Hello, and welcome to today's lesson.

My name is Mrs. Taylor.

Let's begin.

And part of the unit, "Product analysis: encouraging healthy lifestyles." Today's lesson is "Testing products: citrus fruit juicers." Let's begin.

The outcome.

I can test the functionality of a product by gathering and analysing data.

We have quite a few keywords today.

Non-destructive, qualitative, quantitative, variables, and control measures.

And we have four learning cycles, product testing, qualitative and quantitative data, gathering data, and analysing data.

And we begin with product testing.

Manufacturers test products to ensure quality.

There are two types of tests.

Destructive, which is testing the product to breaking point, and non-destructive, which is testing the product without damaging it.

Let's have a check.

Which of the following would be described as destructive testing? A, a visual check, B, testing the product to breaking point, or C, a client interview.

Pause the video and have a go.

Let's look at some of the answers you may have come up with.

That's right.

It's B.

Testing the product to breaking point.

Well done.

Destructive tests subject the materials or product to extreme conditions until they fail.

This type of testing is essential for determining the physical properties, such as durability and reliability.

An example of a destructive test is a hardness test.

A hard object is forced onto the surface of a material.

The diameter of the indentation is then measured.

This measurement can be compared with other materials.

And we have another check.

What is testing a material or product until it fails useful for? Is it A, testing aesthetics, B, testing durability, or C, determining the physical properties? Pause the video.

Well done.

Let's have a look at your answers.

That's right, it's B and C.

Testing durability and determining the physical properties.

Non-destructive testing uses methods to evaluate the material or products that do not cause any damage.

An example of a non-destructive test is a visual inspection.

This picture shows somebody visually inspecting a piece of equipment in a factory.

Other examples of non-destructive tests are X-rays and ultrasonic testing.

X-rays can be used to identify flaws within the structure of the material or product, which cannot be seen by the naked eye.

For example, a light bulb may undergo an X-ray to see if the filament within the light bulb is broken or complete.

We can see in the zoomed-in picture that on this example, it is broken.

Ultrasonic testing is where high frequency sound vibrations are passed through a material or product.

The speed at which they bounce back is then measured.

If the material or product is solid, they bounce back quickly.

If the material or product has air pockets or flaws, they take longer to bounce back.

An example is where railway tracks are inspected by ultrasonic testing.

Designers consider how the product will be tested at an early stage of designing.

Designers use or create a specification which states all the features the product must have or do.

This is a good point to consider how the product will be tested when manufactured.

You can think about this when you are designing as well.

Here is task A.

Number one.

Consider these tests.

Are they destructive or non-destructive? Pause the video and have a go.

Well done.

Let's have a look at some of the answers.

That's right.

An X-ray is a non-destructive test.

A mechanism simulating someone repeatedly sitting on a chair is a non-destructive test.

Testing the hardness of a smartphone screen, a metal object is forced into the material being tested.

That is destructive.

And an ultrasonic test of a welded joint on a car chassis is non-destructive.

Well done.

We now move on to qualitative and quantitative data.

Testing a product is a type of research.

Research is about collecting data.

Data can be gathered using different methods such as questionnaires and surveys, or measurements.

Here is a check.

If you want to find out the most suitable size for an office chair, what data could you collect? Is it A, available space, B, user anthropometric data, C, user colour and style preferences, or D, the sale price? Pause the video.

Great.

Let's check.

That's right.

It's A and B.

Available space and user anthropometric data.

Well done.

Data is recorded using words or numbers.

A useful way of remembering this is, qualitative data uses words, which we might describe as language, and it has an L in the middle of the word.

So, qualitative.

Quantitative data uses numbers and has an N in the middle of the word.

Quantitative.

And here, we have a check.

Which of the following statements refer to quantitative data? A, the handle is comfortable to hold, B, 27% of the people surveyed said that the product functioned well, C, the size of the product was within the three millimetre tolerance, or D, the style of the product suits the client's preferences? Pause the video.

Fantastic.

Let's check.

That's right.

Both B and C are correct.

They both include numbers.

