Lesson video

Hi there.

I'm Mr. Moss.

I love spelling, and I'm really looking forward to teaching you today.

With you today, you need to bring your thinking brains, your looking eyes, and your listening ears.

As well as that, something to write with and write on would also be really helpful.

As well as having something or someone to talk to.

All right, let's waste no more time and get straight into today's spelling lesson.

In this spelling lesson, we're going to be revising spelling patterns linked to suffixes.

Here's the outcome.

I can spell words following a wide range of rules and patterns for adding suffixes.

So here are the key words for today's learning.

First, we have suffix.

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a root word.

Then we have root word.

The root word is the base word from which other words are formed, often by adding prefixes or suffixes.

And finally, we have exception.

An exception is a case or situation that does not follow the usual or expected patterns or rules.

So today we're gonna be reviewing and revising many different suffixes and the patterns for adding them, as well as looking at some examples of exceptions for applying those rules.

Here's the outline for today's lesson.

We're going to begin by looking at tense and plural suffixes, and then we're going to create verbs with suffixes.

And finally, we're going to create adjectives with suffixes.

So reviewing all of those suffixes that you would've come across already.

And I'm sure you'll recognise many of them.

Let's get on with tense and plural suffixes, then.

So remember that a suffix is a letter or group of letters that we add to the end of a word, which creates another word.

Unlike prefixes, which we add to the beginning, suffixes often change the word's tense or word class, The word smile here, if we add our -ed suffix, becomes smiled.

Notice that the spelling of our root word has also changed there.

The word dress, to become plural, we add our -es suffix to create dresses.

Cry, if I have my -ing suffix, becomes crying.

There are lots of different types of suffix, and we're gonna be reviewing many of them today.

And there are different rules for how the root word will change when the suffix is added.

Let's review some of the rules that you know already, then.

So the suffix -ed indicates an action that occurred in the past, an action that has already taken place.

There are four rules for adding the suffix -ed to the regular past tense verbs.

Here are those rules.

In some instances, we can just add -ed, if we look at asked or asked, walked, and enjoyed.

Be careful, as this can sometimes sounds like a "t," like in asked.

In those instances, we are just adding -ed.

In some instances, we must remove the "y" from the root word and then add -ied.

The words cry, carry, and hurry, and that "y" is making that "i" or "e" sound at the end of the word.

The "y" is then removed, and we add our -ied.

Just like we looked at a moment ago with smile and smiled, if the root word ends in an "e," we often remove that "e" and then add -ed, like in smiled, baked, and sliced.

And finally, if we have a short vowel sound followed by a single consonant letter at the end of our root word, we double the consonant and then add -ed, like hopped, clapped, and controlled.

Again, be careful, as that -ed can sometimes sound like a "t." So we add an -ed when our root word ends in two consonants or a vowel diagraph, and we double the consonant when the root word ends in a single vowel or consonant.

So could you add the suffix -ed to each word and then match it to the rule it follows? Read the words first, then add -ed, and then match it to the rule it follows.

Off you go.

Brilliant job, team.

So the word recognise becomes recognised.

With that word, I had to remove the "e" and then add -ed, as my root word recognise ended in "e." Worry, then, becomes worried.

Here, we've had to remove the "y" and add -ied.

Embarrass.

That's an example where we can just add -ed.

And commit.

E, e.

Short vowel sound.

To create committed, we double that final consonant and then add -ed.

So for our task here, I'd like you to put the root words into the correct column and show what will happen when you add the -ed suffix.

Read the root words first and add that -ed suffix.

Are you just going to add -ed? Do you need to remove the "y" and add -ied? Do you need to remove an "e" and then add -ed? Or do you need to double the final consonant and then add -ed? Think about the rules we've looked at.

Off you go.

Excellent job, team.

So help, talk, and harass, we could just add -ed.

Cry, carry, and worry all end in that "y," so we (imitates air whooshing) removed the "y" and added -ied.

Share, bake, and appreciate all ended in an "e," so we chopped off the "e" and then added -ed.

And hug, clap, and control were all examples where we had to double that final consonant letter and then add -ed.

The suffix -ing indicates that verbs are in the progressive tense.

This shows an action that is ongoing.

And there are four rules for adding the suffix -ing.

