Lesson video

Hi, everyone.

Thank you for coming to my lesson today.

My name is Ms. Royal, and I am going to be teaching you how to write the first section of your explanation text on the digestive system.

For this lesson, you need to be listening and looking carefully.

There will be tasks where you need a partner to talk to and you will need a pencil or pen and paper for writing.

I hope you are feeling ready to learn.

Let's get started.

Your learning outcome for today's lesson is I can write detailed paragraphs to explain what happens when food enters the body.

Here are our key words.

Let's practise saying them my turn, your turn.

Subject-specific vocabulary.

Fronted adverbial.

Subordinating conjunction.

Adverbial clause.

Adverbial complex sentence.

Well done.

Let's take a look at their definitions.

Subject-specific vocabulary is vocabulary used when writing about a particular subject.

A fronted adverbial is a sentence starter that is followed by a comma.

For example, first comma or as a result comma.

A subordinating conjunction is a word that starts an adverbial clause.

An adverbial clause is a type of subordinate clause that starts with a subordinating conjunction.

And an adverbial complex sentence is a sentence formed of a main clause and an adverbial subordinate clause.

There are three parts to today's lesson.

First, we will be looking at what happens when food enters the body so that you have all of the knowledge you need.

Then we will be planning the first section and then we will be writing the first section.

So let's begin with looking at what happens when food enters the body.

Our explanation text on how the digestive system works is structured into four sections.

Introduction.

Section 1: What happens when food enters the body? Section 2: What happens when food leaves the stomach? And a conclusion.

In today's lesson, we are writing the first section.

What happens when food enters the body? What are the key processes and body parts involved in digestion when food first enters the body? Hmm, have a little think.

You eat food.

Where do you think it goes? Food enters the body through the mouth where it is chewed and mixed with saliva.

This is where you get all the taste from the food.

The broken down food is moved to the back of the throat where muscle contractions push it into the long tube called the oesophagus.

The walls of the oesophagus contract and relax, pushing the food down towards the stomach.

And the stomach's juices continue to digest the food where it can be stored for up to several hours.

Now this is not the entirety of the digestive process, but it's the beginning part, which is what we are focusing on today.

So let's check your understanding.

Circle the four body parts that are involved in the digestive process when food first enters the body.

Then number them one to four to show their order in the process.

Pause the video and have a go now.

First, food enters the body through the mouth.

It then moves to the back of the throat.

It then moves down the oesophagus and then it reaches the stomach.

Well done, I am sure you were a superstar at circling the right body parts and ordering them.

It is time for your first task and I just know that you have the knowledge you need to complete it.

Put the following processes in the order that they occur when food enters the body.

Number them one to four.

I'll read them to you.

The stomach's juices continue to digest the food where it can be stored for up to several hours.

The broken down food is moved to the back of the throat where muscle contractions push it into the oesophagus.

The walls of the oesophagus contract and relax, pushing the food down towards the stomach.

Food enters the body through the mouth where it is chewed and mixed with saliva.

Pause the video and order these correctly now.

Let's take a look at the answers.

First, food enters the body through the mouth where it is chewed and mixed with saliva.

Then the broken down food is moved to the back of the throat where muscle contractions push it into the oesophagus.

Next, the walls of the oesophagus contract and relax, pushing the food down towards the stomach.

And number four was the stomach's juices continue to digest the food where it can be stored for up to several hours.

Well done.

You did a great job at the task.

It's now time for the second part of our lesson where you will be planning the first section of your explanation text.

The first section will follow this structure.

Subheading.

What happens when food enters the body? Paragraph one will be about the journey the food takes from the mouth to the throat to the oesophagus.

Paragraph two will be about the journey the food takes from the oesophagus to the stomach.

You will orally rehearse your paragraphs using subject-specific vocabulary, which means you will say them out loud to your partner.

This section needs to include the following.

Detailed, specific facts about the beginning of the digestive process.

Subject-specific vocabulary.

For this lesson, that means scientific vocabulary linked to digestion and the human body.

Fronted adverbials.

We will be using ordering fronted burials like first and fronted adverbials of place like inside the mouth.

And text flow.

By using a range of simple compound and complex sentences, it allows the text to flow naturally for the reader.

