Lesson video

Hi there, I'm Mr. Buckingham and it's so good to see you here for today's lesson.

Today, we're going to start writing our own essays about the polar regions using all the knowledge and skills we've gained in this unit.

I think you're gonna do some fantastic writing today.

So, let's make a start.

Today's lesson is called Writing the First Half of an Essay, and it comes from our unit called Polar Regions: Essay Writing.

By the end of today's lesson, you will have written the first half of an essay about the effects of climate change on the polar regions using a range of linguistic features and a formal tone.

Now, for this lesson, you will need to have access to the research notes that you've gathered in previous lessons.

However, if you don't have that with you, I will provide my own notes for you to use in this lesson.

If you're ready, let's begin.

Here are our keywords for today's lesson: A logical argument is an argument that follows a series of steps that lead clearly towards a conclusion.

And linguistic features are language structures that are used within a text in order to connect ideas together.

A formal tone is the effect created by choosing serious factual language, and evidence is information or facts to show something is true.

And here's our lesson outline for today.

We're gonna start off writing the introduction of our essay and then we'll write the first main paragraph.

So, as you know, we've completed research and we've developed a logical argument to answer an essay question.

And we know that our essay is going to follow this structure: Our essay question is, what makes the polar regions important, and why should we do more to protect them? Then we're going to start off with an introduction saying, what are polar regions? Giving the context of what they are for our reader.

Then we'll explain how they're important in our first main paragraph, paragraph one.

Then in paragraph two, we'll say, what do they need protecting from? Because if we're saying we should do more to protect them, we have to say what they need protecting from.

And finally, we'll say, how are they being protected and what more could we do to protect them and why that's so important? So, we'll sum up our logical argument there.

But today, we're going to focus on these two paragraphs, the introduction and paragraph one.

So, have a look back at your notes now, and the structure that we've just looked at on the slide before, and take some time to rehearse, to say out loud the logical argument our essay's going to follow.

So what are you going to say briefly for each of those paragraphs building towards our conclusion? Pause the video and have a go at saying that logical argument out loud.

Really well done.

Maybe you said something like this: The polar regions, Antarctic and the Arctic, are unique in many ways.

We're starting off by defining those polar regions.

Then we're saying why they're important.

They're important because they help keep the climate under control and they are home to many unique animals.

Then we're saying what the threats they face are.

They're being threatened by climate change, which is causing polar ice caps to melt.

And this melting not only threatens habitats, but it means that sea levels rise, which will make climate change worse.

And then we're saying what needs to be done and why more needs to be done.

So you said, although some steps are being taken, the problems of climate change need more attention.

So we need to do more to address those problems of climate change that we talked about that threaten the polar regions.

So that's an idea of how a logical argument could be spread out across this essay.

And of course, we're going to go step-by-step, building towards the conclusion.

We need to do more to protect these polar regions.

So we know that as we write, we'll also be trying to use a range of linguistic features and punctuation to connect our ideas together to show our reader how the pieces of information relate to one another.

So, for example, we might use fronted adverbials, for instance, of cause, of time, and formal fronted adverbials like "in addition" or "however".

We might want to use compound and complex sentences.

So, those complex sentences could be adverbial complex, relative complex, or non-finite "ing" complex sentences.

And we could use parenthesis in commas or brackets to add extra detail after a noun.

And finally, we might use colons to introduce explanations and semicolons to join together two closely related sentences.

We also want to use a formal tone in our essay, don't we? And we're going to use certain language and vocabulary that's appropriate for an essay in order to create that formal tone.

So we'll avoid using contractions, we'll use subject-specific vocabulary that's specific to the issue of climate change and to the polar regions.

We'll use serious factual language, and we won't address the reader directly.

We won't say "you" and we won't ask them questions.

We are just setting out the argument that we want to follow.

We are not addressing the reader directly.

All of those techniques will help us to create this formal tone, which will make us sound really authoritative in our essay, which will make our argument even more persuasive.

So which of these passages below uses a formal tone that's appropriate for an essay? Pause the video and have a look.

Well done.

Good job.

Hopefully you spotted that it is C.

Here we've said, although the Arctic ocean would normally be frozen all year, scientists believe it could be ice-free in summer by 2040.

We've used serious, factual language.

In A, we can see we've got a contraction there.

And in B, we've addressed the reader, haven't we, with a question? "Isn't that a shame?" So neither of those is quite appropriate for an essay.

