Hello and welcome to today's lesson.

I'm Mrs. Butterworth.

And I will be guiding you through the learning, which is all about chapter two of "Animal Farm." It's the rebellion and the animals finally overthrow their human oppressors.

So shall we get started? So by the end of the lesson, you will be able to explain the events of chapter two and the role of the three pigs.

So we will start to look at these three pigs who will be going to become very important characters to the story.

So before we delve into the lesson, there are a few key words that we need to consider that are very important to this chapter and the novel as a whole.

They are rebellion, charismatic, propaganda, and allusion.

See if you can spot them as we work through the lesson.

So today's outline looks like this.

So we are focused on chapter two, rebellion.

So the first part of the lesson will be all about exploring chapter two.

So we'll give that a read and really look at what is happening.

And then the second part of the lesson is all about exploring the characters of the three pigs.

So let's get started by reading that chapter two.

So before we do any close reading, let's read the start of chapter two together.

"Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep.

His body was buried at the foot of the orchard.

This was early in March.

During the next three months there was much secret activity.

Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life.

They did not know when the rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it.

The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals.

Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was breeding up for sale.

Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way.

Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was also considered to have the same depth of character.

All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers.

The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice.

He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive.

The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white.

These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism." So let's just quickly see how much you remember.

So which three pigs had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism? Select three.

Excellent, well done.

Yep, we have Squealer, Napoleon, and Snowball, who are very important pigs moving forward through the story.

As we know, old Major has died at the beginning of this chapter, although he continues to be a major influence on the animals throughout the novel.

So now let's go a little bit deeper into chapter two.

So let's explore some of Orwell's language use and think about some of those key ideas that we have been introduced to in this chapter.

So the first quote I would like us to look at is this bottom one, where it says, "but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it." So this is the narrator talking about the animal's feelings towards the idea of revolution.

And I just want us to think, what does this quote reveal about the animal's mindset and motivation in response to old Major's speech? So if we think about this, it suggests that they understood the need to take action.

So they see it as their duty.

It's really important.

And they understand and they have this desire to work towards the goal of achieving a fairer and more just society.

So it really reveals their commitment to their cause and the determination to bring about change.

It also shows how influential old Major was at the start of this revolution.

So let's look at this quote here.

So it says, "The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally on the pigs." So think about this, who is considered the most intelligent here and how do they use their education? So absolutely throughout this chapter we get these hints about the pigs and how they are more intelligent, more educated.

And this is how they really begin to assert their power, by teaching and organising.

And this is a really important point for Orwell, who is presenting the inevitability of hierarchy.

So we already see these pigs emerging at the top of this hierarchy.

And it also shows Orwell's point about how education can be used to gain power.

And then we get these prominent characteristics described by Napoleon and Snowball.

So it says that, you know, Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking boar, not much of a talker, and has a reputation for getting his own way.

And then we have Snowball.

He's described as this more vivacious pig.

And we've got this lovely word vivacious, which means lively, and animated, and excited.

And it says that Snowball is much quicker in speech and more invented, but he was not considered to have the same depth of character.

So what this suggests is that Napoleon has this natural, authoritative air about him and that he's determined, whereas Snowball is energetic and more creative, but he perhaps lacks the same level of leadership or authority.

He doesn't exude that natural leadership or that natural aggression that we see in Napoleon.

And then we get this description of Squealer, the third pig.

He has these twinkling eyes, nimble movements, that shrill voice.

He's described as a brilliant talker, and this movement that he has where he skips from side to side and whisks his tail.

And he's described as being very persuasive, which is a very, very key description of Squealer.

So it obviously emphasises how charismatic Squealer is.

He's very charming.

And because of this, he's very powerful.

Orwell here is really emphasising how persuasive Squealer is, and how he's engaging, and he can convince other animals of things.

We have this metaphor here.

The others said of Squealer he could turn black into white, which is a really key quote, especially as you move through the novel.

And I want us to think about what this metaphor suggests about Squealer and what perception this creates of him.

So we know that Squealer is seen as a very skilled manipulator.

And what it's saying is that he can make lies seem like truth.

So this means that the animals view him as both persuasive, but also he's highlighted as potentially untrustworthy.

So Orwell is using this character to represent the power of propaganda, to show how Squealer can be very good at spinning a story.

He can turn black to white or lies to truth.

So true or false time.

Squealer represents the power of propaganda in "Animal farm." Yep, absolutely, that is true.

Well done, everyone.

