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Hello and welcome to today's spelling lesson.

I'm Mr. Moss, I love spelling, and I'm really looking forward to teaching you.

With you today, for the spelling lesson, you need to bring your looking eyes, your listening ears, and your thinking brains, as well as that having something to write on and write with would also be excellent, and having something or someone to talk to would also be really helpful.

Right, let's not waste any more time then, let's get straight into today's spelling lesson.

In this spelling lesson, you're going to be using hyphens to join prefixes to root words.

Here's the outcome.

I can identify when to use a hyphen to join a prefix to a root word.

Here are the key words for today's learning.

My turn, your turn, prefix, root word, hyphen.

So a prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the start of a root word to change its meaning and create a new word.

A root word is the base word from which other words are formed, often by adding prefixes or suffixes, and today we are just going to be adding prefixes at the beginning of words.

This means the spelling of the root word doesn't change, and a hyphen is a punctuation mark that can join a prefix to a base word to avoid spelling or meaning ambiguity or confusion.

So today, we're gonna be adding some prefixes that require a hyphen to separate the prefix and the root word to avoid confusion and to help us with our spellings.

Here's the outline.

We've got three learning cycles.

We're gonna be looking at hyphens and prefixes, and then we're gonna look at some curriculum words, and finally, we're gonna finish out by applying spellings within a sentence.

So let's get on with hyphens and prefixes.

A prefix, remember is a letter or grief of letters that we add to the start of a word to change its meaning.

Let's have a look at some examples.

Here we have the prefix dis and the root word, honest.

When I put dis at the beginning of honest, creates a new word, dishonest.

Notice how the spelling of my root word hasn't changed there.

Unlike suffixes which we add to the end of a word, prefixes won't change the spelling of the root word.

Bi and cycle.

Cycle here was our root word.

We add the prefix bi and we get the new word, bicycle.

Notice here how the pronunciation has changed though.

Here we have the root word vision.

We add tele as the prefix and we get the word television.

Understanding prefixes can help us to work out the meaning of unfamiliar words.

It can also help us with spelling.

Remember that the prefix does not change the spelling of the root word when it is added.

So it can be quite straightforward to learn the spellings of the new words if you know the spelling of the prefix and that root word.

None of the examples we looked at a moment ago required the use of a hyphen, but we are going to be looking at using hyphens today.

So here's an example of a new word, pre-existing, where we've added the prefix, pre, meaning before, but to separate it from the root word existing, we've used this punctuation mark, this hyphen that you can see, pre, existing, pre-existing, separated by the hyphen.

We have self and esteem to create self-esteem.

We have re and evaluate the prefix re meaning to do again, reevaluate to evaluate again, and ex-husband, person who was your husband before.

Non-stop.

So our prefix, non, our hyphen, and then stop.

Co-author, so someone who's writing something with you more than one person writing something, co-authors, doing something together.

So you can see in all of these instances, we've used a hyphen to separate the prefix and the root word, and we're gonna be considering why we do this today, why we don't always do this.

So not all prefixes require the use of this hyphen, just some.

Prefixes can use hyphens for many different reasons.

Let's review these reasons now.

Sometimes it can help to prevent two of the same vowels from appearing next to each other.

For instance, re-enter and co-ordinate.

If we didn't have the hyphen, it might be difficult, or confusing because we'd have two Es next to each other or two Os next to each other.

And we know that they might then be confused with digraphs to sometimes add the prefixes X and self to a root word.

So for instance, ex-president and self-care, they require a hyphen.

It can be in order to avoid confusion or ambiguity as well.

For instance, these two words here repress and re-press, two different words with different meanings, but similar spellings.

Try not to repress your feelings to squish down and not think about them.

Please re-press the button to confirm your choice.

That's re-pressing something, pressing it again.

Do you see they have different meanings and slightly different pronunciations as well? So true or false? Hyphens are always used when we join a prefix to a root word and then look at the reasoning and try and select the correct justification.

Off you go.

Brilliant.

So hyphens are always used when we join a prefix to a root word, that is false, we don't always use them.

Most prefixes are added to the beginning of root words without any changes in spelling.

Well, that is true, but that doesn't explain why we use hyphens.

Hyphens are sometimes used, especially if the prefix ends in a vowel letter and the root word begins with one.

So hyphens are sometimes used in prefixes where we would otherwise have a vowel next to another vowel, co and author, for instance.

It'd be confusing if we had the O and the A together because it then might confuse our pronunciation of that word.