C is the tone we're going to be going for where we're using formal, serious, factual language.

So your research notes for the introduction, which is focusing on the context of the polar regions, might look something like mine here.

You can see that I've explained what the polar regions are, the two different polar regions.

I've given some details about the Arctic and I've given some details about Antarctica.

And then I've contrasted the two.

I've said, what are the differences between the Arctic and Antarctica? You might have some which are very similar.

Now you might have done some extra research on your own which would be fantastic.

Now I've got loads of notes here and I might not use them all in this introduction because this would be incredibly long.

So I'm going to pick the ones that connect best together and which give our reader a really clear picture of what the polar regions are.

'Cause remember that's our question we're answering in the introduction.

We're going to say, what are the polar regions? So our job today is to take these notes and create a paragraph which connects them coherently and logically into sentences.

So let's take this note.

Polar regions equal areas around North Pole, Arctic and South Pole, Antarctica.

So we can see in this sentence, I'm going to be addressing head on, what are the polar regions? So this would be a great first sentence, wouldn't it? So I could say this: "The polar regions are the areas around the North Pole, the Arctic, and the South Pole, Antarctica." I've taken the note and I've made a clear sentence.

Now, how do I know this sentence is appropriate for an essay? Well, I very simply combined the notes to create a sentence using parenthesis in brackets as my linguistic feature.

So I've embedded that extra information, the Arctic and Antarctica in brackets.

I've also written in a serious factual way.

So I can say that I've used a formal tone, which is appropriate to an essay.

And by using this formal tone and the linguistic features, we are making our writing really authoritative and therefore persuasive.

Our reader thinks that we know what we're talking about, which of course, we do because of all the fantastic research that we've done.

Now, of course, as I said, you might decide that you can't use all the information in your notes in your essay.

So using the notes below, can you try and say out loud a single sentence that gives key information about the Arctic using linguistic features and a formal tone.

So you're going to pick out the information you want to present about the Arctic and say it out loud in one clear sentence.

Pause the video and have a go.

Well done, great job.

Now, I've kind of cheated a bit with mine because what I've done is used a semicolon to connect what would be two complete sentences together.

Here's what I wrote: "The Arctic, which is the area north of the Arctic Circle, includes parts of several countries, including Greenland, Russia, and Norway; even though it is one of the coldest places on Earth, it is home to four million people.

Now notice we'd normally say "it's home", wouldn't we? But we're not using that contraction here because of our formal tone.

Now, I've embedded a lot of information in this one sentence, haven't I? I've used a relative clause, which is the area north of the Arctic Circle, and parenthesis in brackets, including Greenland, Russia, and Norway.

And then I've got after my semicolon, an adverbial complex sentence to set up the contrast between it being very cold and home to quite a few people.

So here I've used a range of linguistic features and I've definitely got that serious, factual, formal tone.

So this was a really effective sentence which we could include in our essay.

Really well done for your ideas as well.

So we're going to start off by orally rehearsing our introduction to make sure we're well prepared to write it.

So what I want you to do is to use your research notes or the ones I've just shown you and say the sentences that you'd like to write.

You're going to try and use a formal tone and a range of linguistic features, and of course, some subject-specific vocabulary.

And I want you to try and connect the information together in a logical order.

Remembering that you don't have to include all the information in your notes.

And you could start by saying "The polar regions are.

." to define what they are straight away.

Then you might say something about the Arctic, something about Antarctica, and you might finish off with that contrast between the two.

So pause the video here and have a go at saying this paragraph aloud, using your formal tone and your linguistic features as well.

Have a go.

Well done.

Fantastic job.

Here's an example of what you might have said as your oral rehearsal for your introduction.

"The polar regions are the areas around the Earth's poles: the Arctic surrounds the North Pole and Antarctica surrounds the South Pole.

The Arctic, which includes the Arctic Ocean, contains parts of several countries, including Russia and Norway; it experiences extremely cold temperatures as low as minus 70 degrees C, but it is home to several million people.

Antarctica, a continent almost completely covered in ice, is not part of any country.

However, scientists from 29 countries work there at around 70 bases.

While Antarctica is a continent surrounded by ocean, the Arctic is an ocean surrounded by land." So I explained what the polar regions were.

I gave some details about the Arctic and then Antarctica, and then I described some of the contrasts between them.

And notice, again, I've not used every note from my plan.

I've chosen ideas that connect well together.

