Lesson video

Hello and welcome to this lesson: Compound and adverbial complex sentences revision.

This is the last lesson in our grammar one unit about simple, compound and adverbial complex sentences.

So we'll be summing up lots of the learning that we have done together this unit.

The outcome for today is, you can recognise the difference between compound sentences and adverbial complex sentences.

In previous lessons, we've separated the two.

We've looked at compound sentences by themselves and adverbial complex sentences by themselves, and today, we are gonna put them together and check that you can recognise the difference.

Our keywords are here.

My turn, your turn.

Comma.

Comma.

Two of the same keywords.

That's because we have two different definitions for the comma in today's lesson.

Adverbial complex sentence.

Adverbial clause.

Preposition.

Fantastic.

Let's have a look at that first definition for the comma.

A comma is a punctuation mark used before but or or coordinating conjunctions in a compound sentence.

And it's also true that a comma is a punctuation mark used to separate the first adverbial clause from the second main clause in an adverbial complex sentence.

You have learned these two comma rules in previous lessons.

An adverbial complex sentence is a sentence formed of a main clause and an adverbial subordinate clause.

An adverbial clause is a type of subordinate clause that starts with a subordinating conjunction.

And a preposition is a word or words that can tell the reader where the noun is.

Our lesson outline for today looks like this.

We'll start looking at compound sentences, then we'll move to look at adverbial complex sentences.

Let's start with compound sentences.

First, let's listen to some compound sentences.

Air enters our bodies through our noses and we can breathe in through our mouths too.

The nose and mouth are important, but other parts of our body are needed to breathe.

Breathing is a vital process for all of us, or we would not be able to grow.

Why are these three sentences compound sentences? They're not simple, they're not complex.

They are compound sentences.

But why? A compound sentence is formed of at least two main clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction.

Main clause, coordinating conjunction, main clause equals compound sentence.

There are three coordinating conjunctions that are useful for different purposes: and, for building on, but, for a positive and a negative, or, for an option or an effect.

These are the three coordinating conjunctions that are used most frequently in English.

Let's have a look at and working hard.

Komodo dragons are reptiles, first main clause, and they lay eggs, second main clause.

And the second main clause builds on from the first main clause.

Let's have a look at but, for a positive and a negative.

Komodo dragons are very heavy, but they can move rapidly.

Here you can see my first main clause, Komodo dragons are very heavy, comments on a negative thing about them.

The second main clause, they can move rapidly, comments on a positive thing about them, and putting them together to make a positive and negative compound sentence, we need but coordinating conjunction.

Let's have a look at or in action, and remember, or is very useful for giving an option or an effect in the second main clause.

You must not approach one, or you could be hurt.

The second main clause gives the effect of the first main clause.

And remember that comma rule, before but and or coordinating conjunctions in a compound sentence, we must place a comma.

Let's check your understanding so far.

Before which of these coordinating conjunctions do you need to use a comma? Main clause or main clause.

Main clause and main clause.

Which one needs a comma before the coordinating conjunction? Pause the video now as you choose.

Great work, it is the first one.

Before or is the coordinating conjunction that needs a comma.

The other coordinating conjunction that needs a comma before it in a compound sentence is but.

We do not need a comma before and.

Great work.

Your first task today is to write me three compound sentences.

In sentence one, you need to use and to join your two main clauses.

In sentence two, you need to use buts to join your two main clauses.

And in sentence three, you need to use or to join your two main clauses.

You can write your own main clauses, or you can use one of the clauses below to help you.

I've given you three ideas.

There are many different types of fish.

Some animals are endangered, that means in trouble for environmental or human reasons.

You must not touch a snake.

Now, you can take all three of these and put them into all three of your sentences and choose which other main clauses that are going to work well with these first ideas.

So you are writing three compound sentences.

Each sentence uses a different coordinating conjunction, and you can steal any of my ideas of main clauses to help you.

Pause the video now as you complete your three sentences.

Great job.

Now, we need to check our sentences carefully.

Do all three of your sentences include two main clauses? Do all three of your sentences include a coordinating conjunction and have you used and in sentence one, but in sentence two, or in sentence three, and have you remembered to use the comma rule? Let's not get caught out.