Now let's think about justifying our answers.

Well done, that's a.

He's really good at making the pigs' ideas sound convincing even if they're not entirely true.

And again, this will be really important as you move through the novel, thinking about this role of Squealer and how convincing he is and how good he is at spinning lies into a truth.

So now it's over to you.

So it's your turn to read the rest of the chapter.

So you'll be reading from several nights a week to the end of the chapter, which is the milk had disappeared.

As you read, pause and discuss these following questions.

So number one, who might Mollie represent in society? What does her love of sugar and ribbons represent? Who is Moses and what might Sugarcandy Mountain be an allusion to? Who wanted the milk? Who ended up taking the milk? After taking control of the farm, what specific changes did the animals implement as a result of the rebellion? How did the approaches of Snowball and Napoleon differ during and after the battle? And then our final question, question six, how did the animals react when Mr. Jones and his men returned? What does this reveal about the animal's commitment to the rebellion? So now it's time to pause the video, and we will feed back our answers when you have finished.

Excellent reading, everyone.

It's a really exciting chapter, isn't it? So what we're gonna do now is we're going to feed back our answers.

You may have something a bit different, and that's absolutely fine.

You may also want to add to your answers if there's anything here that you're finding interesting.

So we have this first question about Mollie and what she represents in society and what does her love and sugar represents.

So Mollie represents individuals in society who are more concerned with personal comfort and luxury than with political ideas.

For Mollie, she's thinking, why do I have to give up my luxuries for this revolution? So her love and sugar, her love of sugar and ribbons symbolises materialism and a desire for a comfortable life.

It also links her to the humans.

Then we're thinking about the character Moses, the Raven, and what Sugarcandy Mountain might be an allusion to.

So Moses is the tame raven, and he also maintains connections to humans.

Now, Orwell is using him to comment on the power of religion.

And he is an allusion to the role of the church in the Russian Revolution.

So this idea of Sugarcandy Mountain, it's almost like an animal heaven, if you like, an idea of where the animals can go if they are good and work hard.

Question three, who wanted the milk and who ended up taking the milk? So it's the pigs, specifically Napoleon, ended up taking the milk for themselves, which again is really starting to show how they are already asserting their power on the farm.

So after taking control of the farm, what specific changes did the animals implement as the result of the rebellion? So one of the main changes is they changed the name of the farm from Manor Farm to Animal Farm.

They also paint the seven commandments on the barn wall.

And they all start practising the principles of Animalism, which are all about equality and self-governance.

Question five, how did the approaches of Snowball and Napoleon differ during and after the battle? So in the battle, in the rebellion, Snowball was strategic and innovative, while Napoleon was much more forceful and aggressive.

So again, we see those opposite characteristics coming through and how their approach has differed in terms of leadership style and tactics.

How did the other animals react when Mr. Jones and his men returned? And what does this reveal about the animal's commitment to the rebellion? So the other animals fought against Mr. Jones and his men, and it really shows their commitment to their rebellion and their unwillingness to go back to their old ways of life under human rule.

We have reached the second part of our lesson.

And in this part of the lesson, we're going to be exploring the role of the three pigs, so really starting to look in-depth at these three characters, 'cause as you may have noticed, as we read through chapter two in the first part, they are already being identified as crucial figures in this rebellion.

So the first thing I would like you to do is to discuss who is potentially the most effective leader and why.

So let's look at the descriptions before you start your discussions.

So we have Napoleon, who was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way.

Then we have Snowball, who's a much more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character.

Squealer, he had those twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice.

He was a brilliant talker.

And when he was arguing some difficult point, he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, which was somehow very persuasive.

The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white.

So reread those descriptions, pause the video, and discuss who you think is presented as potentially the most effective leader and why.

Excellent discussions there.

It had some really great points being made about these three pigs.

So let's collect some ideas and share them.

So Napoleon, he is presented as strong and determined.

And this could be seen as a really good leadership quality because it would mean he's effective for maintaining discipline and making decisions with authority.

Snowball, he's a quick thinker and a good communicator.

So this again has good leadership qualities.

So it could mean that he's effective in inspiring and mobilising others with innovative ideas.

So, yeah, all of these things could make him a good leader.

And then finally, Squealer.

We know he's a master of persuasion.

And he's effective at shaping beliefs and managing perceptions to maintain control.

So because he's able to maintain this control, it could potentially make him a good leader.

True or false time.

Napoleon is described as quicker in speech and more inventive.

Well done, everyone that said false.