Ordering fronted adverbials help us to clearly sequence the process being explained in our explanation text.

First, food enters the body through the mouth.

Next, muscle contractions push it into the oesophagus.

Fronted adverbials of place help us to clearly communicate which part of the body the process is happening in.

Inside the mouth, the food is chewed and at the back of the throat, muscle contractions push the food into, and it is really important to remember that we always use a comma after our fronted adverbial.

Let's check your understanding.

True or false.

Fronted adverbials are an important linguistic feature in explanation texts.

Pause the video and answer now.

That is true.

Well done.

Now it's time to justify your answer.

A, Fronted adverbials help us to show the order of a process and where the process is taking place.

Or B, fronted adverbials make a sentence more interesting and help the text flow.

Pause the video and answer now.

The answer is A.

Well done.

We will be using fronted adverbials that help us show the order of the digestive process and which part of the body the process is taking place in.

It's time for your first task and it is a talk task, which means you need your partner.

Can you fill in the missing blanks with appropriate fronted adverbials? Make sure you include the following.

Ordering fronted adverbials like first and next.

And fronted adverbials of place like inside the mouth or at the back of.

Here is the extract.

Food enters the body through the mouth.

It is chewed and mixed with saliva.

The broken down food becomes ready to swallow and move backwards.

Muscle contractions push the food into the oesophagus.

Pause the video and fill in the missing blanks now.

Let's take a look at the answers together.

First, food enters the body through the mouth.

Inside the mouth, it is chewed and mixed with saliva.

Next, the broken down food becomes ready to swallow and moves backwards.

At the back of the throat, muscle contractions push the food into the oesophagus.

Now you can see that I have used ordering fronted adverbials first and next, and I have also used fronted adverbials of place like inside the mouth and at the back of the throat.

And I am sure you did as well.

Now, read these sentences out loud to your partner to orally rehearse them.

Pause the video.

Well done.

I am sure you did a great job of saying those out loud.

Explanation texts use subordinating conjunctions.

A subordinating conjunction is a word that starts an adverbial clause.

When.

So.

As.

After.

Before.

While.

These are all examples of subordinating conjunctions.

Let's look at how they might be used.

When the food reaches the stomach.

This would be a subordinate clause coming before a main clause.

So it is soft enough to swallow.

This would follow the main clause in a sentence.

As the walls of the oesophagus contract.

After arriving in the stomach.

Before being pushed into the small intestine.

While the food is in the stomach.

The subordinating conjunction allows us to join the adverbial clause to a main clause to make an adverb complex sentence.

For example, subordinate clause first with a comma and then a main clause.

When it is soft enough to swallow, comma, the food moves to the back of the throat.

I have used the subordinating conjunction when for my adverbial clause.

We can also switch these clauses around and say the food moves to the back of the throat when it is soft enough to swallow.

And you will notice I didn't need a comma to separate my main clause and subordinate clause here because my subordinate clause comes second.

When is still my subordinating conjunction used to begin my adverbial clause.

The adverbial clause relies on the main clause to make sense.

It would not make sense on its own.

Let's check your understanding.

Identify the subordinating conjunction and adverbial clause in each of the following sentences.

A, While the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, it breaks down into softer and smaller particles.

B, As the walls of the oesophagus contract and relax, the food is pushed downwards.

And C, Food can be stored in the stomach for up to several hours before being pushed into the small intestine.

Pause the video and identify the subordinating conjunction and adverbial clause in each sentence.

Remember, this can come at the beginning of the sentence or it can be the second clause.

Let's take a look at the answers.

For A, the adverbial clause is while the food is chewed and mixed with saliva.

You will notice this doesn't make sense by itself, but it adds detail to the main clause that comes next.

The subordinating conjunction is while.

For B, the adverbial clause is as the walls of the oesophagus contract and relax, and the subordinating conjunction is as.

And for C, the adverbial clause is before being pushed into the small intestine.

You will notice this is the second clause and the subordinating conjunction is before.

Well done.

It's time for another task.

Can you fill in the blanks to complete the adverbial clauses? Make sure you include the following.

Fronted adverbials of ordering and place.

You will be really good at that 'cause we've already done a task using these.

And an adverbial clause to form an adverbial complex sentence.

