of those in the right place, then well done.

So that brings us to the end of today's lesson.

Hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception.

So hormones can be used as a contraceptive to prevent pregnancy by disrupting the menstrual cycle.

They contain progesterone and oestrogen.

Some hormone oral contraceptive pills prevent ovulation so no egg is released and fertilisation cannot take place.

Hormone pills may not be a hundred percent effective due to missing doses or illness.

Some forms of contraception are non-hormonal barrier.

They prevent the sperm from reaching the egg.

Users of contraception must evaluate the benefits and risks of hormonal and non-hormonal barrier methods of contraception, for example, the ones that protect against STIs.

So well done for your work in today's lesson, and I will see you soon.