Hi, everybody, I'm Ms. Gardner.

Welcome to your next lesson from our unit an explanation text on mummification.

I'm really excited for today's lesson.

We're going to be doing some planning.

So let's get started.

In today's lesson from our explanation text unit on mummification, we are going to be planning the two main sections of our explanation text.

So your learning outcome is I can plan two sections of an explanation text about mummification.

Let's start by looking at the keywords.

We'll do my turn, your turn.

Subject-specific vocabulary.

Plan.

Notes.

Let's have a look at the definitions.

Subject-specific vocabulary is vocabulary used when writing about particular subject.

We're writing about mummification in ancient Egypt, so our subject-specific vocabulary will be related to those.

A plan is a framework that writers create before they write a section or a whole text.

And notes are written out of full sentences.

We do not need full sentences in notes on our plan.

So there are two sections of our lesson today.

In the first, we'll be preparing to plan, so gathering all the information we need to include in our plan.

And then in the second section, we'll be writing the plan.

So let's start with preparing to plan.

This explanation text can be structured into four sections, an introduction, which we've written section one about the preparation of the body, section two, about the wrapping of the body, and then a conclusion.

In today's lesson, we are planning sections one and two.

This is some of the subject-specific vocabulary that you will use when writing your explanation text about mummification.

We'll do my turn, your turn.

Embalmer.

That is the person whose job it was to mummify the corpses.

Sarcophagus.

That is the coffin where a mummy was placed once it had been wrapped in the linen.

Corpse.

That is a body that is no longer alive.

Afterlife.

That is another world to go to after death and lead a new life.

The ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife.

So checking for understanding, what is subject-specific vocabulary? A, words that describe a noun.

B, words related to a specific topic or subject.

Or C, a general word used in the English language.

Pause the video now.

That's right, subject-specific vocabulary are words related to a specific topic or subject.

Well done.

So ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife.

They believed that there was another world to go to after death and where the spirit could go on and lead a new life.

By mummifying the body, they believed the person's spirit could recognise their body in the afterlife and continue to live happily there.

It was kind of their way of making sure that their loved ones had a comfortable and everlasting journey in the world beyond.

So the mummification had many steps to it and it was important that all of these steps happened in the correct order so that the body was properly preserved, and we know that the bodies were preserved really, really well.

So they must have done all of the steps really, really carefully for this to have happened.

You will be writing about these steps in the order in which they happened in your explanation text.

So it's really important that you have a good understanding of each step.

So let's learn about how this ancient process happened so that we can include the information in our plan.

Embalmers were the people whose job it was to mummify bodies in ancient Egypt.

They also could be called morticians.

Let's do my turn, your turn.

Mortician as that is a synonym really for an embalmer.

Someone whose job it was to prepare a body for burial.

The first step was that the corpse was washed with water from the River Nile, which was the river that ran through Egypt or still does, or with wine.

This was because the body needed to be cleaned.

Corpses would've begun to release putrid, so smelly odours.

So they really had to clean the body so they could get rid of any bacteria.

So checking for understanding.

What was the corpse washed with? A, soap, B, water from the River Nile, C, shampoo or D, wine.

Pause the video now.

They washed the body with B, water from the River Nile or D wine, not soap or shampoo like we would use today.

Well done.

So then the embalmer used a sharp knife to cut really precisely a neat hole in the body, in the chest area.

They would then remove the internal organs, so the organs inside the body, such as the liver or the lungs and the kidneys.

And they'd them in special jars called canopic jars, which you can see in the picture.

And these canopic jars had as lids either the faces of animals or people.

So they were quite special jars for the organs.

They also removed the brain, but they didn't cut open the brain like they did the chest.

Instead, they used a metal hook, and then they would drag or extract the brain through the nostril.

So very inventive way of removing the brain.

And then the brain would also be placed in the canopic jar.

But there was one organ they left inside the body.

And I wonder if you can remember what organ that was.

It was the organ that they believed was the most important because it showed the person's character and it was the heart.

So the heart was left in the body so that when it came to judgement time in the afterlife, their character could be fairly judged.

So they left their heart inside the body for when it was time to arrive at the afterlife.

So checking for understanding.

Where were the organs placed after they were removed? A, in canopic jars.

B, in a bucket, C, in a metal container, or D, in a coffin.

Pause the video now.

That's right, they were placed in canopic jars.

Well done.

So then the embalmers dried the body and they did this by covering it in natron salt and leaving it for at least 40 days.

They did not touch the body at all in that time.

They just left it lying covered in natron salt.

Natron salt helped to preserve the body.

So to keep it in good condition and stop it from rotting away.

It's a bit like how you might use salt now to keep your fresh food as fresh as possible.