For example, when the food is soft enough, it moves to the back of the throat.

Here is the extract.

I have started for you by giving you a subordinating conjunction as to help you start your adverbial clause.

As, comma, the food is pushed down towards the stomach.

When, comma, it is stored there for the next step in the digestion process.

Inside, comma, acids and enzymes are produced and mixed with food.

Pause the video and discuss with your partner to fill in the blanks now.

Let's take a look at some answers that you might have given.

If we look at the first sentence, we know we need an adverbial clause that will support the main clause, the food is pushed down towards the stomach, so I need to think.

Before the food reaches the stomach, where is it? Hmm, okay, so my stomach, I know that the food goes down that long tube before it reaches the stomach and it's called the oesophagus.

Okay, so I could say as, hmm, what happens in the oesophagus to make the food go down? I know that the oesophagus contracts and relaxes, so I could say as the walls of the oesophagus contract and relax, the food is pushed down towards the stomach.

Okay, good.

That makes sense.

My next sentence, I've got when, it is stored there for the next step in the digestion process.

Okay, so where is it being stored? So I know it's now reached the stomach.

It's being stored there.

Okay, so when it reaches the stomach, it is stored there for the next step in the digestion process.

I think that does make sense.

When the food arrives in the stomach, it is stored there for the next step in the digestion process.

Okay, let's look at the last sentence.

We've got inside, so that's a fronted adverbial of place, and my main clause is acids and enzymes are produced and mixed with the food.

And I know that happens inside the stomach Inside the stomach walls, acids and enzymes are produced and mixed with the food.

I am sure you did brilliantly at filling in most blanks with your partner.

Now practise reading these sentences out loud to your partner to orally rehearse them.

Pause the video.

Well done, I'm sure you did a fantastic job of reading those sentences out loud and there was some tricky words in there like oesophagus, so good job.

It's now time for the final part of our lesson, the most exciting part because you are going to get to right the first section.

And I know you will be full of ideas after all of our practise so far.

Let's take a look at the success criteria together first.

The success criteria is, I have written the subheading, what happens when food enters the body? I have used fronted adverbials for ordering and place.

You know lots of those.

I have used a range of sentence types, including adverbial complex sentences.

I have written two paragraphs to explain what happens when food enters the body.

Let's take a look at how you would do this.

I'm going to show you first how I would write the subheading and beginning of the first paragraph.

So I know the subheading is, and I can check my success criteria to help me here, what happens when food enters the body? So I'm going to write that out very neatly, making sure I've got a capital letter for what, I've got a question mark because it's a question, and because it's a subheading, I need to underline it neatly with my ruler.

Then, okay, I am going to write the first sentence and I'm gonna look back at my success criteria again to check what I need to do.

Here is an example of the first sentence.

Let's read it together.

First, food enters the body through the mouth.

Inside the mouth, the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, a watery liquid.

I have used parentheses here to add more detail about a saliva.

This makes the food wet and breaks it down into small enough pieces to swallow.

Okay, now what we're gonna do is we're going to look at the success criteria to see if the beginning of my first paragraph has met it.

So what I'd like you to do is pause the video and check my model example against the success criteria with your partner.

Have a look and see where I have done it and how I have done it.

Pause the video and check my writing now.

Okay, so I have written the subheading.

What happens when food enters the body? Check.

I can see I have done that and I have underlined it neatly.

I have used fronted adverbials for ordering and place.

Well, I can see I've got the word first to begin my first sentence, and I've got inside the mouth, that's a fronted adverbial for place.

Check.

Okay, good.

And I have used a range of sentence types, including adverbial complex sentences.

Well, using the fronted adverbial of place, inside the mouth, that's an adverbial clause.

So inside the mouth, the food is chewed and mixed with saliva.

That is an adverbial complex sentence.

Okay, good.

And I can also see this makes the food wet and breaks it down into small enough pieces to swallow.

And is a coordinating conjunction, so I've also used a compound sentence.

Fantastic.

Well done for checking my model against the success criteria.

It's now time for your first writing task.

Use the success criteria to write the subheading and the first paragraph of section one.

Remember, an adverbial complex sentence has a subordinate clause and a main clause.

If a subordinate clause comes first, it needs a comma to separate it.

