Hi, everybody.

I'm Ms. Gardner.

Welcome to your next lesson from our unit, an explanation text on mummification.

I'm really excited for today's lesson because we are going to be learning all about the amazing and fascinating process of mummification.

So let's get started.

In today's lesson from our unit, "Mummification: An explanation text," we are going to be learning all about each step of the process of mummification.

So your learning outcome is, I can understand the mummification process and sequence it in chronological order.

Let's start by looking at the key words.

We'll do my turn, your turn.

Mummification, sarcophagus preserve, corpse embalmers.

Let's have a look at what these mean.

Mummification is an old-fashioned method from ancient Egypt of preparing a dead body so that it doesn't decay.

A sarcophagus is the coffin where a mummy was placed.

To preserve something means to maintain it in good condition, to prevent it from decaying, from rotting away.

A corpse is a body that is no longer alive.

And embalmers were the people who mummified the corpses.

So there are two sections of our lesson today.

In the first, we'll be understanding the mummification process, and then in the second, we will be ordering the steps of in the mummification process.

So let's start with understanding the mummification process.

Mummification was a time consuming, it took a long time, and intricate.

So really complex process.

Ancient Egyptians mummified the bodies of the dead so that those bodies could be preserved and kept safe for a really long time.

It was an expensive process.

So usually, it was the bodies of wealthy people, powerful people, especially the pharaohs who were mummified.

Ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife.

They believed there was another world to go to after death where the spirit could go on to lead a new life.

By mummifying the body, not the spirit, the body, they believed the person's spirit could recognise their body in the afterlife and continue to live happily there.

It was their way really of making sure that their loved ones had a comfortable and everlasting journey into the world beyond into the afterlife.

By keeping the bodies safe and protected for years, it was a way of almost looking after the spirit in the afterlife.

So check in for understanding.

True or false, everyone in ancient Egypt was mummified when they passed away.

Pause the video now That is false.

Can you use A or B to justify your answer? A, it was mainly wealthy people, particularly pharaohs who were mummified.

Or B, it was only men who were mummified.

Pause the video now.

That's right, it was mainly wealthy people, in particular, Pharaohs who were mummified because it was such an expensive process.

Well done.

So let's learn all about how this ancient process happened.

So embalmers were the people whose job it was was to mummify bodies in ancient Egypt.

So they were really skilled and hardworking people.

First, the first step of the process was that the corpse was washed clean with water from the River Nile.

So that's the river that ran through Egypt or with wine.

Corpses, which potentially had been dead for a while, would've began to release putrid, smelly odours, smells.

So it was really important that their bodies were really clean so that they could get rid of any bacteria.

They didn't want any bacteria left on the corpse.

Check in for understanding.

What was the corpse washed with? A, soap; B, water from the River Nile; C, shampoo; or D, wine? Pause the video now.

That's right, they washed the bodies with water from the River Nile or wine, not soap or shampoo.

They probably didn't have soap or shampoo like we have today.

Well done.

Then the next step.

Then the embalmer used a sharp knife to really carefully cut a neat hole in the body, probably in the chest area.

Then the embalmer removed the internal organs.

So those are the organs inside the body, such as the liver or the lungs and the kidneys, and placed these organs in special jars called canopic jars, which you can see on the picture there.

And you can see the canopic jars were made of stone and they had faces at the top on the lid.

So when they removed the brain, which is another internal organ, they didn't cut it open like they did with the rest of the body.

They had to be pretty inventive with the way they removed the brain.

So they removed it using a metal hook and they extracted it, dragged it through the nostril, and then the brain could be left in a canopic jar as well.

Now, there was one organ that was left inside our body and the ancient Egyptians believed it was the most important organ because it was the organ which really showed the person's character.

I wonder if you can guess which organ it might be.

Have a think.

It's right, that was the heart.

The heart was left in the body because ancient Egyptians believed that when they arrived in the afterlife, they would be judged, a person's character would be judged and they could only be judged fairly if the heart was still in the body.

So the heart was left in the body so that their character could be judged fairly in the afterlife.

So check in for understanding.

Where were the internal organs placed after they were removed? A, in canopic jars; B, in a bucket; C, in a metal container; or D, in a coffin? Pause the video now.

That's right, they were placed in those special jars called canopic jars.

