Lesson video

Hello and welcome to today's spelling lesson.

I'm Mr. Moss, I love spelling, and I'm really looking forward to teaching you.

With you today for the spelling lesson, you need to bring your looking eyes, your listening ears, and your thinking brains, as well as that having something to write on and write with would also be excellent, and having something or someone to talk to would also be really helpful.

Right, let's not waste any more time then and let's get straight into today's spelling lesson.

In this spelling lesson, we're going to be using hyphens to create adjectives.

The outcome will be, I can identify when to use a hyphen to create adjectives.

Here are the keywords, hyphen, compound adjective, and modifier.

A hyphen is a punctuation mark that can join two words to make one compound adjective.

A compound adjective is an adjective formed of two or more hyphenated words.

And a modifier is a word or phrase that provides additional information or describes an adjective or adverb.

So we're gonna be using hyphens to create adjectives.

We're gonna begin by using hyphens in compound adjectives, then we're gonna spell some curriculum words, and we're gonna finally apply some of the spellings that we've been looking at in today's lesson within a sentence.

Let's get on with hyphens in compound adjectives then.

So let's read some words, well-known, notice that this work contains a hyphen, well-behaved, another adjective, recently-opened, high-quality, high-pitched, cold-hearted, bitter-sweet.

Up-to-date, we have two hyphens here, over-the-top, again, two hyphens.

What do you notice then in these words? Pause the video and have a think.

Brilliant, well, they all contain hyphens.

These words are what we would call, my turn, your turn, compound adjectives.

They're compound because they're more than one of something being put together and they're adjectives because they're words that can be used to describe nouns.

Sometimes hyphens can be used to join prefixes to root words.

And you may have looked at this in previous learning, things like pre-existing.

Here we have a hyphen in order to not confuse the two vowels being placed together from the prefix and the root word, co-ordinate, again, two O's being together might be confusing, so you've used a hyphen to be very clear, it stops any ambiguity.

Self-involved, certain prefixes like self and ex are often found, but not all the time, with hyphens as well.

Re-press, this really helps us so there's no ambiguity between this word here, to press again, or repress, to push down.

Ex-president, this can be used to avoid confusion in spelling and meaning, as well as when the prefixes ex and self are used.

It helps us to avoid confusion with the pronunciation of pre-existing and co-ordinate, and with the word re-press, it shows us that it's that button being pressed again rather than the word repress, which would mean for instance, to repress your feelings, to push 'em down and not think about them.

Hyphens can also be used in numbers, 21, for instance, or 55.

So when can hyphens be used, to join all prefixes to root words, to join some prefixes to root words, in numbers or in dates? Select the two correct answers now, off you go.

Brilliant, well, they're not used to join all prefixes are they? They're used to join some prefixes to avoid ambiguity and when certain prefixes are used and they can be used in numbers.

We looked at those examples a moment ago of 21 and 55.

They're not found in dates.

Another way hyphens are often used is to join two words to make a compound adjective, which is what we're going to be focusing on today.

We know that adjectives describe nouns.

An excellent restaurant, excellent there is describing the restaurant, which is our noun, a popular restaurant, again, another adjective to describe the restaurant, and a familiar restaurant, one that you know well, again, a word to describe the restaurant.

A compound adjective is two or more words then that are joined by hyphens to create an adjective that can be used to describe a noun, a well-known restaurant, this is now an adjective.

Those two words together may not be adjectives.

So a compound adjective is two or more words joined by hyphens to create an adjective that can be used to describe a noun.

We have a recently-opened restaurant and a high-quality restaurant.

The words joined by the hyphen might not have been adjectives on their own, but together they are compound adjectives.

Here are some more examples of compound adjectives describing a noun, a time-consuming task, so a task that takes up a lot of time, a cold-hearted criminal, a high-pitched shriek, a well-behaved student, a heart-rending scream, and a silver-haired wizard.

We know these are compound adjectives because we couldn't put a comma between these two words like we could to create an expanded noun phrase of many other adjectives.

We need the hyphen to join them.

A silver comma haired wizard will be a wizard that is silver with hair.

However, a silver hyphen hair wizard, a silver-haired wizard is a wizard with silver hair.

Silver and hair separated by a comma are two individual words.

Silver hyphen haired, a compound adjective separated by a hyphen, is a new word that describes a wizard with silver hair.