Here, we can just add -ing.

We can also keep the "y," so not remove the "y," and add -ing.

Similarly to our -ed suffix, we can remove the "e" and then add -ing.

And similarly to our previous suffix as well, we can double the final consonant before adding -ing, skipping, begging, and equipping being examples there.

These rules are almost identical to the rules that we looked at for adding our -ed suffix a moment ago.

So we can narrow these down to three basic rules.

The first is just add -ing.

Keep the "y" and add -ing.

That becomes just adding -ing, asking and carrying being examples there.

Remove the "e" and add -ing, giving and closing being examples.

And doubling the final consonant letter and then adding -ing, jogging and sitting being examples.

So I'd like you to add the -ing suffix to each word and then match it to the rule that it follows.

Read the words, add the -ing suffix to create a new word, match it to the rule that it follows.

Off you go.

Excellent.

So bake becomes baking.

We must remove the "e" and then add -ing.

Worry becomes worrying.

That's an example where we can keep the "y" and just add -ing.

Help becomes helping.

Again, ending in two consonant letters there, we can just add our -ing.

And control.

This is that one where we double that final consonant letter and then add -ing.

There are, however, some exceptions.

Remember, this word exceptions is one of our keywords for today's lesson, those words that don't follow the patterns that we've looked at.

Often, if a word ends in "x," the last consonant isn't doubled.

Mix becomes mixed, for instance.

Relax becomes relaxing.

If the "y" is part of a digraph, so paired with a vowel, it doesn't follow the usual rule for adding the suffix -ed.

Play.

We don't have to remove the "y" here.

We can keep the "y" and add -ed.

Enjoy is part of a vowel digraph, that oi.

So we had ey and oi.

We can just add -ed.

And if the last syllable is not stressed, then the last letter is not doubled.

Offer.

I didn't say offer.

It's not so stressed.

Offer.

So I just add -ed and don't have to double it there.

Visit.

Again, I didn't say visit.

I didn't really emphasise that second syllable, that last syllable there.

So I just add -ing.

Listening out for that can be the trickiest one.

So which rule is used? Do we double the consonant, add -ing, or just add -ing? Enter, entering; expel, expelling; visit, visiting.

Match the rules now.

Brilliant.

Great job, team.

So enter and entering, we are just adding -ing because the last syllable is not stressed.

I didn't say enter.

You didn't really hear enter.

It is not so stressed.

Expel.

You do clearly hear that, don't you? Last syllable is stressed, so we have expelling.

Brilliant.

And visit.

Again, I didn't say visit.

Its last syllable is not so stressed, so I just add -ing.

To change a noun from singular to plural, we add a suffix.

Some of the rules for creating plurals are similar and some are different.

So in some instances we can just add an "s." In others, we can just add -es.

Sometimes we have to remove a "y" from the root word and add -ies.

And sometimes we have to remove an "f" or "fe" and then add -ves.

Look at the words and examples here.

So we just add "s" when the root word ends in a consonant and vowels.

We can just add -es when the root we ends in "sh," "ch," "s," "ss," "x," or an "o." And we can remove the "y" when the root word ends in a consonant and a "y." And finally, we remove the "f" or the "fe" when that root word ends in either "f" or "fe," before adding our -ves.

So I'd like you to look carefully at the examples of the root word and the plural below.

Which rule has been used? Read them and then match them.

Off you go.

Brilliant.

So bush and bushes.

That was just adding -es.

And our root word ended in "sh," so that followed our rules.

Ray and rays.

Brilliant.

Ending in that "y," we can just add the "s." Thief.

Our root went ends in an "f." So I remove the "f" and add -ves.

And lorry and lorries.

In that instance, we then remove the "y" and add -ies.

I didn't in rays because that "y" was part of a vowel digraph, wasn't it? Some words do not follow any clear rules when they change from singular to plural.

So singular, man.

And men.

I didn't say mans.

Person, people; foot, feet; child, children; formula, formulae; index, indices.

We call these irregular plurals.

Repeat after me: irregular plurals.

They do not follow any of the rules that we've looked at so far, so we just need to learn them.

Can you match the singular noun to its plural? Perhaps look for letters that are similar in both words.

Off you go.

Good job, team.