Now, I obviously got to write down my oral rehearsal.

You haven't had the chance to do that, so don't panic if your oral rehearsal doesn't quite sound like this yet.

When you come to write in a moment, you'll have so much more time to connect the ideas together using the linguistic features that I've tried to use here.

Can you see that I've used things like a colon to introduce the explanation.

I've used parenthesis in brackets and I've used parenthesis in commas as well.

And I've used a range of fronted adverbials, and complex sentences as well.

You'll be able to do that much more easily when you come to write, but hopefully now you've got some ideas locked in your head, ready to go.

Well done.

So we're now ready to write this paragraph, and this is the success criteria we're going to use today.

It says, I have connected information using a range of linguistic features and punctuation.

I've created a formal tone by using serious factual language and subject-specific vocabulary, and I have included evidence to support my points.

Now in the introduction, remember, we're giving the context for our essay.

We've not really started our logical argument yet.

So in this paragraph we won't need to worry about using evidence.

So don't panic about that last success criteria just yet.

So now I'm going to show you how we can write this paragraph.

Okay, so I've got my success criteria written here, and I'm going to start writing my introduction.

So I want a first sentence that introduces the idea of what the polar regions are.

So I'm going to start off by saying that the polar regions are the areas around the poles.

So I'm gonna say, "The polar regions are the areas around the North Pole." Capital N for North and capital P for Pole.

And I'm going to say in parenthesis, in brackets that the area around the North Pole is the Arctic.

And then I'm gonna say, and the South Pole.

Again, capital S and capital P.

And of course, that area is called, well done, Antarctica.

Again, capital A for that 'cause it's the name of a continent.

Okay, and we're gonna put a full stop after those brackets.

So let's read it back.

"The polar regions are the areas around the North Pole, the Arctic." Oh, need to close that parenthesis, "and the South Pole, Antarctica." Okay, that works really well.

We've explained to our reader what these polar regions are.

Now I think I'm going to start off by saying something about the Arctic.

So I know lots of facts about the Arctic, but I have to choose particular ones I want to include.

So I think I'm just going to say that it includes parts of several countries.

So I'm going to say, "The Arctic includes parts of several countries." Can you remember any of the countries? Yeah, well done.

So we could put that in another piece of parenthesis and brackets, couldn't we? So "The Arctic includes parts of several countries," and then I could put my brackets again and I could say, "including," and what could we say as our countries? Yeah, that'd be good.

Let's say including Greenland and let's go for Norway.

You could list them all, couldn't you? But I think I'm just going to say those two.

And of course, capital letters because they're countries.

Okay, let's check that back.

"The Arctic includes parts of several countries, including Greenland and Norway." I'm actually thinking I could add some extra detail about what the Arctic is.

I could put in a relative clause here.

"The Arctic," which is where? Where is the Arctic? Yeah, you're right.

So I've got "The Arctic," comma, "which is the area north," and this time, no capital letter, "of the Arctic Circle." Oops, sorry, spelled Arctic wrong.

Let me correct that.

"Of the Arc-tic Circle." And then a second comma here to show either side of my relative clause and then I'll continue with the sentence.

Let's read it with the relative clause in.

"The Arctic, which is the area north of the Arctic Circle, includes parts of several countries, including Greenland and Norway." Okay, I'm really happy with that now.

Because we've added in the relative clause and the parenthesis, we've given our reader loads of extra information about the Arctic.

Okay, and now I want to show that it's very cold, but lots of people live there.

Now that's a contrast, isn't there? I'm saying it is very cold, but lots of people still live there.

So I think I'm gonna do that using "although" in adverbial complex sentence.

So can you help me with that? Although this, this.

Yeah, let's say, although temperatures can fall to what? Can you remember how low they fall? Yeah, well done.

"Although temperatures can fall to minus 70 degrees Celsius or centigrade," and then I can say, "four million people live there." Hmm, wonder if that's very formal? "Four million people live there." I actually think I could be slightly more formal there.

I could say instead of four million people live there, I could say "there are approximately," oh, sorry, spelling mistake.

"Approximately four million." Hmm, four million what? "Four million people there" is informal again, isn't it? "There are approximately four million.

." Ah, yeah, good.

Great word.

I could say four million inhabitants.

In-hab-it-ants.

Okay, I really like that.

Let's check that sentence.