So what I'd like you to do here for me is match the pairs of words to make a compound adjective using a hyphen.

Saying them out loud will help you.

Listen out for the ones that sound correct, off you go.

Brilliant, fast-paced go together, like a fast paced-bowler in cricket, bitter-sweet, used to describe the taste of something, bitter-sweet chocolate.

Snow-covered might be used to describe a mountaintop, a snow covered mountaintop, and long-term, a long-term relationship, something that's been going on for a long time.

So we've looked at many compound adjectives.

We now have some more on the right here, rain-soaked, far-reaching, long-forgotten, and high-speed.

I'd like you to choose the correct compound adjective from the list and fill in the gap in front of each noun.

Read the sentence carefully and consider which compound adjective could be used to describe each noun.

Pause the video now, put them in the correct sentences.

Off you go.

Brilliant, the cars engaged in a hmm, rain-soaked chase, far-reaching chase, long-forgotten chase or a high-speed chase? So cars can go at high speed, the cars engaged in a high-speed chase through the city streets.

That is a compound adjective describing the speed of the chase of the cars.

As we stepped onto the hmm pitch, we knew it was going to be a tough match.

Hmm, far-reaching pitch? Probably not, long-forgotten pitch? No, but rain-soaked, yes, can play a match or sport in the rain.

There will be hmm consequences if we do not care for the environment.

Far-reaching, that will have impact on many things.

And tiptoeing through the hmm ruins, we scanned the dusty corners for treasure.

Well, if no one's been there for a long time, it's dusty, long-forgotten ruins, brilliant.

Sometimes three or four words are joined using hyphens to create a compound adjective to describe a noun, an up-to-date map, so three words here joined by two hyphens, a down-to-earth woman, so again, three words, two hyphens and we created a compound adjective, an over-the-top party, an out- of-this-world bargain.

In this instance we have four words and three hyphens to create this compound adjective.

A one-of-a-kind opportunity, a state-of-the-art computer, each word on its own is not an adjective, but when they are joined together with a hyphen, they create a compound adjective.

So where could the hyphens be placed in these sentences? There may or may not be more than one compound adjective in these sentences, so think carefully.

We have a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to get an up-to-date view of the moon.

The long-awaited holiday finally arrived and we spent our days lounging on a sun-soaked beach.

My state-of-the-art computer had high-speed internet and a golden-crusted symbol on the front.

Read the sentences carefully and consider what words could be placed together with hyphens between them to create compound adjectives.

Brilliant job, so we have a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to get an up-to-date view of the moon.

Here we have once-in-a-lifetime, so four words there together with three hyphens to create that word to describe the opportunity to get an up-to-date view of the moon.

So that then up-to-date is an adjective to describe the view that you you're getting of the moon.

The long-awaited holiday finally arrived and we spent our days lounging on a sun-soaked beach.

Here we have long-awaited, the adjective there to describe the holiday, been waiting a long time for it.

And then our adjective, compound adjective, sun-soaked, to describe the beach.

My state-of-the-art computer had high-speed internet and a gold-encrusted symbol on the front.

Again, state of the art describes the computer, high-speed, a compound adjective, to describe the internet, and gold-encrusted to describe the symbol on the front of the computer.

Again, if I was to put a comma between gold and encrusted, it wouldn't work, they're not both adjectives.

So we can create our own compound adjectives to describe nouns as well.

Here we have the word covered, blood-covered floor, mud-covered boots, snow-covered hills.

This can help us to be really creative in our writing, in particular.

Splattered, paint-splattered walls, mud-splattered car, blood-splattered crime scene, woo.

Stained, ink-stained fingers, tea-stained paper, coffee-stained mug.

And ridden, flea-ridden hovel, disease-ridden swamp, guilt-ridden conscience.

So you can see we're taking these words, hyphen covered, hyphen stained, hyphen splattered, hyphen ridden, and adding a noun before it to create this compound adjective that then describes the noun that it's paired with.

Notice the difference between these ideas, and for instance, torn comma stained paper or chipped comma stained mug.

So what I'd like you to do is choose an appropriate word to begin each compound adjective in these sentences.

Read the sentences carefully.

And here we have the word silver, blood, long, barely, mud and wind.

And think about which words could be paired with the words that are already there to make compound adjectives that appropriately describe the nouns they're paired with.