So woman becomes women.

Formula becomes formulae, or formulae.

Cactus becomes cacti, and ox becomes oxen.

Remember, these are irregular plurals.

So what we're going to have a go doing now is we're going to have a go at spelling some of the words that we've been looking at that follow both our tense suffixes and our plural suffixes.

Remember to sound out the word.

Think of a root word if there's an obvious one, as it might help you.

Remember the spelling rules that we've looked at, and read the word and check.

So listen to me say the words, first of all.

Number one is potatoes.

Number two is mixed.

I mixed the paint together.

Number three is hurrying.

He was hurrying to get to the bus.

Number four is worried.

I was worried for them.

And number five is wolves.

The wolves hunted their prey.

So I'll say this one more time.

Potatoes, mixed, hurrying, worried, and wolves.

Off you go.

Fantastic job, team.

I'm so impressed.

You clearly remember the rules that we've been looking at.

So the first one was potatoes.

So we have our root word potato, P-O-T-A-T-O.

This is where we add our -es, like the word volcanoes or tomatoes, which also ends in that -es to create a suffix.

Then we have mixed.

Our root word here is mix, M-I-X.

'Cause it ends in that "x," we can just add -ed.

Then we had hurrying.

Our root word here is hurry ending in that "y." I don't need to remove the "y" there.

I can just add my -ing suffix.

Next, we have worried.

This is where we do need to remove the "y." Our root word here, worry, W-O-R-R-Y.

We remove the "y" and add -ied.

And finally, our plural of wolves.

Our root word wolf ends in that "f," so we remove the "f" and add -ves.

How'd you do there? Check and make any corrections now.

On to our next learning cycle, then, which is creating verbs with suffixes.

So suffixes which create adjectives include -er, -est, and -ous.

The greener apples are the sweetest.

Greener and sweetest are adjectives here.

He is a famous actor.

Famous describes the actor.

It's an adjective.

Suffixes which create nouns include -tion, spelled T-I-O-N, <v ->ity, and -ness.

</v> The celebration brought happiness to the community.

They are nouns.

Some of them may be abstract nouns as well.

The charity were grateful for the large donation.

The suffixes which create verbs, which we are gonna concentrate on in this learning cycle, are -en, -ate, -ify, and -ise.

When you thicken the soup, it will intensify the flavour.

Please clarify the instructions before we finalise the plan.

The words highlighted here are examples of verbs, doing or being words.

They indicate some form of action.

Can you match the words to word class? Look carefully at the suffixes and think about what we've just looked at.

Read the words, match them to their word class.

Off you go.

Brilliant.

Joyous has our -ous suffix.

This is an adjective which describes a noun.

It was a joyous occasion.

Joyous there describes the occasion, our noun.

Celebration with our -tion, T-I-O-N, suffix is a noun.

A noun is a person, place, or thing, remember.

It can also be abstract.

Finalise is a verb with our -ise suffix.

A verb is a doing, being, or having word.

And widen is an action word as well.

It's a verb.

Brilliant.

So the suffixes -ate, -en, -ify, and -ise, which are found in verbs, often mean to make or to become.

Activate is to make something active.

Soften is to make something soft.

Beautify is to make something beautiful.

And energise is to become more energetic, to make more energetic.

Some patterns are similar to other suffix rules that you may recognise.

What happens to these root words when the suffix is added? Look carefully.

Length becomes lengthen, that action of making something longer.

Origin becomes originate.

The pronunciation changes slightly there.

The suffix is just added on in these instances.

Look at what happens to the root words containing a short vowel sound.

Sad, a, a, with a single consonant letter at the end, becomes sadden.

The final consonant here is doubled before the suffix -en, our verb suffix, is added.

What happens to these root words when the suffixes are added, then? Beauty becomes beautify.

That "y" at the end has been removed.

Memory becomes memorised.

Again, that "y" at the end of our root word has been removed to create our new verb.

The "y" is removed, and then our suffix is added on.

The root word ends in a consonant and a "y." So in beauty we have "t" and a "y." In memory we have "r" and a "y." So here, our rule is remove the "y" and then add the suffix.

Can you add the suffix to each of the words and then match it to the rule that it follows? Read the word, add the suffix, consider how the new word will be spelt.