So if you left, for example, a pepper covered in salt, it would last a little bit longer.

So this salt also helped to dry out or remove the moisture from the body.

So the body was now really dry, and this prevented the body from decaying, which they wanted to do so that they could preserve the body in really good condition.

So checking for understanding.

True or false? Natron salt added extra moisture into the corpse.

Pause the video now.

That is false.

Can you use A or B to justify your answer? A, natron salt helps to dry out the moisture from the body, which prevented the body from decaying.

Or B, natron salt made the corpse dry and tough.

Pause the video now.

That is A.

Well done.

Then the body was completely covered in oil and these were scented oils.

This kept the body soft and smelling pleasant.

And this also, and this was really important, it helped fight bacteria and keep bacteria away from the corpse or the cadaver as we can call it.

The corpse was now ready to be wrapped in linen and as the body was being wrapped, a priest read out special incantations, which were spells to send away and to ward off any evil spirits because they didn't want to be near or they didn't want any evil spirits near them when they were entering the afterlife.

So checking for understanding.

What was the body wrapped in? A, clothes, B, paper, C, linen, or D, plastic.

Pause the video now.

That's right, it was linen.

They used the material linen, which we might use on our bedsheets or on clothes today to wrap the body and they would wrap them really, really tightly so there was no gaps.

Well done.

Finally, the wrapped body, the tightly wrapped body was placed in a wooden sarcophagus so that the body could be kept safe for thousands of years.

The body was the home for the spirit in the afterlife.

So it needed to be looked after and protected.

They couldn't just leave the body that was wrapped in the linen loose anywhere.

It needed to be kept safe in this sarcophagus where no air or bacteria could get into it and it could be kept safe, and preserved for a really long time.

The outside of the sarcophagus was often covered with carvings and drawings.

So that told stories about the person inside or it depicted symbols and beliefs about the afterlife.

So you can see in the picture there, the sarcophagus was often very beautifully decorated.

So it's time for task A.

You need to fill in the blanks using the word bank.

The words in your word bank are canopic jars, sarcophagus, linen, embalmers, natron and decaying.

I'm going to read the sentences out loud now, and as I'm reading, you can be thinking about what words could go in the blanks.

First, the corpse was washed with water from the River Nile or with wine.

Then the blank removed the internal organs, such as the liver, lungs, and kidneys, and placed them in special jars called blank.

Next, the embalmers dried the body by covering it in blank salt for 40 days.

The salt helped to dry out the moisture from the body and this prevented the body from blank.

The body was then covered in oil and tightly wrapped in blank whilst a priest read out special spells to ward off any evil spirits.

Finally, the wrapped body was placed in a blank so that the body could be kept safe.

So pause video now and off you go, filling in the blanks with the words from the word bank.

Off you go.

Well done, everybody.

Welcome back.

Let's go through the answers.

As I'm reading out loud, I want to hear you saying the words as we go.

First, the corpse was washed with water from the River Nile or with wine.

Then the embalmers removed the internal organs, such as the liver, lungs, and kidneys, and placed them in special jars called canopic jars.

Next, the embalmers dried the body by covering it in natron salt for 40 days.

The salt helped to dry out the moisture from the body and this prevented the body from decaying.

The priest was then covered in oil and tightly wrapped in linen whilst a priest read out special spells to ward off any evil spirits.

Finally, the wrapped body was placed in a sarcophagus so that the body could be kept safe.

Well done, everybody.

Great job.

It is time now for writing the plan.

When we write a plan, we use notes.

Notes are concise, so short, and capture the key vocabulary and information.

The purpose of notes is to help the writer to organise information easily for future use.

We use bullet points when note taking and they look like this.

You have your subheading and then your bullet point.

And then a line to write your note.

And we use subheadings to organise our bullet points.

They're a really important part of organising notes 'cause they really clearly show what the notes are about.

So checking for understanding.

What is in a plan? A, bullet points for notes.

B, full sentences with capital letters and full stops.

C, subject-specific vocabulary.

Or D, unnecessary information.

Pause the video now.

In a plan, we have A bullet points for notes, and C, subject-specific vocabulary.

It wouldn't be B 'cause we don't need full sentences in a plan.

And D, there's no need to put any unnecessary information.

We're just putting in the most important information.

Well done.

So subheadings.

The subheadings should do these.

Stand out from the rest of the text.

Be underlined and left aligned.

Our title was centrally aligned.

We're in the middle of the page, whereas our subheadings are to the left, next to the margin.

So for example, you could say how the body was prepared or you could do it as a question, how was the body prepared? And then for the second section, you could say how the body was wrapped.

Or again, you could do it as a question, how was the body wrapped? Either work really well.