Off you go.

Fantastic job, team.

So putting on my mud-covered armour, none of the others would've worked there I don't think.

Potentially blood-covered, but it didn't seem appropriate.

I mentally prepared myself for the long-feared battle.

As we stepped onto the blood soaked battlefield, very gory, we whispered a barely-audible prayer, so something that could barely be heard, hardly be heard.

We, or sorry, my silver-plated sword hung at my side as I strode away from the wind-battered tent.

So saying the words there alongside the hyphen and the other word you would've been able to hear which ones would've been appropriate to be paired along, to be a co-locate alongside the other nouns.

Mud-covered armour, long-feared battle, blood-soaked battlefield, barely-audible prayer, silver-plated sword and wind-battered tent.

We've created here compound adjectives from two words that weren't previously individually adjectives, but by putting them together and separating with our hyphen, we've created an adjective.

Using a hyphen to create a compound adjective can be helpful in reducing ambiguity, by ambiguity, I mean confusion about the meaning of the words in a sentence.

I saw a man eating tiger compared to I saw a man-eating tiger.

She spotted a bird eating spider, she spotted a bird-eating spider.

You see here the use of the hyphen is helping to make it clear that in the first instance, I saw a man eating tiger, so a man actually eating, the doing word there on its own, the verb eating, tiger.

But then I saw a man-eating tiger, man hyphen eating is a compound adjective that describes that tiger.

So it's not a man eating tiger actually physically eating tiger, a human, but it's a man-eating tiger, a tiger that would eat a man.

The same for the bird-eating spider.

The hyphen here helps us to be clear about who is eating who.

We had an extra, special surprise.

We had an extra-special surprise.

It was a slow, moving film.

It was a slow-moving film.

The compound adjective here makes clear what we are saying about the noun.

Explain how these two sentences below have a different meaning.

He bought an extra, large T-shirt, he bought an extra hyphen large T-shirt.

Explain to yourself or someone around you now the difference in meaning between extra comma large and extra hyphen large.

Excellent, well, they do have two very different meanings.

He bought an extra comma large T-shirt means he bought one more T-shirt than he needed, an extra one, and it was a large size, maybe as a spare.

So we see them there as two adjectives, separate and with clear meaning, an extra one and large, describing the size.

Now, he bought an extra hyphen large T-shirt is a compound adjective.

This means he bought a T-shirt that was extra large in size, but it wasn't a spare one, he only had one.

So for our practise task now to finish out this learning cycle, I'd like you to first, as part one, match the pairs of words to make a compound adjective using a hyphen.

Saying these out loud and trying them in different combinations will help you.

And then I'd like you to complete the following sentence with one of the compound adjectives from above.

Consider their meaning and consider the context of the sentence.

Pause the video, off you go.

Excellent job, team, so let's see how you've done.

We had sun-kissed, so saying it's been touched by the sun, wind-swept, so the wind has blown through it, eye-catching, so it caught your eye, and tear-jerking, something's incredibly sad, makes you cry.

Let's have a look at the sentence below then.

As they reached the blustery peak of the mountain, she brushed her hmm hair away from her eyes to admire the view.

Well, from the context of the sentence, it's a blustery peak, so we know it's windy.

Sun-kissed could work, but we don't have the context of that.

Eye-catching wouldn't make sense.

Tear-jerking wouldn't be something you'd use to describe the hair, but wind-swept, wind hyphen swept in this would work.

So that was the compound adjective that made sense in that sentence.

On to our next learning cycle then, which is spelling curriculum words.

Let's read the following words.

Familiar, I'm familiar with his writing, means you know it.

Opportunity, thank you for the opportunity, means you've given someone a chance to do something.

What do you notice about these spellings? They're curriculum words, consider what might be tricky about them, have a think.

Brilliant, team, well, I've noticed a couple of things.

Familiar has that an A-R spelling, but it sounds like E-R, familiar.

It starts in the same way as family.

You can see the word liar inside it as well.

This may help you to remember this spelling.

With the word opportunity, it has the root word opportune, but we don't have the E in this word, we've added our I-T-Y at the end.

Opportune means lucky, it has a double P at the start.

And you can also see the word port inside of it, and the word unity as well, opp-or-tunity.

So which of these words that we've just read are spelled correctly? Point now to the correct spelling of familiar and the correct spelling of opportunity, off you go.