Off you go.

Brilliant.

So flat, a, a, and a single consonant letter.

We need to double the "t" and then add our -en to create our new verb flatten.

This was doubling the final consonant, then adding the suffix.

Elastic to become elasticate.

We can just add the suffix there.

Glory.

To create glorify, we need to remove the "y" at the end of the root word and then add our -ify verb suffix.

And standard becoming standardised.

We can just add our suffix.

Brilliant.

So the suffixes -ate, -en, and -ify begin with vowels, "a," "e," and "i," and follow some similar spelling patterns.

What happens to these words when the suffix is added, then? Look carefully for me.

Formula becomes formulate.

We've removed the vowel, the "a," at the end of the root word there, haven't we? Widen.

Or, sorry, wide becomes widen.

Again, we've removed the vowel at the end of the root word before adding our suffix, because it begins with a vowel.

We don't want two vowels next to each other.

It might be confusing.

Note becomes notify.

We've removed the "e." So in these instances, the final "e" or "a" is removed before the suffix is added.

These root words end in a vowel.

So here, our rule is remove the final vowel and then add the suffix.

So which rule is used? Are we just adding the suffix? Are we doubling the consonant and then adding the suffix? Removing the "y" and then adding the suffix? Or removing the final vowel from the root word and then adding the suffix? Read the root word and the new word that's been created below and match them to the rules.

Off you go.

Excellent job, team.

So glad and gladden.

We've had to double the final consonant there and then add our -en suffix.

Active and activate.

We've removed the final vowel and then added our suffix.

Real and realise.

We've just added the suffix.

And beauty and beautify.

Remove the "y" at the end of the root word and then add our -ify suffix.

So let's have a go now at spelling some verbs using a variety of suffixes.

Remember, sound out the word.

Think of the root word if there's an obvious one, as this will help you to spell the new word.

Think of the spelling rules we've looked at for adding these verb suffixes.

Read the word and check.

So just listen to me carefully.

The first word is specialise.

Number two is purify.

I must purify the water.

Number three, apologise.

Please apologise for that.

Number four, captivate.

You must captivate your audience.

And number five, madden.

Madden, the action of becoming more mad or becoming mad.

So I'll say this one more time.

Specialise, purify, apologise, captivate, madden.

Off you go.

Brilliant job, team.

I'm really impressed.

You've clearly been paying so much attention to the rules that we've been looking at.

So the first word was specialise.

And I've seen it spelled in a number of different ways.

Our root word here is just special, ending in that "l," so I can just add my -ise suffix.

I know it sounds like a z at the end here, but remember, it's our -ise, which is a verb suffix.

Purify was the next one.

Our root word here is pure.

I need to remove the "e" from the end of the word and then add my -ify suffix, knowing there's two vowels next to each other.

Then we had apologise.

Apology was our root word here, which ends in a "y." I've gotta remove the "y" and then add my -ise suffix.

Then we had captivate.

Captivate.

This is an interesting one.

Captive is our root word here.

We remove the "e" and then add our -ate suffix.

And madden.

That short a, a and a single consonant letter at the end of the word mad.

So I double the "d," my final consonant, and then add -en.

Check your work now and make any corrections.

And on to our final learning cycle, which is creating adjectives with suffixes.

So let's read some words.

Global, natural, angelic, horrific, beautiful, useful, powerless, pitiless.

So without pity.

They all end with suffixes.

And we can see the suffixes -al, -ic, -ful, and -less.

All of these words are adjectives.

Look at these rules for adding the suffixes -al and -ic, which create adjectives.

We have here tropical and accidental.

And in those instances we've just been able to add the suffix.

Then in the other instances of arrival and cultural, we've had to remove the "e" from the root word and then add our -al suffix to create our new words.

With the -ic suffix, let's look at the words rhythmic and angelic.

We've just added -ic to the words rhythm and angel to create our new words.

In the words athlete and scene, we've removed the "e" to add our -ic, and allergy and terrify have had the "y" removed before we've added our -ic suffix.

The rules are very similar to adding other suffixes that we've already looked at so far in this lesson.

So what will the spelling of these words be when the suffix is added? How will I spell environmental, natural, allergic, athletic, and artistic? Look carefully at spelling of the root words, and look at the rules you've just looked at and the rules you know already.