Well done.

Okay, so the next step.

Then the embalmers dried the body by covering it in natron salt for 40 days.

So they left it and didn't touch the body for 40 days.

Natron salt helped to preserve the body.

So to keep it in good condition.

It's a bit like how you might use salt to keep your food fresh now.

This salt helped to dry out the moisture from the body.

And this prevented the body from decaying.

So this was a really important step and they made sure that they did it properly.

They left the body for 40 days minimum.

So check in for understanding, true or false.

Natron added extra moisture into the corpse.

Pause the video now.

That is false.

Can you use A or B to justify your answer? A, natron salt helps to dry out the moisture from the body, which prevented the body from decaying.

Or B, natron salt made the corpse dry and tough.

Pause the video now.

That was A, well done.

Natron salt was really important part of the process because it dried out the body.

It removed the moisture, which stopped the body from decaying.

Well done, everybody.

Then the body was really generously or completely covered in oil.

Oils, which were really unpleasantly scented.

They smelt really nice.

This kept the corpse soft and also smelling pleasant also.

And this was really important it helped to fight away bacteria from coming and spreading over the corpse.

So now, the corpse was ready to be wrapped really, really tightly in linen.

Linen is a material that we might use nowadays on our bedsheets.

As the body was being wrapped, a priest read out loud special incantations.

Let's do my turn, your turn.

Incantations.

This is another word for spells.

And he did that to ward away, to send away any evil spirits.

They didn't want any evil spirits near them when they were going to the afterlife.

So check in for understanding.

What was the body wrapped in? A, clothes; B, paper; C, linen; or D, plastic.

Pause the video now.

That's right, it was linen.

Definitely wouldn't have been D, plastic.

Plastic wasn't around in ancient Egypt and paper would've decomposed.

It wouldn't have survived, and it wasn't close either.

So it was linen.

Well done.

Okay, the final step.

Finally, the wrapped body, the tightly wrapped body was placed in a wooden or a stone sarcophagus so that the body could be kept safe.

The sarcophagus is one of our key words.

It's the coffin that the body went in.

The body was the home for the spirit in the afterlife.

So it needed to be looked after.

They couldn't just leave the body wrapped in its linen just loose.

It needed to be stored away in the sarcophagus where it could be kept safe.

The outside of the sarcophagus was often covered with carvings and drawings that told stories about the person inside or depicted symbols and beliefs about the afterlife.

So they were really beautifully decorated and you can see that in the picture there.

They told, they often told amazing stories about the person.

So once the body was inside the sarcophagus, it could then be preserved for thousands of years.

And actually, the bodies that have been discovered by historians and archaeologists in modern times, they have been really, really well preserved.

So we've been able to learn lots about the lives of people in the ancient Egypt and even almost what they looked like.

Because the embalmers were so skilled and the mummification process was so complex and intricate, they mummified the bodies really successfully so that they have been preserved for such a long time, which is pretty amazing really.

So it's time for task A.

You need to decide if each statement is true or false.

I'm going to read the sentence now.

And as I'm reading it, you can be thinking if that's true or false.

Then you're going to go and complete this table independently.

First, the body was washed in wine or water from the River Nile.

Then the embalmment cut open the body and removed the internal organs, including the heart.

Next, the body was covered in natron salt and left for 10 days after the corpse was oiled and tightly wrapped in linen.

Finally, the cadaver, so that's another word for the corpse, was placed in a sarcophagus to keep the spirit safe in the afterlife.

Pause the video now and off you go.

Okay, welcome back, everybody.

Well done.

Let's go through these.

First, the body was washed in water or wine from the River Nile.

That's true.

Then the embalmer cut open the body and removed the internal organs, including the heart.

That is false.

It was all the organs apart from the heart.

Next, the body was covered in natron salt and left for 10 days.

False, it was left for 40 days.

After, the corpse was oiled and tightly wrapped in linen.

That is true.

And finally, the cadaver or the corpse, another word for the corpse, was placed in a sarcophagus to keep the spirit safe in the afterlife.

That is true.

So here are the facts written correctly.

Really well done, everybody.

Great job.

Okay, it is time for the second section of the lesson where we are going to be ordering the mummification process.

The mummification process has many steps to it.

