Hi everybody, it's Ms. Gardner and welcome to today's handwriting lesson.

In today's lesson we're going to be practising our cursive handwriting by writing some dialogue, so some speech sentences.

I hope you enjoy it and let's get started.

Your learning outcome for today's lesson is to write correctly punctuated dialogue in legible cursive handwriting.

Let's start by looking at the key words.

We'll do my turn, your turn.

Direct speech, this is the term used for a character speaking out loud in a text.

Inverted commas, these are a pair of punctuation marks that signal direct speech to the reader.

Speech first sentence, this is a sentence that includes direct speech first before the reporting clause.

Speech second sentence, this is a sentence that includes direct speech second after the reporting clause.

So there are three sections of our lesson today.

And the first we'll be doing a handwriting warmup.

Then we'll be writing some speech first sentences using our neatest cursive handwriting.

And then we'll be writing some speech second sentences.

Let's start with our warmup.

Before we start, what are these pictures reminding you to do? Pause the video now and have a little think.

So the first picture is reminding us to be sat on a chair at a table or a desk with our feet flat on the floor and our back against the chair.

The second picture is reminding you to angle your paper correctly.

So if you're right-handed, angle slightly to the left.

If you're left handed, it's angle slightly to the right, and then your non-writing hand is supporting you by keeping the paper still.

Then the third picture is reminding you to hold your pencil or your pen in the tripod grip.

Before starting to write, it's really important to warm up your hands and your wrist muscles.

Your hands and wrists will get stronger when you exercise them.

So warming up your hands before writing will eventually help to improve your handwriting.

Making your hands stronger will also help to speed up your handwriting.

I'm going to choose two hand and wrist warmups, then you are going to have a go.

Let's have a go at doing the finger touch warmup.

I'm going to have a go first and then you'll be able to have a go afterwards.

So with the finger touch warmup, you're going to put your hands like this, open like this, and you're going to imagine you've got some Play-Doh on your thumb, resting on your thumb.

Then you're going to touch the Play-Doh with your first finger, then your next finger, then your next, then your little finger, and then you can go backwards.

Little finger first this time, then this finger, then this finger, then this finger, imagining you're touching that Play-Doh.

You can go a little bit faster if you want to, back, touching it again.

And let's get your other hand, this time you are imagining the Play-Doh to be on your other thumb.

And you're gonna touch the Play-Doh with your first finger, then your next, then you're next, then you're next, then backwards there, touch, touch.

And then you can get really fun.

You can do both hands together, little fingers, first fingers, and then backwards.

Okay, it's your turn.

You need to now choose either your right hand, your left hand, or both hands, it doesn't matter.

Choose which hand you want to start with.

Imagine your Play-Doh's on your thumb and then start touching each finger on the Play-Doh.

Pressing it down, backwards, maybe get both hands this time touching each finger on the imaginary Play-Doh.

I hope you can imagine the Play-Doh there and the texture of the Play-Doh that's quite soft, you're pushing down on it, and really good way to warm up your fingers ahead of handwriting, great job.

Let's use the wiper wrist technique to warm up for handwriting.

This is a really good technique 'cause not only does it warm up your wrists, but it also is a great chance to use your imagination.

So you are going to imagine your wrists are your windscreen wipers.

You are in a car, so you can imagine you are in a bus, or a taxi, or a car, or a van, whatever, and you're driving wherever you want to drive, but it is pouring with rain.

And it's not very easy to see if you're driving and there's rain splattering on the windscreen, so we need to use windscreen wipers.

So we're going to imagine our hands are windscreen wipers and we're going to wave them left and right, speeding it up a little bit 'cause the rain's getting harder to wipe the windscreen clear so that we can see.

So now your turn.

Get your hands ready, pretend they're windscreen wipers.

And let's start wiping the screen clean.

Slowly and then the rain's getting harder as it goes.

Speed up, speed up, speed up, and slow down again.

And now, your wrist should be feeling really warmed up and ready for some handwriting, great job.

Another thing to do before your handwriting is to practise some writing patterns as these help us to prepare for writing and for joining letters.

I'm going to choose a writing pattern to do in the air with my finger, and then you are going to have a go.

So I'm gonna choose the first one first, one that looks like you're joining lowercase Es.

Starting at the bottom, really trying to keep a smooth flowing movement.

Up and down, up and down, up and down, up and down, and out.

And then the next one is, it almost looks like a heart rate monitor doesn't it, here? So I am gonna go up, down, up, down, up, down, up, down, up, down.

Your turn, you are now going to choose a writing pattern to do in the air with your finger.

Pause the video now.

Okay, it's time for task A.

You need to copy and continue these patterns using your tripod grip.