So it's time for task B.

The first part of task B, we are talking about how the body was prepared.

So we're talking about the first three steps of the mummification process.

So you'll need to write the first subheading, how the body was prepared.

Then you'll need to write four main facts about the first three steps with subject-specific vocabulary.

So the words in your word bank to help you are water and wine, internal organs, canopic jar, heart, natron salt and moisture.

So you are writing up to the three steps you're writing about, how the body was cleaned, how they removed the internal organs and placed them in a canopic jar, apart from the hear,t and how the body was then covered in natron salt to remove the moisture.

And that's the first three steps of the process.

So those are the three steps we're writing about in this section of the plan.

So pause the video now and off you go.

Well done, everybody.

Welcome back.

Let's go through what these bullet point notes might look like.

These are the ones I've done and if you like them, you can pause the video and add them to your plan.

So my subheading, how the body was prepared.

And then my notes, body washed in wine or water from River Nile.

Internal organs removed and placed in canopic jars, heart left in body as needed for the afterlife.

Corpse covered in natron salt for 40 days to remove moisture.

So you can see I didn't write it in full sentences and I used the words in the word bank to help me write these notes.

Okay, as I said, if you need to pause the video and add these to your plan, you can.

Otherwise, really well done.

And it's time for part two of task B.

Now you need to write the second subheading, how the body was wrapped.

And you are going to write four main facts about the next three steps using subject-specific vocabulary.

So the words in the word bank are oil, linen, priest, incantations, spirit, afterlife, sarcophagus, and wooden.

So you'll explain about how the body was covered in oil, how it was wrapped in linen.

And as it was being wrapped, the priest would read aloud special incantations, and then you'll talk about how the body was placed in the sarcophagus so that the spirit could be safe in the afterlife.

So pause video now and off you go writing these notes in your plan.

Off you go.

Well done, everybody.

Welcome back.

I'm going to show you the bullet point notes I've made and just like last time, if you want to add them to your plan, you can do that as well.

So my subheading was how the body was wrapped and my notes were body covered in oil to keep body soft and prevent bacteria, corpse tightly wrapped in linen.

Priests read out incantations to ward off evil spirits.

Placed in wooden sarcophagus to keep spirits safe in afterlife.

So once again, my sentences, these were not written in full sentences and I just used the words from the word bank to help me write these notes.

So if you need to add any to your plan, you can do that now.

Otherwise, really well done.

So let's think about some fronted adverbials that we might want to include on our plan so that we remember to use them in our writing.

There are four ordering fronted adverbials to use in the mummification explanation text.

And these include first, which indicates the first step in a process, then, which indicates a following step in a process.

Next, which indicates another following step in a process.

And finally, which indicates the final step in a process.

And these are really useful because they help us to structure our writing and make sure we're describing the process in chronological order.

So match the ordering fronted adverbial to its meaning.

Finally, then, first and next, and then your four options are indicate the first step in a process, indicates a following step, indicates the final step or indicates a following step in a process.

So pause the video now and draw lines from the ordering fronted adverbial to its meaning.

Off you go.

Well done, everybody.

So finally indicates the final step in a process.

Then indicates a following step in a process.

First indicates the first step in a process.

And next indicates a following step in a process as well.

Well, done everybody.

Now, another type of fronted adverbial we can include.

A fronted adverbial of cause is a sentence starter that tells the reader the cause and the effect of something.

For example, the corpse was covered in natron salt and it was left for 40 days.

That is the cause.

The effect of this is that the body was prevented from decaying.

So we can link these two sentences using a fronted adverbial of cause as a result.

So looking at it in example, the corpse was covered in natron salt and it was left for 40 days.

As a result, the body was prevented from decaying.

So this would be a really useful fronted adverbial to use in our explanation text.

So I'm going to make sure we include it on our plan.

So it's time for the third part of task B.

You need to fill in the table with the following: four ordering fronted adverbials, and one fronted adverbial, of course.

And they're all in the word bank below.

You have as a result, first, then, next and finally.

So pause the video now and off you go, filling in the table with these fronted adverbials.

Okay, well done, everybody.

Let's go through these.

So our ordering fronted adverbials were first, then, next and finally.

And our fronted adverbial of cause was as a result.

Well done, everybody.

Great job.

Okay, here is a summary of everything we have learned today.

A plan is a framework that writers create before they begin to write the section or whole text.

A plan has subject-specific vocabulary related to the section.

Notes help the writer to organise information easily for writing in the future.

And bullet points are used in note taking.

And a subheading signals part of a text and should stand out from the rest of the text.

Excellent job, everybody.

Make sure you keep these plans safe because they will be really useful when it comes to writing these sections.

Great job.