"Although temperatures can fall to minus 70 degrees Celsius, there are approximately four million inhabitants." Okay, that's much more formal now, and it shows that contrast between the temperatures and the number of people who live there.

So I've given lots of information about the Arctic.

I'm now gonna move on to the Antarctic, Antarctica.

So I think I'm going to say that there's, well, we just said there's four million people in the Arctic.

How many people are in Antarctica? No, no permanent residents, is there? So I think I'm gonna start with a formal frontal adverbial.

I'm gonna say, "in contrast to this." What is the contrast here? Yeah, it's that there's no permanent residents in Antarctica.

So I could say "In contrast to this, Antarctica has" what? Yeah, well done.

Has no permanent residents.

So I'm launching straight from my description of the Arctic, contrasting that with Antarctica.

Okay.

Hmm.

Now I'm just wondering.

I haven't really told my reader much about Antarctica there.

So why don't I add a piece of parenthesis and commas here.

"In contrast to this, Antarctica, which is a continent." And what's special about what Antarctica's covered in? Yeah, it's covered in ice, isn't it? So I could say, "a continent almost completely covered in ice." And I've put commas on either side, that should show that's a piece of parenthesis.

Let me read it.

"In contrast to this, Antarctica, a continent almost completely covered in ice, has no permanent residents." Okay, that works really nicely.

Okay, I think I'm just gonna finish with one sentence to show the contrast between Antarctica and the Arctic in a different way.

Now they're different in the way they're kind of set up in relation to continents and land and ocean, aren't they? So I think I'm going to use a adverbial complex sentence to show the contrast here using "while".

So I could say, "While Antarctica," well I could say "is a continent surrounded by ocean," but I've actually just used the word continent.

What else can I use? Yeah, let's use "land mass".

That's a great one.

A bit of subject-specific vocabulary.

So, "While Antarctica is a landmass surrounded by oceans.

." What's the contrast there? Well done.

Yeah.

So there's one side of the contrast.

"While Antarctica is a landmass surrounded by oceans." So my comma is gonna go after that side, and then I've got the part about the Arctic.

I could say "the Arctic is" what? Well done.

Yeah.

"The Arctic is an ocean surrounded by land." Okay, so I think we've shown there a really nice contrast.

Now I definitely haven't included all my notes by any means, but I've done a good job of setting up what the polar regions are, a bit about the Arctic, a bit about Antarctica and a bit about the differences between them.

Let's read it back, read aloud with me.

"The polar regions are the areas around the North Pole, the Arctic, and the South Pole, Antarctica.

The Arctic, which is the area north of the Arctic Circle, includes parts of several countries including Greenland and Norway.

Although temperatures can fall to minus 70 degrees C, there are approximately four million inhabitants.

In contrast to this, Antarctica, a continent almost completely covered in ice, has no permanent residents.

While Antarctica is a landmass surrounded by oceans, the Arctic is an ocean surrounded by land." Let's check back our success criteria.

Now we've definitely used a range of linguistic features.

I see parenthesis, relative clauses, and adverbial complex sentence, and I've got that parenthesis in commas as well here, as well as brackets.

I've definitely used a formal tone with some subject-specific vocabulary, like I said "inhabitants" here and "permanent residents" and "land mass." I haven't yet really done evidence and the reason is that I haven't yet started making my logical argument.

So I'm going to tick off these two success criteria, but not this one just yet.

Okay, you've seen me do it.

Now it's your turn to write this paragraph.

First of all, write and underline the essay question at the top of your page like you see here in purple.

And then I want you to use your success criteria and your research notes to write your version of the introduction.

And you can tick off this success criteria as you write, if you'd like.

Pause the video and have a go at writing a fantastic introduction to this essay.

Have a go.

Well done, fantastic job.

So here's an example of how the start of the paragraph could look.

I've said "The polar regions are the areas around the North Pole, the Arctic, and the South Pole, Antarctica.

The Arctic, which is the area north of the Arctic Circle, include parts of several countries, including Greenland, Russia, and Norway.

Even though the Arctic is one of the coldest places on Earth, it is home to four million people.

In winter, temperatures can fall to minus 70 degrees C and the nights can be extremely long." So you might have seen a range of linguistic features there.

I've got parenthesis in brackets, and I've got for instance an adverbial complex sentence starting with "even though".

And I've definitely got my formal tone here.

I've used subject-specific vocabulary like the "Arctic Circle," and instead of saying is where four million people live, I've said "is home to", which is a much more serious way of saying that.

