Hello and welcome to today's lesson.

I'm so pleased that you can join me.

The title of today's lesson is "Timber properties and processes" and this is part of the "Product analysis: encouraging healthy lifestyles" unit.

The outcome for today is I can identify and justify the material and process used for a timber product.

And the keywords we will be considering and learning about today.

Felling.

Timber conversion.

Timber seasoning.

Non-porous.

And lathe.

We have three learning cycles in today's lesson.

Let's begin with sourcing timber.

Trees are grown in forests around the world.

Trees are felled, which means cut down.

Trees can be replanted, and therefore, can be a sustainable material.

The Forestry Stewardship Council is an organisation which works to ensure forests are for all and forever.

They have five goals.

Zero deforestation.

Safeguarding of ancient and endangered forests.

A fair wage and work environment.

Biodiversity preservation.

And community rights, including the rights of indigenous peoples.

Let's have a check.

The Forestry Stewardship Council works to ensure that.

A, trees are not wasted.

B, forests are for all and forever.

Or C, timber is good quality.

Pause the video and have a go.

Did you get this right? Forests are for all and forever.

Well done.

Once the trees have been felled, they need to be processed before they are ready to be used as timber.

There are several stages.

Felling.

Timber conversion.

Timber seasoning.

Felling is when the trees are cut down.

They are usually debarked at this stage, which is when the bark is removed from the logs.

Timber conversion is the process where the log is cut into boards.

This allows the timber to dry more quickly as all timber has moisture within it.

Boards or planks are created in a usable size and shape.

This also allows for the timber to be inspected for defects.

There are different timber conversion techniques.

Here are two examples.

Through and through sawn timber is shown with the diagram on the left, and quarter sawn timber is shown with a diagram on the right.

The advantages and disadvantages of quarter sawn timber are: it has an attractive grain, which is an advantage.

It's more stable and less likely to cut or twist.

And the disadvantages are that it takes time to turn the log between each cut, and that leads to it being more expensive than through and through.

And there's also more waste than through and through.

Let's have a check.

Which image shows quarter sawn timber conversion? A, B, or C? Pause the video.

Okay, let's check.

That's right, it's C.

Well done.

Trees have a high water content, over 80%.

Timber seasoning is where some of the moisture in the timber is removed to around 10 to 20%.

Timber, which is not seasoned is called green timber.

Green timber is more likely to twist and warp.

Seasoned timber is more stable and easier to work than green timber.

Some defects found in timber that has not been seasoned effectively include bowing, cupping, and twisting, and we can see these here in the diagrams. The timber literally moves so it's no longer flat as when it was originally processed, and this makes it very difficult to use.

There are different methods of timber seasoning.

The timber is stacked up inside a kiln, which is then pumped with hot air until the moisture content has been reduced to around 10%.

This is an example of kiln seasoning.

The timber is stacked up and left outside for a number of years until the moisture content has been reduced to around 18%.

This is an example of air seasoning, and you may see similarities in the way the timber is stacked, but air seasoning does not have any heat source, and therefore, is natural and takes longer.

Okay, your first task, sourcing timber.

Number one, explain why timber is seasoned.

And number two, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different timber seasoning methods.

Pause the video.

Come back to me when you've had a go.

Brilliant.

Let's look.

Your answers could include.

Timber is seasoned to reduce its moisture content.

Timber is a natural material, which until felled, needs water to grow.

Reducing the moisture content makes it easier to work and also less likely to twist or warp.

And the second part, air drying is natural and slower.

It doesn't need any specialist equipment, although it takes up a lot of space for a long time.

Kiln drying is quicker and more controlled.

This means the timber is available to be sold quicker, but the kiln and the energy to run it are a cost.

Well done.

Let's move on to our second learning cycle.

Which is properties and application of beech.

Beech trees lose their leaves in autumn.

They are deciduous trees which are hardwoods.

Beech trees grow in Europe and North America.

Which statement describes beech correctly? Let's have a check.

A, the trees lose their leaves in autumn.

They are deciduous trees that are hardwoods.

B, the trees grow in Europe and North America.

Or C, the trees are fast growing evergreens.

Pause the video and have a go.

Brilliant.

Let's check.

That's right, the answers are A and B.

Well done.

Beech has a close short grain, a non-porous surface, and antibacterial properties.

This means that beech is tough and durable with a smooth surface.

Let's have a check.

Which properties make beech suitable for kitchen products? A, non-porous? B, antibacterial? Or C, aesthetically pleasing.

Pause the video.

Well done.

Let's look.

That's right, non-porous and antibacterial make beech very suitable for kitchen products.

Beech is used to manufacture a range of different products.

Here, we have a train track for a child, a wooden spoon for use in the kitchen, a handle for a chisel, and a veneered bookcase.

Beech is suitable for these products for different reasons.