Let's remember which two coordinating conjunctions do we need a comma before? Read your sentences back so carefully, check them and make your edits.

Pause the video now.

Great job.

And here are three examples from me.

There are many different types of fish and they live all over the world.

Some animals are endangered, but some species are thriving.

That means doing really, really well.

You must not touch a snake, or you could scare it.

And you'll see in my second and third sentences, I remembered my comma rule before but and or coordinating conjunctions.

Well done all of you.

Now it's time to move on to the second chunk of today's lesson.

Adverbial complex sentences.

Let's listen to some adverbial complex sentences.

When we breathe, air enters our bodies.

The wind pipe is essential for breathing because air travels down it.

We must look after our lungs so they can help us to breathe well.

As I breathe deeply, I feel calmer.

I wonder if any of you use deep breathing to help you feel calm.

Now, which subordinating conjunctions can you spot working here? You'll remember that a subordinating conjunction starts an adverbial clause.

And you'll also remember that an adverbial clause is one type of subordinate clause.

Remember, any subordinate clause is a group of words that contains a verb that does not make sense by itself.

So tracking back, which subordinating conjunctions did you spot in these four examples? In example one, when starts my adverbial clause.

In sentence two, I've got my main clause first.

The wind pipe is essential for breathing.

Ah, and here I can spot where my adverbial clause starts because it starts with my subordinating conjunction because.

In sentence three, I've also placed the main clause first, we must look after our lungs.

And once that main clause has finished, I can spot where the adverbial clause starts because of the subordinating conjunction that starts it.

And in sentence three, that is so, so they can help us to breathe well.

And in sentence four, I can easily see that my adverbial clause comes first because there's a comma after it.

And that means that my subordinating conjunction is going to start my sentence as, as I breathe deeply, comma, I feel calmer.

Let's check your understanding so far.

Circle the subordinating conjunctions out of the words on the screen.

Pause the video now.

You are right.

Because, so, when, as are the four subordinating conjunctions on the screen.

And, but, or are coordinating conjunctions.

They join two main clauses in a compound sentence.

And I wonder if any of you remembered what's behind, next to, and below are all examples of, it's one of our keywords today, they are prepositions.

Great job.

They can tell us where a noun is.

Great work, everyone.

Now, here are some equations for my adverbial complex sentences.

You've seen these before in previous lessons.

The adverbial clause can come first or second in a complex sentence.

So in the first equation, you can see adverbial clause coming first.

Remember, adverbial clause is a type of subordinate clause, and main clause coming second to make my adverbial complex sentence.

And in my second equation, you can see main clause coming first in my sentence, then adverbial subordinate clause coming second, which also makes an adverbial complex sentence.

Now there is a comma rule to remember with adverbial clauses.

Let's have a look at the first example.

Where's the main clause? Because I had a broken bone, the doctor sent me to hospital.

Let's have a look at the second sentence.

The doctor sent me to hospital because I had a broken bone.

I've swapped the clauses round, but where is the main? Ah, the main in the first sentence comes second and the main in the second sentence comes first.

I've just swapped the position.

The adverbial clause is the other clause that starts with subordinating conjunction because, and in the first sentence, my adverbial clause comes first, and in the second sentence, my adverbial clause comes second.

The rule is, if the adverbial clause comes first, then the main clause, we use a comma.

If the main clause comes first, then the adverbial clause, we do not use a comma, like this.

Let's check your understanding so far.

True or false? This sentence needs a comma: The nurse gave the baby the injection because she needed to be protected from the virus.

Pause the video now as you choose.

You are right, it's false.

This sentence does not need a comma because main clause comes first, adverbial clause comes second with that subordinating conjunction because starting it, and we know the rule, if main comes first and adverbial comes second, we do not use a comma, like this.

B is not true because commas are used in complex sentences.

We know the rule, if adverbial comes first, then main, we use a comma after adverbial.

Great work, everyone.

Now there are lots of different subordinating conjunctions that are useful for different purposes in English.

Because is great for giving a reason, when is great for giving a timeframe, so is great for giving a result, and as is great for stating simultaneous action.