So hopefully you've managed to use some similar features.

Let's look at the end of the paragraph.

"While the Arctic lies around the Arctic Ocean, Antarctica is a continent and it is almost completely covered by ice.

Antarctica experiences six months of near darkness every year.

In addition to this, it includes a desert: the area around the South Pole experiences almost no rain at all.

While Antarctica has no permanent inhabitants, it is home to many scientists from over 25 countries." So again, I've got my range of linguistic features here.

For instance, I've used a compound sentence and another adverbial complex sentence, and I've got that formal tone again using things like "experiences" instead of "has", and "inhabitants" instead of "people".

So I've used a more serious and factual way of talking.

Really well done for writing such a brilliant introduction as well.

So now we're going to move on to writing the first main paragraph where we really begin this argument.

So our introduction, as you know, has given the context for our essay, It has introduced some of the unique features of the polar regions and explained what are the polar regions for our reader.

So the first main paragraph is going to be slightly different to that because it begins the thread of that logical argument that we rehearsed earlier.

And we're going to be explaining why the polar regions are important.

So this paragraph is, of course, that first step towards the conclusion that we must protect these regions.

And because we're making a claim that the polar regions are important, we're going to this time start backing it up with evidence.

We have to give the evidence to support our claim, our claim that the polar regions are important.

And remember, evidence can include facts, statistics, expert opinions, references to official reports, and of course, explanations.

And we won't use all of those in this paragraph.

We're going to pick ones that work for our argument.

So if we're going to write this paragraph, we need to know why are the polar regions important? So let's just rehearse that knowledge.

What are the main reasons that the polar regions are so important? Pause the video and have a think.

Well done, good thinking.

So there are a few reasons, aren't there? Aisha says, "The polar regions are important in three main ways.

First of all, they help regulate the world's climate and keep the temperature down.

Secondly, they provide a habitat for lots of unique animals.

And thirdly, they lock up lots of water which would otherwise flood the land." Now you might not choose to include all of these in your paragraph, but these are the main reasons we can say the polar regions are so important.

So now let's look back at our research notes.

What evidence is there to support each of the reasons why the polar regions are important? What evidence is there that the polar regions regulate the climate? What evidence is there that they provide a habitat for animals? And what evidence is there that they lock up water which would otherwise flood the land? Pause the video and see what evidence you can spot in your research notes.

Well done, good job.

So what evidence is there that they regulate the world's climate and keep the temperature down? Well, we could say we know the snow and ice reflect back the Sun's heat into space and also the permafrost stores carbon, which means it doesn't contribute to the greenhouse effect by entering the atmosphere and adding to the greenhouse effect, which would cause temperatures to rise.

How do we know they provide a habitat for these unique animals? Well, we know that the sea ice, for instance, in the Arctic is a habitat for walruses and polar bears.

And we know that Antarctica is home to many species of different penguin, which of course, is unique to that part of the world.

And how do we know that they lock up water? Well, we know that if the polar ice caps were to melt, then the sea level would rise by 60 metres across the world.

So that tells us they're doing a great job of storing the ice to prevent this flooding which would otherwise result.

So we've got some great evidence here to support what we're saying makes the polar region so important.

Really well done for spotting that in your notes.

So your notes for this section might look something like this.

I know in this paragraph I'm answering the question, why are the polar regions important? And I've got lots of notes here about what makes them special.

So I've said how they're unique, the sea freezes in winter, they're almost uninhabited.

And then lots of information about how they help regulate the climate, including the reflection, the effect of the permafrost and the sea ice trapping heat in the ocean.

We've also got the role of the glaciers and locking up water and the role in protecting animals or providing a habitat for animals.

So we've given lots of detail here about why the polar regions are so important.

But remember, we might not need all of these notes in our paragraph.

We are going to select ones we think are most effective and which we can connect really well together.

So as before, we're going to have to select the notes we think are most relevant.

So using the notes below, can you say a single sentence that shows with evidence how the polar regions help to regulate their climate? Pause the video and have a go at saying that sentence out loud.

Well done.

Good idea.

So here's what I said.

"Because their snow and ice reflect the Sun's heat back into space, the polar regions play an important role in keeping the Earth's temperature down.

In addition, the Arctic permafrost, permanently frozen ground, stores carbon, preventing it from adding to the greenhouse effect." So I explained how the reflection works and how the permafrost works to help regulate the climate.