Remember, don't lift your pencil off the page when forming the pattern, and really focus on keeping that movement smooth and flowing.

Pause the video now, off you go.

Okay, well done everybody.

So were you using your tripod grip? Did you keep pencil on the page and was your movement smooth? I'm sure you all did really well, great job.

Okay, it's time to be writing some speech first sentences.

We use direct speech to show that a character is speaking out loud.

So, the words in green, these are the words that the characters said out loud.

"What a lot of noise," cried Miss Ofoedu.

"I just can't do it, Miss,' sighed Jun sadly.

"Shall I help you?" Aisha asked kindly.

So all those words in green, this is what we call direct speech.

These are the words that the character is saying.

And direct speech is shown to the reader using inverted commas which look like this.

So on either side of the direct speech we have a pair of inverted commas.

The inverted commas tell us where the words the character said begin and end.

The inverted commas go around the words that were spoken out loud by the character, the direct speech.

So, for example, "Let's get out our books, said Mr. Clark." The inverted commas go around, let's get out our books 'cause those are the words that he's saying, but that's not the entire speech sentence.

We also have a reporting clause, said Mr. Clark calmly.

It tells us who said the direct speech.

So in this case, Mr. Clark and how, in this case, he said it calmly.

Because the direct speech has come before the reporting clause, we call this a speech first sentence.

It's a really good idea to practise writing speech first sentences as they are going to appear a lot in your writing and will also help to improve the speed and flow of your handwriting.

Can you remember the four joins in cursive handwriting? Here's an example of each to help you.

Pause the video now and think about how you can describe each join.

Okay, so the first join goes from the baseline to the X-height line.

The second join goes from the baseline up towards the ascender line.

The third join goes from the X-height line dipping down just below the X-height line, back to the X-height line.

And then the fourth join is from the X-height line up towards the ascender line.

So let's look closely at a speech first sentence.

"Are you feeling excited?" Jacob asked.

Pause the video now and take a look closer look at the letter formations, of you go.

So what have you noticed? Capital letters, there are two capital letters aren't there? The beginning of the speech are the first word of the speech and for the proper noun, the name Jacob, every word begins with a lead in and finishes with a lead out.

There's a looped lead in with the letter F and looped lead outs in Y and G.

There are lots of X-height letters but also descender letters, the letters that go below the line, and ascender a letters, the letters that go up above, also are called tall letters.

And around either side of the speech are inverted commas.

There's also a break letter, that means you have to take a pen off the page when you are writing the letter.

And that's the letter X in excited.

Let's just summarise this.

So the direct speech is enclosed with inverted commas.

The speech sentence starts with a capital letter.

The proper noun, Jacob also starts with a capital letter.

Capital letters do not join to the next letter in the letter string.

The letter after the capital letter starts with a lead in from the baseline.

All of the other words have a lead in and a lead out.

The direct speech is a question, therefore a question mark is used.

And all four cursive letter joins are used when writing this speech first sentence.

Now, let's look closely at another speech first sentence.

What do you notice about the letter formations here? "Tap your feet on the floor," Mr. McIntyre instructed.

Pause the video now and take a closer look.

Okay, so what have we noticed about the letter formations here? Again, we have capital letters at the start of the speech with tap, and we have three capital letters in the name, the proper noun Mr. Mc and Intyre.

Both Mc and Intyre need a capital letter.

Lead ins for every word and lead outs.

We have a looped lead in for the letter F and looped looped out in the letter Y, F, and F.

X-height letters, descender letters that go below the line, ascender letters that go up above the line, inverted commas to show the direct speech, and then there's even letter spacing.

The letters aren't squashed too close together or spread too far apart.

So let's summarise.

The direct speech is enclosed with inverted commas.

The speech sentence starts with a capital letter, the word, "Tap." The proper noun, Mr. McIntyre has three capital letters in its formation.

Capital letters don't join to the next letter in the letter string.

The letter after the capital letter starts with a lead in from the baseline.

So take a close look at all the capital letters and look at the letter next to it, none of them are joined to the capital letter.

There is a comma after the direct speech and before the inverted commas.

And the first, second, and third joins are used when writing this speech sentence.

Checking for understanding.

Select the correctly punctuated sentence, A, B, or C.

Pause the video now.

That's right, it is B.

It couldn't be A 'cause there's no inverted commas, and it couldn't be C because Aisha needs a capital letter because it's a proper noun, well done.

Let's practise writing some speech first sentences.

We're going to write, "Are you feeling excited?" Jacob asked, and, "Tap your feet on the floor," Mr. McIntyre instructed.

I'm making sure I'm sitting comfortably with my pen in the tripod grip.

I'll start with the inverse commas and then the capital letter, and then I'll start the next letter with a lead in from the baseline.