The smooth close grain means the toy train track does not splinter and injure the child.

The wooden spoon is non-porous, so it does not cross contaminate food.

Beech is suitable for these products for different reasons, as well.

The chisel handle is smooth.

It does not splinter, and it can be easily machined into a curved shape.

Using veneered manufactured boards reduces the cost and the weight of the product can compared to solid beech.

Here, we have task B.

Stating the properties explain why beech is suitable for this citrus fruit juicer.

Pause the video.

Well done.

Let's have a look at some answers you may have come up with.

Beech is suitable for the citrus fruit juicer, because it is non-porous, which means it won't absorb the fruit juice.

It also means it can be washed without damaging the timber.

Beech is also suitable, because the handle can be easily made into a comfortable curved shape.

Because beeches durable and tough, it will last a long time and can be used repeatedly.

Well done.

We now move on to our third learning cycle, which is called wood turning.

Here is a picture of a lathe.

You may have seen something similar in your school.

Wood turning is a wasting manufacturing process.

The machine used to turn wood is called a lathe.

A lathe is a machine with a motor which turns the material around an axis whilst tools are pressed against the material to remove it.

Let's have a check.

What type of manufacturing process is wood turning? Is it A, reforming? B, deforming? C, wasting? Or D, fabricating? Pause the video.

Brilliant.

Let's have a look.

That's right, it's a wasting process, because we are removing material.

Here, we have a wood turning lathe.

The motor is hidden inside the machine.

There is an emergency stop, which is designed to be used by your foot.

A head stock, a tail stock, and two tool posts.

There are two ways to hold material on the wood turning lathe.

These are turning between centres or bowl turning.

We are going to learn about both.

Turning between centres is used to create cylindrical items from timber, including table legs, staircase spindles, lamps, salt, and pepper mills.

Let's have a check.

Which products are manufactured by turning between centres? A, lamps? B, pepper mills? C, bowls? Or D, staircase spindles.

Pause the video.

Well done, let's check.

That's right, lamps, pepper mills, and staircase spindles.

Turning between centres is where a piece of timber is held in between the head stock and the tail stock.

Here, we have a picture showing this.

The turning between centres process.

The first thing you need to do is prepare the timber by marking the centre of each end.

Usually, this is done by marking across from corner to corner if the timber is square section.

The second thing you do is position the timber between the drive centre in the head stock and the taper centre in the tail stock.

The third thing that happens is you position the tool post near the timber.

And the fourth part is the motor is switched on, which rotates the timber.

A gouge is moved along the timber to remove material to create the desired shape.

A gouge is a tool which is specifically designed for use on the wood turning lathe.

Once you have completed shaping your timber, you then need to consider finishing it.

And glass paper and wax can be used to finish the timber whilst it's still on the lathe.

Any hand carved features can be added to the basic cylindrical shape by locking the head stock and using a gouge by hand.

Bowl turning is slightly different, and it's where bowls shapes are created.

For example.

The bowl turning process begins with fixing the timber to a faceplate with screws.

The faceplate is then fitted to the spindle in the head stock of the lathe.

The tool post is moved close to the timber.

The motor is switched on, which rotates the timber.

And gouges are used to create the bowl shape.

Now, you have task C.

Add the following labels to the diagram of the lathe.

And part two, here are the stages describing the turning between centres process.

Fill in the blanks using the following words.

And the third part, explain why this citrus fruit juicer has been manufactured using the wood turning between centre process.

Pause the video and have a go at those three parts of task C.

Good luck.

Fantastic.

Let's look at some answers you may have come up with.

Add the labels to the diagram of the lathe.

Did you get them all right? Part two is to fill in the blanks.

Prepare timber by marking the centre of each end.

Position the timber between the drive centre in the head stock, and the taper centre in the tail stock.

Position the tool post near to the timber.

Part D, the motor is switched on, which rotates the timber.

A gouge is moved along the timber to remove material to create the desired shape.

Glass paper and wax can be used to finish the timber, while it is still in the lathe.

And hand-carved features can be added to the basic cylindrical shape by locking the head stock and using a gouge by hand.

Now, we look at part three.

The citrus root juicer is suitable for manufacture by wood turning because it is both a suitable material but also a suitable design.

Wood turning is suitable for cylindrical shapes made from solid timbers, such as pepper mills and lamps.

The details of the grooves can be added once the basic shape has been created.

These are done by hand when the lathe is switched off and the head stock is locked.

Well done.

In summary of today's lesson, timbers can be a sustainable material if sourced responsibly from a managed forest.

Timber is felled, and then processed before it is suitable for use.

Beech is used for children's toys and kitchenware due to its non-porous surface, close grain, and antibacterial properties.

Wood turning is a suitable manufacturing process for cylindrical shapes.

Well done.

And thank you for joining me today.