So we separate it with the hyphen to create co-author.

Pre-existing.

Again, we don't wanna have our two Es next to each other 'cause that might confuse pronunciation.

Pre, hyphen, existing.

These can be quite tricky to say, so we use a hyphen to separate those vowels.

This isn't always the case though, and this is really important to consider in this lesson.

There are many exceptions and there aren't any hard or fast rules here.

For instance, extraordinary has the prefix extra and the root road ordinary, but we don't separate the A and the O there with a hyphen.

Coincidence, for instance as well.

We have co and incident and coexist.

We have co and exist and we haven't separated them with a hyphen.

Here are some other examples of prefixes ending in vows and root words beginning with vowels.

Co and own becomes co-own.

Re-evaluate becomes re-evaluate, to evaluate again.

When a prefix ends in the same letters as the root word starts with, this can also be the case.

For instance, the words non-negotiable.

The prefix non the root word negotiable becomes non, hyphen, negotiable.

However, this is not always the case.

If we look for example at misspelt with the prefix miss and the root word spelt, we don't add a hyphen between our two Ss.

It's really important that we remember there are no hard and fast rules here.

We really just need to learn the spellings that contain prefixes with hyphens.

So what do you think a hyphen has been used for in this word? We should reenter the building.

Why is the hyphen been used here? Have a think.

Brilliant, absolutely.

The hyphen here has helped us to read the word.

Otherwise we might think it has an "ee" sound in it.

Those two Es coming together.

We have our prefix ending in a vowel and our root word, beginning with a vowel, we don't want 'em together, so we have used our hyphen.

Re-enter means they are entering again.

Some prefixes use a hyphen frequently.

Ex for instance, often uses a hyphen.

Ex-Prime Minister, ex-wife and ex-boyfriend.

Often when showing that someone was the previous of that root word.

Self too.

Self-confidence, self-belief, self-conscious, all to do with oneself.

Can you think of any other words that use these prefixes? Pause the video and have a think.

Brilliant.

Loved hearing some of your other examples there.

The prefix ex means out of or from, for example, exit or extend.

You may not recognise these roots.

When the prefix ex is used with a hyphen, it usually means former or past.

So former prime minister, former wife, former boyfriend, former husband.

Could you please match the prefixes to the root words? I suggest saying them and seeing what sounds right.

For instance, non-girlfriend doesn't sound right.

Off you go.

Excellent job team.

So let's have a look.

Non-girlfriend, no, non-existing, no, non-centered.

Non-negotiable, absolutely.

Non, hyphen, negotiable.

Something that cannot be negotiated at all.

Self-girlfriend, self-existing, self-centered.

Someone that only thinks about themselves.

Ex-existing, no, but ex-girlfriend, absolutely.

Former girlfriend.

And pre-existing, something that existed before.

Brilliant, all of these are examples of prefixes and root words that require a hyphen between them.

We can see with non-negotiable, we would have a N and N together, so we separated them.

Self and ex we know often come with that hyphen and pre and existing both have the vowel E next to each other, so we separated that to help us with pronunciation.

Some pairs of words have the same spelling, but they have a different meaning when a hyphen is used.

The pronunciation of the word changes slightly to show this difference.

I will resign from my job.

You don't clearly hear the E there resign.

But here we do hear that E, he will re-sign for the team when his contract expires.

So resign means to leave the job, re-sign means to sign again.

The hyphen has helped us to understand each word there.

She recoiled in horror at the mess.

You recoil, you move back away from it.

Again, recoiled.

We didn't say recoiled there, recoiled.

You don't clearly hear the E, but here we do.

She re-coiled the rope, which means she wound it back around into a coil to coil it again.

Take time to recover after the operation.

So recover to get better, but here, can you re-cover the food after you finish? To cover it over again.

Recover without the hyphen, get better.

Re-cover, to cover something again.

The prefix re means again.

So for our check here, I'd like you to choose the correct word for each gap.

We have recover and re-cover.

Resign to leave your job and re-sign to sign again, think carefully about the context of the sentence and read each one.

Off you go.

Great job.

When the manager stole from the team, many people demanded that he resign, not re-sign.

He wouldn't sign again.

He'd have to leave his job 'cause he's done something bad.

Please ensure you re-cover the church piano after you finish using it, so cover it back up again.

You will need to re-sign this letter because your signature is not visible, sign again.

Unless we work together, the community will never recover from this flood.

To get better again.