27% of the people surveyed said that the product functioned well and the size of the product was within the three millimetre tolerance.

Well done.

Lists, tables, graphs, and written paragraphs are all methods of showing data.

A survey was carried out to ask primary school children which fruit was their favourite.

The results of this survey can be shown in a table.

It is useful to calculate the percentage rather than use the number of children.

We can do this using the following formula.

100 divided by the total number of children, multiplied by the number of apples, in this case, equals the percentage.

So we have 100 divided by 250.

The number of apples is 100 and the percentage is 40%.

Information from a table can be used to draw a pie chart.

To draw a pie chart, we must convert the frequency, in this case, the number of children, to the angle required.

We can do this by calculating the angle for one piece of fruit, and then calculating the angle for each type of fruit using these formulas.

To calculate the angle for one piece of fruit using this formula, we have 360 degrees in a circle divided by the total number of children, and that gives us the angle for one piece of fruit.

So here, we have an example.

360 degrees divided by 250 gives us the answer of 1.

44 degrees.

The angle for each segment of the pie chart is calculated using this formula.

The number of children that chose the fruit is 100 multiplied by the angle that we've already calculated for one piece of fruit, which is 1.

44, gives us the angle of 144 degrees for the segment on the pie chart to represent apples.

And now we have task B.

Complete the table by calculating the percentages and show your working.

And then using this information from the table, draw a pie chart to show the distribution of the children's favourite fruit.

Pause the video.

Wonderful.

Let's have a look at the answers that you may have come up with.

So, using the formula described earlier, we can calculate the percentage for each of the different fruits.

And we have the answers, 40% for apple, 33% for banana, 12% for orange, 5% for plum, and 10% for the grapes.

We can then use a different calculation to work out the angle for each segment on the pie chart.

And here, we have for apple, 144 degrees, banana, 108, orange, 55 degrees, plum, 17 degrees, and the grapes, 36 degrees.

Well done.

Now we can use this information to create a pie chart.

And here is an example of the pie chart showing those results.

Well done.

The third learning cycle in this lesson is gathering data.

When gathering data, it is important to think about what information you are looking for.

We can use subheadings to plan for this.

For example, environment, manufacture, safety, function, cost, ergonomics, user, form, aesthetics, life cycle, materials, or size.

Aesthetics is concerned with how the product looks, including colour, texture, style, or theme.

To gather information about aesthetics, I could, analyse existing products, interview my client, survey a group of people from the target market.

Here, we have a check.

Which of the subheadings below would an interview be useful for gathering data? A, materials, B, manufacture, or C, user.

Pause the video.

Let's have a check.

That's right.

User information.

Well done.

Function is about the purpose of the product.

The function of this product is to extract juice from citrus fruit.

To test the function of this product, we need to juice citrus fruit.

Variables are things which can change and affect the results.

When testing fruit juicers, the variables include the size and weight of the fruit, the freshness of the fruit, how dexterous the user is, and how much finger strength the user exerts.

We have another check.

What is a variable? A, something stable, B, anything which can change and affect the test results, or C, something which stays the same.

Pause the video.

Fantastic.

Let's check.

That's right.

It's B.

Anything which can change and affect the results.

Control measures are actions we take to keep conditions consistent, to ensure a fair test and accurate results.

When testing citrus fruit juicers, the control measures could include weighing the fruit so they are all the same, buying the fruit on the same day so they are equally fresh, using the same person to test for consistent hand size, dexterity, and strength.

Another check.

What is a control measure? A, actions taken to ensure a fair and accurate test.

B, action we take to respond to potential changes.

Or C, something which stays the same.

Pause the video.

Brilliant.

Let's check.

That's right.

It's A.

Actions taken to ensure a fair and accurate test.

Here, we have task C.

Add a control measure for each variable.

Pause the video.

Let's have a look at some of the answers you may have come up with.

The variable size and weight of the fruit.

Your control measure could be, to use fruit which weighs the same, we could use kitchen scales to measure this.

The variable freshness of the fruit.

We could buy all the fruit we use to test on the same day.