Off you go.

Brilliant job, team.

So environment.

I can just add my -al suffix to create environmental.

Natural.

I have to remove the "e" at the end of my root word before adding my -al suffix to create natural.

Allergy is our root word.

To create allergic, I've gotta remove the "y" and then add my -ic suffix.

It's the same here with athletic, where I remove the "e" at the end before adding my -ic suffix.

And for artistic, I can just add my -ic suffix to create artistic.

The spelling of the root word helps us to know the spelling of the new adjective or word that we are creating.

When adding the suffixes -ful and -less to create adjectives, we have two rules for each suffix.

You can just add -ful, you can remove the "y" and add -iful.

You can just add -less, or you can remove the "y" and add -iless.

Be careful here as well with that suffix -ful in particular.

It's just a single "l," not a double "l" like the word full.

So here are our rules in action.

Just adding -ful, F-U-L, forget becomes forgetful.

Removing the "y" and adding -iful, beauty becomes beautiful.

Just adding -less, cheer becomes cheerless.

And removing the "y" and adding -iless, mercy becomes merciless.

This is for most root words where we can just add our -ful.

This is for root words when we have to remove the "y" and add -iful, with two syllables ending in a consonant and a "y." And again, adding just -less is for most root words.

And removing the "y" and adding -iless, again, is for root words with two syllables ending in a consonant and a "y." So I'd like you to read the words below.

I'd like you to put those root words into the correct column and show what will happen when you add the suffixes -ful or -less, or both, if they make sense.

Off you go, team.

Great.

So use could become useful or useless.

And in that instance, we could just add either suffix.

Same with power.

Could become powerful or powerless.

Again, we can just add the suffixes.

Pity can become pitiful.

And our root word ended in a "y," so I had to remove the "y" and then add -iful.

And it's the same for adding our -less suffix, to become pitiless, without pity.

There's no such word as beautiless, so that's why it's not in that column there.

But there is the word beautiful.

And again, our word beauty ended in that "y." I removed the "y" before adding my -iful suffix to create the adjective.

So we're gonna have a go now at spelling some words that have used a variety of those adjective suffixes.

So remember to sound out the word, think of the root word, think of the spelling rules we've looked at, and also read and check.

So listen to me carefully.

The first word is scenic.

They took a scenic walk.

Number two, cultural.

It was of great cultural importance.

Number three, penniless.

He was left penniless when he'd spent all his money.

Number four, resentful.

He was resentful of the other child.

And number five, terrific.

I have a terrific idea.

So I'll say this one more time.

Scenic, cultural, penniless, resentful, terrific.

Remember to think carefully of any root words.

Off you go, team.

Incredible.

I'm so impressed.

We've looked at so many different rules adding suffixes today, and you've been incredible.

Let's final push and look at words now.

Scenic was our first one.

Be careful, our root word here is seen, and it's that "sc" working together to make that scene.

The root word ends in an "e," so I remove the "e" before adding my -ic suffix to create that adjective.

Cultural is our next word.

The root word is culture, which has that "ture." Again, I've gotta remove the "e" and then add my -al suffix.

Penniless.

Our root word here is penny, P-E-N-N-Y.

I've gotta remove the "y" and then add -iless.

And the next one was resentful.

This ends in that consonant "nt," so I can just add -ful.

And terrific.

Terrify with that "y" at the end was our root word.

I've gotta remove that "y" and then add my -ic suffix to create my adjective there.

Brilliant.

How did you do? Share your learning.

Make any corrections now.

I've been so impressed in this lesson, team.

We've been revising spelling patterns linked to suffixes, and you've done an incredible job.

Many suffixes follow the same or very similar rules to create generalisations, those rules that we follow.

There are some exceptions, remember, that are important to remember.

The suffixes -ed and -ing change the tense for a word.

The suffixes -s and -es change a noun from singular to plural.

Remember those irregular plurals.

The suffixes -en, -ate, -ise, and -ify often turn adjectives and nouns into verbs.

And the suffixes -al, -ic, -ful, and -less often create adjectives.

Keep up the great spelling, remember those patterns, and keep up the great practise as well.

I'll see you again soon.