If it comes second, you do not need a comma.

Here are some ordering fronted adverbials that will be helpful.

First.

Next.

When the food is.

Here are some fronted adverbials of place, in the mouth, at the back of.

And here are some key pieces of subject-specific vocabulary to support you.

Food.

Mouth.

Saliva.

Throat.

Oesophagus.

Contractions.

And now there's no excuse not to spell those correctly because they are right there for you.

So make sure you check them as you're writing them.

Okay, I hope you're feeling excited and ready to write.

Pause the video and have a go now.

I wonder how you got on with your writing.

I'm sure you were working really hard.

Let's take a look at an example together.

So I have my subheading first.

What happens when food enters the body? First, food enters the body through the mouth.

Inside the mouth, the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, a watery liquid.

This makes the food wet and breaks it down into small enough pieces to swallow.

When the food is soft enough, it moves to the back of the throat.

Next, muscle contractions push it into the oesophagus, which is a long muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach, where the food continues its journey.

Let's check this against the success criteria.

I have written the subheading, what happens when food enters the body? I can see I've done that.

Check.

I have used fronted adverbials for ordering and place.

Well, for ordering, I can see I've got first and next.

And for place, I can see I've got inside the mouth.

Okay, great.

Check.

And I have used a range of complex, oh, no, I have used a range of sentence types including adverbial complex sentences.

Well, I know I've got a compound sentence 'cause I've used the coordinating conjunction and, and I've got when the food is soft enough, that's an adverbial clause, so that's a complex sentence.

And ooh, next, next, muscle contractions push it into the oesophagus, which is a long muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

Now that is a relative clause that has been embedded into my main clause, so another complex sentence.

Check.

Well done.

I am sure your writing is brilliant and I can't wait to read it.

I hope you're feeling in the writing flow because it is time to write the second paragraph of section one using the success criteria.

Remember, an adverbial complex sentence is a subordinate clause and a main clause.

If a subordinate clause comes first, it needs to be separated by a comma.

Here are some sentence starters for your adverbial clauses.

As the walls of the.

When the food arrives in the.

And with a capacity of 1.

5 litres.

I wonder which body part I'm talking about there.

And here are some key vocabulary, your subject-specific vocabulary for writing this paragraph: walls, oesophagus, contract, stomach, acids, enzymes, stored.

Pause the video and write your second paragraph now.

I am so excited to read your writing and see how you met the success criteria.

Let's look at an example together.

As the walls of the oesophagus contract and relax, the food is pushed down towards the stomach.

When the food arrives in the stomach, it is stored there for the next step in the digestion process.

Stomach walls, which are wrinkled and folded, produce acids and enzymes that mix with the food.

As a result of this, the food is broken down further.

Significantly, the walls allow the stomach to expand as it fills.

With a capacity of approximately 1.

5 litres when full, the stomach can comfortably store food for up to several hours.

Then the food is pushed into the small intestine, but the process is far from over.

Okay, so let's look at the success criteria.

I have used fronted adverbials for ordering and place.

Well, I can see that I've got when the food arrives in the stomach, so that is a place that says where the food is, and I can see I've got the ordering fronted adverbial then.

Okay, good.

I can tick that.

Now I have used a range of sentence types including a verbal complex sentences.

Well, I can see I've got adverbial clauses in there, as the walls of the oesophagus contract and relax.

Further down, I've got with a capacity of approximately 1.

5 litres when full.

So yes, I have done that.

And I have written, and this is the final part of our success criteria, I have written two paragraphs to explain what happens when food enters the body.

Well, I've already had a look at the first one and now I've gone over the second one, so I can tick that off.

And I'm sure you can too.

Well done for your fantastic writing in today's lesson.

We've come to the end, so let's go over a summary together.

Sections of an explanation text are organised by subheadings and contain paragraphs explaining the process chronologically.

Subject-specific vocabulary ensures the reader learns accurate information.

Fronted adverbials of order and place organise the paragraphs clearly and allow the text to flow.

A subordinating conjunction is used to begin an adverbial clause.

And an adverbial clause can be joined with a main clause to form an adverbial complex sentence.

Well done for writing the first section of your explanation text about the digestive system.

I really enjoyed teaching you and I hope you enjoyed all the learning.