So for our practise task now, what we're going to have a good doing is using hyphens to spell these words for our prefixes.

Remember, think carefully about the spelling of the root word, think carefully about what the prefix is, and where the hyphen would go.

Sound out the word.

Think of any spelling rules we've looked at today.

Remember any exceptions that we've looked at, and read the word and check.

Number one is co-author.

The co-authors wrote the book together.

Co-author.

Number two is re-sign.

You must re-sign that piece of paper.

Number three is self-belief.

He was filled with self-belief.

Number four is pre-existing.

They used the pre-existing work to help them, something that already was there.

And number five, re-evaluate.

So we have co-author, re-sign, self-belief, pre-existing and re-evaluate.

Off you go team, have a good writing those words.

Fantastic job.

Super impressed.

Great use of the hyphens there.

So we have co-author and I should have written these ways.

Be careful with this word.

The root word itself is author.

Now sounds like an er, doesn't it? But it's O-R at the end, so you know it's gonna be the first or the second.

And look, you wouldn't often have an O and an A coming next to each other like that 'cause it might be confusing with pronunciation.

So it has our hyphen, it's co hyphen author.

The next one, re-sign.

Now the first one here is a word, but it's resign to leave your role or job, and that's a different meaning, I want resign to sign again.

So it is with our hyphen, re, hyphen, sign.

Self-belief was the next one.

Listen carefully.

Belief, it's our I-E-F, coming together like that, looks strange, doesn't it? You can just tell that it doesn't look right, so I know it's not going to be the last one, and it's not the word believe, it's belief.

So it's self, hyphen, belief.

The next was pre-existing.

Again, we don't want to have our two Es next to each other 'cause that could be confusing with pronunciation, so I'm gonna have pre, the prefix, pre, P-R-E, hyphen, existing.

Notice here, the spelling of our root words is not changing, and finally, re-evaluate.

Again, we would have two Es next to each other here, our prefix re and the root word evaluate, so it's re-evaluate.

Great, how did you do? Check now, make any corrections, and share your learning, off you go.

Onto our next learning cycle then, which is spelling curriculum words.

Let's read the following curriculum words, interrupt.

It is rude to interrupt when someone is talking to you.

Exaggerate, this is where you say something is more than it is.

He often exaggerated how much pain he was in.

So what do you notice about these spellings? Look at them carefully.

Are there any tricky elements to them? Pause the video and have a think.

Great, well, I've noticed a few things.

They both have prefixes but no obvious root word.

We have the prefix, inter, and we have the prefix, ex.

The prefix, inter, means between or among.

To interrupt means to come between something.

The double-R can be hard to remember and it's not hyphenated.

The prefix ex with no hyphen here has a different meaning in this word than the ones we've looked at, like ex-wife or ex-president or ex-Prime Minister.

The double-G sounds like a J as well as J sound, exaggerate.

So which of these words that we've just read are spelled correctly? Point to 'em now interrupt and exaggerate.

Great.

Interrupt, remember, has that double-R and it's that prefix, inter, then the obvious root word, interrupt.

So I-N-T-E-R-R-U-P-T.

Exaggerate has that prefix ex, and again, no clear and obvious root word.

The key thing to remember here is that double-G, making that J sound, exaggerate, so there you go.

So because these are curricular words, it's important that we spend some time looking at them and practising them, so we can use the look, cover, write, check strategy.

This is where we look carefully as a word and consider what's tricky about it.

Well, here we have our double-R in interrupt.

I cover it up, I'm now visualising it in my mind, interrupt.

I then write it and my need is handwriting and then I take responsibility and self check.

I got it correct.

Great.

And I would do this a number of times.

Look, cover, write, and check to see if I'm spelling it correctly, so really embed this into my long-term memory.

So I want you to have a go at using this look cover, write, check, great spelling strategy now to practise interrupt and exaggerate.

Off you go.

Excellent team.

So I'm hoping you've got interrupt and exaggerate written out a number of times like this.

It's really important you check now against the original spelling, see if you spelled it correctly.

Do that for me now and share your learning.

Off you go.

And onto our final learning cycle then, which is applying some of the spellings that we've been looking at today within a sentence.

So we are going to write a sentence containing some of our focus spellings now.

Those prefixes with hyphens, we're gonna use these strategies to help us remember the sentence.

We're going to repeat the sentence several times out loud.

We're going to picture what's happening in our head, and we're going to count how many words there are.

So here is our sentence.