Fantastic job, team.

So remember, familiar is linked with the word family, but the word family isn't inside of it.

The word liar is, L-A-I-R.

It sounds like an E-R at the end, but it's an A-R.

This is the correct spelling.

Opportunity has the word port and also the word unity in it.

It's linked to the word opportune.

It doesn't contain an E, but it does have two Ps.

Opportunity, brilliant.

So because these are curriculum words, we're gonna use the look, cover, write, check strategy to practise them.

This is where you look carefully at the word, so I'm looking at familiar, I consider what's tricky about it and the elements of it that I really need to memorise.

I'm going to remember that it's fam-i-liar, has that word liar in it and is linked to family.

So I then cover it up.

From my memory, I have it, writing it, and then I check it again to see if I spelled it correctly.

I did, but just 'cause I spelled it correctly first time doesn't mean I then stop.

I can keep using this look, cover, write, check strategy to really embed it into my long-term memory.

Using your best cursive handwriting here can help to make links in your hand and your brain.

Pause the video now and have a go at practising writing out the familiar and opportunity using the look, cover, write, check strategy, off you go.

Great job, team.

I'm hoping you've got familiar and opportunity written out a number of times like this.

Be responsible now, check to see if you managed to spell them correctly, make any corrections and learn what you need to do better for next time.

Share your learning as well, off you go.

And onto our final learning cycle, which is going to be applying spellings of in a sentence.

So we are going to navigate writing a sentence containing some of our focus spellings.

Remember today that we've been looking at those compound adjectives that contain hyphens.

We can use a number of strategies to help us remember the sentence.

We can repeat the sentence several times out loud, we can also picture what is happening in your head too, and we can count how many words there are.

So with those strategies in mind, let's listen to me say the sentence a few times.

Then let's repeat it, let's picture what's happening, and then let's count the words.

As the man-eating shark jumped from the water, my heart beat a familiar, fast-paced rhythm.

As the man-eating shark jumped from the water, my heart beat a familiar, fast-paced rhythm.

Okay, picture what's happening now.

As the man-eating shark jumped from the water, my heart beat a familiar, fast-paced rhythm.

Wha, I was picturing something quite scary there.

Let's count the words in it now.

As the man-eating shark jumped from the water, my heart beat a familiar, fast-paced rhythm.

Brilliant, so we're gonna have a go at writing that sentence now.

Remember to sound out each word, look out for those common exceptional curriculum words and don't forget to check sentence punctuation.

Also consider any compound adjectives that might be in this sentence, separated with a hyphen.

As the man-eating shark jumped from the water, my heart beat a familiar, fast-paced rhythm.

Pause the video now and have a go at writing that sentence.

Amazing, really, really impressed, really careful consideration and listening out for those words that you thought might be compound adjectives as well.

So I'd like you to check your work now and make any spelling or punctuation corrections.

So we have as, obviously need to have a capital letter, the man-eating.

Now, we are not talking about a man eating here a shark.

We are talking about describing the shark.

It's a man-eating shark, so we have to have our hyphen.

We've created a compound adjective.

Shark jumped from the water, my heart beat a familiar, and that was that curriculum word that we looked at, has the word liar in it, fast-paced rhythm.

Again, look here carefully, fast hyphen paced, this is a compound adjective that is describing the rhythm of your heart.

Watch out for rhythm as well, with that naughty H, R-H-Y-T-H-M.

And of course a full stop.

We have here a comma for us through our fronted adverbial to separate our clauses, and we also have a comma to separate our adjectives here, familiar and fast-paced.

How did you get on there? Think carefully about how you spelled man-eating.

Did you use a hyphen to separate it? It's a compound adjective.

Think carefully about how you spell fast-paced.

Did you use a hyphen to separate the two words as they are compound adjective? And did you spell our curriculum word, familiar, correctly? Look carefully at your punctuation as well.

What have you learned from this sentence? Pause the video now, make any corrections and share your learning, off you go.

Excellent job in spelling today, team.

We've been using hyphens to create our own adjectives.

A hyphen is a punctuation mark that can be used to join two or more words that are functioning as one adjective.

We call this a compound adjective.

The hyphen can help to avoid ambiguity in some cases.

Keep an eye out for these compound adjectives and have a go at creating your own as well.

Keep up the great spelling and I'll see you again soon.