It's really important that all of these steps happen in the correct order so that the body is properly preserved.

And we know that the ancient Egyptians would've done it really thoroughly and really carefully and properly because that is the reason the bodies were so well preserved for so many years.

You will be writing about these steps in the order in which they happen in your explanation text.

So it's important that we have a really good understanding of the steps.

So let's just go through these again.

Steps one and steps two.

Step one, the body was washed in wine or water from the River Nile.

Step two, the embalmer cut a hole to remove the internal organs and place them in canopic jars.

Steps three and four.

Step three, the cadaver, so another word for the corpse, was covered in natron salt and left for 40 days.

And four, the dried out body was covered in oil to keep it soft and to prevent bacteria.

And then the final two steps, step five, the cadaver, the corpse, was tightly wrapped in linen as the priest read out loud those spells.

And finally, number six, the tightly wrapped body was placed very carefully in a sarcophagus, which was covered in drawings and carvings.

And then the body was left there inside the sarcophagus where it could be kept safe.

So check in for understanding.

Rearrange the first three steps of the mummification process into chronological order.

So your three options, the embalmer cut a hole to remove the internal organs and place them in canopic jars.

The cadaver, the corpse, was covered in natron salt and left for 40 days.

The body was washed in wine or water from the River Nile.

These are not in the correct order, so you need to rearrange them so that they are in chronological order.

Pause the video now and off you go.

So number one, the first step of the mummification was that the body was washed in wine or water from the River Nile.

Step two, the embalmer cut a hole to remove the internal organs and place them in canopic jars.

And three, the cadaver was covered in natron salt and left for 40 days.

Well done.

Now, you need to rearrange the next three steps of the mummification process into chronological order.

So you have the cadaver, was tightly wrapped in linen as the priest read out spells.

The tightly wrapped body was placed in a sarcophagus, which was covered in drawings and carvings.

And the dried out body was covered in oil to keep it soft and prevent bacteria.

So pause the video now and rearranged these steps in chronological order.

Off you go.

Okay, welcome back.

So let's go through it.

Step number four, the dried out body was covered in oil to keep it soft and prevent the bacteria.

Five, the cadaver was tightly wrapped in linen as the priest read out spells.

And six, the tightly wrapped body was placed in a sarcophagus, which was covered in drawings and carvings.

Well done, everybody.

Great job.

Okay, it is time for task B.

You need to place these six steps in the correct order on the ordering board.

So at the moment, they are not in the correct order.

So you need to read them all and decide which was step number one, step number two, three, four, five, and six.

I'm going to read them out again now.

As I'm reading, you can be thinking about which is the first step and then which comes next and next and so on.

The cadaver was covered in natron salt and left for 40 days.

The body was washed in wine or water from the River Nile.

The cadaver was tightly wrapped in linen as the priest read out spells.

The tightly wrapped body was placed in a sarcophagus, which was covered in drawings and carvings.

The embalmer cut a hole to remove the internal organs and place in canopic jars.

And the dried out body was covered in oil to keep it soft and prevent bacteria.

So pause video now and off you go, placing these steps in chronological order.

Off you go.

Okay, well done, everybody.

Welcome back.

Let's go through these.

Step one, the body was washed in wine or water from the River Nile.

Step two, the embalmer cut a hole to remove the internal organs and place them in canopic jars.

Step three, the cadaver was covered in natron salt and left for 40 days.

Four, the dried out body was covered in oil to keep it soft and prevent bacteria.

Five, the cadaver was tightly wrapped in linen as the priest read out spells.

And finally, six, the tightly wrapped body was placed in a sarcophagus, which was covered in drawings and carvings.

If you need to rearrange any of these now, so they are in the correct order, you can pause the video and do that.

Otherwise, great job, everyone.

Okay, here is a summary of everything we have learned today.

Mummification is a complex and long process that needs to be completed in a certain order.

By mummifying the body, they believed the person's spirit could recognise their body in the afterlife and continue to live happily there.

Embalmers were the people whose job it was to mummify corpses in ancient Egypt.

Once the corpse was cleaned, dried and wrapped, it was placed in a wooden or stone sarcophagus so that the body could be kept safe.

And finally, it was an expensive process.

So usually, it was the bodies of wealthy people who were mummified.

Well done, everybody.

Great job.