And you'll remember from last lesson, that simultaneous means at the same time.

Now, let's check your understanding.

Match the subordinating conjunction.

Because, when, so, as to its purpose, which is for giving a time frame, which is for giving a result, which is for giving a reason, and which is for stating simultaneous action.

Pause the video now as you match.

You are right.

Because is for giving a reason, when is for giving a time frame, so is for giving a results, and as is for stating simultaneous action.

Great work.

For task two today, you need to write two adverbial complex sentences with the adverbial clause at the beginning of each sentence.

So you are going to write two adverbial complex sentences where adverbial comes first and main comes second.

In sentence a, use as as the subordinating conjunction to start your adverbial clause.

And in sentence b, use when as your subordinating conjunction to start your adverbial clause.

Remember, in both sentences, adverbial clause comes first.

You can write your own adverbial clauses, or you can use one of the clauses below to help you: as I learn more about snakes, when a snake is hunting for prey.

You can use both of mine to start your sentences or think of your own.

Pause the video now as you write your two sentences.

Great work.

Now let's check your sentences.

Do both your sentences include one adverbial clause and one main clause? Does your first sentence include as and your second sentence include when as your subordinating conjunctions? And have you remembered to use the common rule? You should have written adverbial clause first and therefore, you should have written a comma after it before the main clause.

Read your sentences back, check them so carefully, and make your edits.

Pause the video now.

Great work.

And here are some example sentences I wrote for you.

As I learn more about snakes, I become less frightened of them.

Adverbial clause came first, as started my adverbial clause, I remembered my comma, and I linked to a main clause that makes sense in the complete sentence.

And in my second example, when a snake is hunting for prey, it uses its exceptional sense of smell.

Exceptional means excellent, outstanding, better than good.

Adverbial clause came first, comma came after it, and main clause came second.

Great job, everyone.

For task three, you are going to write two more adverbial complex sentences.

But this time, you are going to have the main clause at the beginning of each sentence.

So your main clause is going to come first and your adverbial clause is going to come second.

Now, in sentence a, you need to use because to start your adverbial clause, and in sentence b, you need to use so to start your adverbial clause.

You can use one of the clauses below to help you: because it eats its prey whole, so they can hunt all night.

But you need to think of your main clauses all by yourself that can link to your own adverbial clause or these two adverbial clauses I've given you.

Remember, in both sentences, main must come first, adverbial must come second.

Pause the video now as you write your two sentences.

Excellent work.

Now let's check your two sentences.

Do they both include one adverbial clause and one main clause? Does your first sentence include because to start your adverbial clause and your second sentence include so to start your adverbial clause, and don't get tricked, have you remembered the comma rule? Hmm, if main comes first and adverbial comes second, do you or don't you need a comma? I'm not gonna tell you.

You need to remember, read your sentences back, check them so carefully, and make your edits.

Pause the video now.

Great work.

And hopefully, you did not get tricked by that comma rule.

If main comes first and adverbial comes second, we do not need a comma.

The second adverbial clause stretches the idea from the first main clause.

Here are my two examples.

A snake has a very strong jaw because it eats its prey whole.

Here you can see my adverbial clause second where because is explaining my first main clause.

It explains why the snake has a very strong jaw.

And in my second example, snakes have excellent vision so they can hunt at night.

Here, my second adverbial clause starts with so subordinating conjunction.

We know that's great for giving a result, and the result is why they have excellent vision.

Excellent work, everyone.

Wow, what a lot of revision we have done in this compound and adverbial complex sentences lesson.

Let's summarise.

There is a comma rule to remember in compound sentences.

And we know that the comma is placed before but, or coordinating conjunctions in a compound sentence.

There is a comma rule to remember in adverbial complex sentences.

And we know that that rule is, if adverbial comes first, comma comes after, then main clause second.

Different sentence types allow us to make our meaning clear.

Different sentence structures are useful to make our writing flow.

Wow, I'm so impressed with all of your learning, and it has been so great to teach you for this unit.

Now, I'd like you to consolidate all your learning from this lesson in our exit quiz, and I will see you soon for some more excellent English work.