The variable how dexterous the user is.

We could use one person to do all the tests.

And how much finger strength the user exerts? If one person does all the tests, they can think about using the same effort each time.

Well done.

The equipment needed to test the citrus fruit juicers includes a chopping board, a knife, citrus fruit, a measuring jug, and a selection of citrus fruit juicers.

Here, we have a video demonstrating a test of a citrus fruit juicer.

Here are some results.

The beech citrus fruit juicer collected 45 millilitres of juice.

The polymer citrus fruit juicer collected 30 millilitres.

And the zinc alloy citrus fruit juicer collected 35 millilitres.

Here, we have task C, part two.

Test the fruit juicers and record the results in the table.

You need to record two pieces of information.

The amount of juice collected, and that will be measured in millilitres, and how easy each one was to use, and that will be recorded using descriptive language and words.

Pause the video, have a go.

Here, we have some results.

The amount of juice collected for the beech citrus fruit juicer was 45 millilitres.

For the polymer fruit juicer, it was 30 millilitres.

And for the zinc alloy, it was 35 millilitres.

Your description of how easy it was to use may be something similar to these.

The beech citrus fruit juicer was easy to use initially, but was much more difficult to extract the juice as it relies on my hand strength alone.

The polymer citrus fruit juicer was easy to use as pushing down onto a flat surface was comfortable.

The zinc alloy juicer was easy to use once I had positioned the lemon.

Holding both handles and the lemon half was quite tricky.

Well done.

We now move on to our final learning cycle today, which is analysing data.

Data analysis is interpreting the data gathered.

Now we have tested citrus fruit juicers, we might be able to see a pattern or a trend.

Here, we have a check, which of the statements complete this sentence correctly? Data analysis is, A, writing about the good and bad features, B, interpreting the data gathered, or C, drawing graphs.

Pause the video.

Well done.

Let's have a look.

That's right.

It's B.

Interpreting the data gathered.

Different types of data can be gathered.

Measurements are quantitative and opinion or user feedback is qualitative.

Here, we have a check.

75 millilitres is an example of a piece of data.

Is it qualitative? Pause the video.

Okay, let's check.

That is false.

75 millilitres is a number, and therefore quantitative.

Qualitative is data recorded in words.

An important part of analysis is the summary.

This will include the successful features identified from the analysis and those which could be improved.

This should be supported by a justification.

So for example, successful features, the polymer citrus fruit juicer catches all the juice and is less messy than some of the others tested.

The features to be improved could include, the polymer citrus fruit juicer has a separate part to filter the juice and separate the pith and pips.

This could easily get lost.

Here, we have task D.

Analyse the function of the citrus fruit juicers from the data gathered.

Include the successful features and the features to be improved.

Justify your answers.

And part two, compare and contrast your findings with other groups in the class.

Do you agree or disagree? Pause the video.

Fantastic.

Let's check.

Part one.

Your answers could include the successful features.

The beech juicer is really comfortable to hold.

The zinc alloy juicers uses mechanical advantage to squeeze the most juice.

Or the zinc alloy juicer filters the pith and pips, as does the polymer juicer.

Features to be improved could include, the beech juicer needs something to catch the juice in.

The measuring jug we used was not wide enough.

The zinc alloy juicer is heavy and can be difficult to operate if your hands are wet.

And part two, your answers could include, we agree with two other groups that the beech juicer is the easiest to use and gathered the most juice.

We also agreed that the improvement for this juicer would be to make a jug to catch the juice in and separate the pips.

We disagreed with the group that thought the zinc alloy juicer was the most aesthetically pleasing.

That group also thought the zinc alloy one was easier to use, but they also had a bigger measuring jug than us to collect the juice.

Ours was more messy, as we had a smaller measuring jug.

Well done.

Here, we have the summary for today's lesson.

Products are tested to ensure quality.

Data can be recorded using words, which is called qualitative, or numbers, which is quantitative.

The function of a product is the purpose.

To fully understand a product's function, it is helpful to test it.

Analysing data is interpreting the data gathered.

I'm really pleased you could join me today.