I'm going to make sure I'm keeping my pencil flowing smoothly as I connect the letters, and ensuring that the letter spacing and letter formations are correct so that my writing is legible.

I'll make sure also to not take my pencil or pen off the page until the letter string is complete, unless I'm writing a break letter.

So let's go, "Are you feeling excited?" Jacob asked.

I'm going to start with inverted commas and capital A, and then lead in for the baseline.

Are you feeling, lead in, looped descender, then a lead out.

Then lead in loop to form a letter F up towards the line above but not all the way, finishing with a lead out loop.

And I will go back and dot my I.

And then I've got to write, excited and I'm remembering that excited includes a break letter.

So writing the letter E, X and then I'm gonna take my pen off the page to finish writing the letter X.

And then I'll start with my lead in for the letter C, go back and dot my I, and cross my T.

And then this is a question, so what punctuation mark do I need? Question mark, well done.

It's the end of the direct speech so the next pair of inverted commas.

And now the reporting clause.

Jacob is a proper noun so it needs capital letter.

I'm not joining J to A, finishing B with a lead out and then lead in.

Then I need to finish my sentence with a full stop.

I've really tried to keep all my X-height letters the same size here.

Okay, the next sentence, "Tap your feet on the floor," Mr. McIntyre instructed.

Again, I'm starting with inverted commas, capital letter, and lead out for the next letter, and lead out on the letter P, sorry, lead in.

tap your feet, okay, lead in loop, lead out loop.

Go back and cross my T.

Lead in loop, on, you'll notice, when I do my ascender letters, I'm not going all the way up to the line, just up towards it.

And I'm really trying to keep the rest of my letters on the line, not floating above.

Lead in loop.

Okay, it's the end of the speech so I need a comma, inverted commas.

And then Mr. McIntyre is a proper noun, so capital letter.

Lead in for the letter R, another capital letter for M.

Lead in for the letter C, another capital letter, the letter I, and then a lead in for N-T-Y-R-E.

Then I'll go back and cross my T.

There's not quite enough space here so I'm gonna write instructed on the next line.

Lead in, then I'll cross my T's and dot my I, and I can finish my sentence with the full stop, great.

Checking for understanding, after forming a capital letter in cursive, you should A, join it to the next letter in the letter string.

B, lift your pencil as capital letters do not join to other letters.

Or C, continue to write the rest of the sentence in capital letters.

Pause the video now.

That's right, it is B, well done.

It's time for task B, you need to copy the following speech first sentences in cursive handwriting on your writing lines.

So you're not gonna be using our tram lines today.

We're going to be using writing lines.

Which means we need to be thinking really closely about the letter sizes and the formations, 'cause we haven't got the tram lines to help us make sure we're sizing them correctly.

So you're going to be writing, "Are you feeling excited?" Jacob asked, and, "Tap your feet on the floor," Mr. McIntyre instructed.

So pause the video now and off you go.

Well done everybody, I hope you enjoyed that.

Have a look at your speech sentences you've just written and compare them to the examples on the screen.

How do they compare? Do yours look similar? Did you remember the inverted commas? Did you start with a capital letter and did your proper noun have a capital letter? Did you ensure your letters were the correct size and formation? And did you remember that the letter X is a break letter? I'm sure you all did really well, great job.

It's time for the third part of our lesson where we are writing speech second sentences.

Another way of showing direct speech is to use to speech second sentence.

Jacob's sighed, "Are we nearly there?" The teacher yelled, "That's enough!" Here, the direct speech comes second and you can see the box is around this direct speech and we need that as well because the inverse comments were around them.

Then the reporting clause comes first.

So that tells us who said the speech.

The reporting clause now comes at the start of the sentence.

So it always has a capital letter.

Both Jacob and the, both start with a capital letter 'cause it's the start of the sentence.

The reporting clause, and this is an important thing to note, is now always followed by a comma before the speech.

So let's look closely at speech second sentence.

What do you notice about the letter formations here? Pause the video now and take a closer look.

Okay, so what have we noticed? There's capital letters for the name Jun and also for the start of the direct speech in the word, this.

And remember that those capital letters do not join to the next letter.

Then each word starts with the lead in and ends with the lead out.

There's some looped lead ins with a letter F and looped lead outs, G and Y, and F.

X-height letters, descender letters which go below the line.

Ascender letters which go up towards the line above.

Inverted commas around the direct speech.

And then even letter spacing, the letters are spread apart evenly.

Let's summarise.

The direct speech is enclosed with inverted commas.

The proper, Jun has a capital letter.

The first word of the direct speech, this also has a capital letter.

The letter after the capital letter starts with a lead in from the baseline.

All of the other words have a lead in and a lead out.