But I haven't mentioned here the sea ice trapping the heat in the ocean.

I decided to leave that note out and that's okay.

I've selected the notes I think are most important and most relevant, and which I know how to connect really well in a sentence like this.

Really well done for your thoughts there too.

So just like we did for our first paragraph, the introduction, we're going to orally rehearse the first main paragraph now, so that we're well prepared to write it.

As before, we're going to use our research notes or maybe the ones that you've seen on my slides, and I want you to say the sentences that you want to write.

And you're going to try again to use that formal tone and linguistic features, and of course, some subject-specific vocabulary, which should be already in your research notes.

And of course you're gonna try and connect the information up in a logical order and give some evidence to support your points.

You could start by saying "The polar regions are unique and important in many ways.

," if you'd like.

So pause the video and have a go at orally rehearsing, saying aloud the sentences you'd like to write for this first main paragraph.

Well done, great job.

Here's an example of what you might have said for this first main paragraph.

I wrote, "The polar regions are unique in many ways: they are the coldest areas on Earth, where even the sea freezes in winter.

In addition, they serve an important role in regulating the world's climate: their snow and ice reflect the Sun's heat back into space, reducing the global temperature.

Furthermore, huge quantities of carbon is stored in the permafrost, frozen ground; as a result, it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

In addition to this, the polar regions lock up vast amounts of the Earth's water, preventing it from flooding low-lying areas." So you might have noticed there that I've not mentioned the animals at all in my paragraph.

It's up to you which you think are the most important facts and details to include from your notes.

What I have to ask you to do is include those linguistic features in a formal tone.

You might see some formal fronted adverbials here, like "in addition," and "in addition to this,".

I've got some parenthesis in brackets, and I've got also a colon to introduce explanation as well.

So lots of linguistic features here.

You might not have been able to include those in your oral rehearsal, but you'll definitely be able to do it when you come to write in a moment.

So now we're going to write this paragraph following the same steps we did before, using, of course, your success criteria and your research notes to write what you'd like to say.

Of course, it'd be really good if you could say or think your sentences completely before you write them and then check them afterwards to make sure you wrote what you planned to write.

And this time we really do want to include that evidence to meet our final success criteria.

What is the evidence that the polar regions are important in the ways that we are claiming they are? So pause the video and have a go at writing your first main paragraph.

Well done.

Really good job.

So here's an example of how the start of this paragraph could look.

I've said, "These polar regions are unique: they are largely uninhabited, they're completely treeless, and they are so cold that even the sea freezes over.

However, they also have another important function: they help regulate the Earth's climate.

Because snow and ice are white, They reflect the Sun's heat back into space, reducing the temperature.

In addition, sea ice traps heat inside the ocean, cooling the air." So you might have seen a huge range of linguistic features here.

We've got a colon to introduce an explanation, I've got "however," as a formal fronted adverbial.

And "in addition," as another formal fronted adverbial.

I've definitely got a formal tone here.

I've got subject-specific phrases like "largely uninhabited" and "regulate", and I've got some evidence.

I've included an explanation in there, "because the snow and ice are white." I'm explaining how or why they reflect the Sun's heat back into space.

Let's look at the end of the paragraph now.

I've said, "Furthermore, the Arctic permafrost, permanently frozen ground, helps to reduce the greenhouse effect, trapping carbon in the ground.

As a result of this, the effects of climate change are reduced.

Finally, the Arctic sea ice provides a vital habitat for unique species like polar bears while Antarctica is home to many species of penguin." So here I did include that information about the animals.

I've again used a range of linguistic features like my formal fronted adverbials, a non-finite "ing" clause here, and an adverbial complex sentence.

And I've used a formal tone with words like "permafrost" and "species" as my subject-specific vocabulary.

And finally, I've got evidence again, using a fronted adverbial of cause here to explain why something happened.

Really well done for including all those features as well in your essay Great job.

So let's summarise our learning in this lesson.

We found that the first half of our essay introduces the context of the polar regions and begins to develop our logical argument by explaining how they're important, supported by evidence.

We know that if we write an essay, we're using a range of linguistic features to connect ideas and we know that we write using a formal tone, using a range of subject-specific vocabulary and serious, factual language.

Really well done for you effort in this lesson.

You've done a fantastic job to start writing your essay so well.

We're going to continue doing that in the next lesson and I'd love to see you there.

Goodbye.