There is a comma after the reporting clause.

And all four cursive joins are used when writing this speech second sentence.

Let's now look closely at another speech second sentence.

What do you notice about the letter formations here? Sofia snapped, "I don't like apples." Pauses video now and take a closer look.

Okay, so again we have capital letters for the name Sofia.

And for the start of the speech, I.

Lead-ins and lead outs for the beginning and end of every word, there's a looped lead-in in the name Sofia, the letter F.

Looped lead outs in F, X-height letters, descender letters, ascender letters, and inverted commas on either side of the direct speech, and even letter spacing.

Let's summarise.

The direct speech is enclosed within inverted commas.

The proper noun, Sofia has a capital letter.

The first word the direct speech has a capital letter I.

The letter after the capital letter starts with a lead in from the baseline.

So you can see in Sofia, S and O are not joined.

All of the other words have a lead in and a lead out.

There is a comma after the reporting clause, Sophia snapped, comma.

All four cursive letter joins are used when writing the speech second sentence.

And there is an exclamation mark at the end of the sentence, before the final pair of inverted commas.

The letter spacing is equal, so the writing is legible, that means we can read it.

Checking for understanding, select the correctly punctuated sentence, A, B, or C.

Pause the video now.

That's right, it is C.

It couldn't be A because there's no full stop at the end of the sentence, and it couldn't be B because, muttered does not need a capital letter, well done.

Okay, let's practise writing these speech second sentences.

Just like last time, I'm making sure I'm sitting comfortably and I've got my pen in the tripod grip, and I'm remembering all the things I need to remember.

Like keeping my X-height letters the same size, not going too high or too low for the ascenders or descenders, and making sure I'm not joining my capital letter to the next letter.

So, my first word in the speech second sentence, Sofia snapped is, Sofia.

It's a proper noun, it's also the start of the sentence, that definitely needs a capital letter.

Sorry, I'm actually gonna write on the line below so you can see properly.

Okay, so capital S for Sofia.

I've taken my pen off the page, and then lead in.

Then I'll go back and dot my I.

Sofia, lead in, going down towards the line below but not all the way.

Trying to keep all my X-height letters the same height, and then I need a comma because it's the end of the reporting clause, and then inverted commas 'cause it's the start of the direct speech.

And then capital letter for I 'cause it's the start of the speech and it's a proper noun.

Don't, apostrophe, so I've taking my pen off the page and crossing my T.

Lead in, oh, that's a bit high, sorry, I shouldn't have gone all the way up there.

I should have stopped at the same height as the K.

And then lead in to write apples.

And then it's the end of the sentence, so I need an exclamation mark and inverted commas.

Okay, my next sentence, Jun sighed, "This was such a wonderful day." Again, Jun is a proper name, so it needs a capital letter.

It's also the start of the sentence, and lead in to form the letter N.

Go back and dot my I, Jun sighed is the end of the reporting clause, so we need a comma, great.

Inverted commas, capital letter.

And then starting our letter H from the baseline with a lead in, then I'll go back and dot my I.

This was such, again trying to keep my X-height letters all the same height, trying to make sure I'm staying on the line, not letting the letters float above wonderful day.

Finishing with a looped descender, lead out.

Okay, end of the sentence, full stop, inverted commas, great.

Checking for understanding.

Can you spot the mistake in this speech second sentence? Pause the video now and take a closer look.

Okay, I wonder if you spotted it.

This, you have your reporting clause, "Sophia snapped." And what do we need after the reporting clause? We needed a comma before the direct speech.

This is the sentence correctly punctuated, Sophia snapped, comma, and then the direct speech, well done.

It's time for task C.

You need to copy the following speech first sentences in cursive handwriting on your writing lines.

Make sure you're holding your pen or pencil in the tripod grip.

And you are really trying to make sure your X-height letters are consistently sized, and your ascender letters a little bit taller, and your just descender letters go below the line, but not too far below that they touch the next line.

Pause the video now and off you go.

Well done everybody, how did you get on? Have a look at the sentences that you've just written.

How do they compare to the examples on the screen? Did you remember the inverse commas? Did you remember both capital letters? And did you remember the comma after the reporting clause? If you need to, you can pause the video now and make any necessary edits.

Otherwise, great job.

Here's a summary of everything we've learned today.

Direct speech is signalled to the reader in text by inverted commas.

Direct speech can be written in a speech first sentence or a speech second sentence.

Direct speech always starts with a capital letter.

After forming a capital letter, you need to lift your pencil to start the next part of the word.

The cursive letter joins used when writing dialogue.

Depends on which letters are joining to which letters in the letter string.

The letter spacing and letter formation needs to be correct to ensure the writing is legible.

Well done everybody, great job.