So now, can we justify those answers? So select a or b.

Well done, everyone that identified b.

This description identifies Snowball.

So, remember, Snowball is the more inventive, the more vivacious, while Napoleon is much more fierce-looking.

So now here are three descriptions of important figures in the Russian Revolution.

So we're gonna start thinking about context now.

So I'd like you to read the three descriptions of these Russian figures.

And can you decide which pig you think is an allusion to which historical figure? So which political figure matches which pig.

Let's read them through first.

So Molotov, he was known for his loyalty and willingness to support the leadership even if it meant defending and spreading propaganda.

We have Stalin.

He was a powerful and authoritative leader who used force to consolidate his control.

He was considered a ruthless and coercive leader.

And finally, Trotsky.

He was known for his intellectual and communicative abilities.

Some considered him a charismatic and persuasive leader.

So can you decide which pig is an allusion to which historical figure? You may want to pause the video so you can consolidate your ideas.

Excellent.

So let's share our findings.

So, absolutely, Molotov is an allusion to Squealer and the power of propaganda in the maintaining of power.

So Orwell is drawing those parallels there between Squealer and Molotov.

Then we move to Stalin.

Which pig do we think he's most like? Napoleon, absolutely.

Again, Napoleon is an allusion to Joseph Stalin.

And he was the Soviet leader known for his authoritarian rule and consolidation of power in the Soviet Union.

And then finally, Trotsky of course has to be Snowball.

So Snowball is an allusion to Trotsky.

Trotsky was a prominent figure in the early days of the revolution.

Both are seen as intellectuals who excel in persuasive communication and advocate for change.

So as you read through the novel, just bear these ideas in mind of how Orwell is making allusions to these historical characters in the Russian Revolution, because the more you read about the pigs, the more you will see how they represent those characters, those people.

Now let's see what you remember.

Which of the three pigs represents Joseph Stalin, the Soviet leader known for his authoritarian rule? Excellent, well done.

I heard a lot of people saying Napoleon.

Fantastic.

So now we're on to our final practise task.

So the first thing I would like you to do is you're going to gather some quick thoughts, and we're gonna be thinking about how does Orwell present Napoleon as controlling in this extract and how does the extract foreshadow what's to come? So we'll read through the extract first and you can think about those quick thoughts.

"What is going to happen to all that milk?" said someone.

"Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash," said one of the hens.

"Never mind the milk, comrades," cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets.

"That will be attended to.

The harvest is more important.

Comrade Snowball will lead the way.

I shall follow in a few minutes.

Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting." So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared.

So the first thing is just to gather your quick thoughts.

So how does Orwell present Napoleon as controlling in this following extract and how does this extract foreshadow what's to come? So you may wish to pause the video just to gather those quick ideas.

Great, some really good initial ideas coming out there.

So what I want us to do with those quick thoughts is we're going to develop the ideas.

So what I would like you to do is to use this discussion grid to formalise those ideas.

So you might want to use some of these sentence starters to develop ideas and add emphasis.

So things like more specifically, more precisely, in particular.

So there's an example here.

More specifically, we see the domineering presence of Napoleon and the control he commands.

You may also want to begin referencing the text, so referencing that extract.

So using things like, Orwell effectively uses, this emphasises, this reveals.

So here's an example.

The repeated use of exclamatives reveals Napoleon's power and authority.

And then finally, as you near the end of your discussions, you may want to draw some conclusions.

So therefore, ultimately, as a result, and consequently.

So here is an example.

Ultimately, Orwell is emphasising Napoleon's influence and presence, foreshadowing his later position on the farm.

So pause the video, you may wish to go back to the extract as well, and use the discussion grid to formalise your great ideas.

Can't wait to hear everything you come up with.

Some really fabulous discussions happening there.

Well done, everybody.

It's really great to hear you using those sentence starters to fully develop and formalise those ideas.

So let's just share some feedback.

So here's my first statement.

So I'm thinking about the idea of Napoleon physically placing himself in front of the bucket.

So here's the sentence.

Napoleon asserts control by positioning himself in front of the milk buckets.

This emphasises his use of physical dominance and intimidation.

So you can see here, I've used that sentence starter, this emphasises, to develop that idea further.

In particular, he dismisses concerns about the milk and emphasises the importance of the harvest.

So again, I'm developing the idea even further.

And in my next sentence, I use that phrase, Orwell uses, to really focus in on one of the language features.

So Orwell uses exclamatives to show him giving commands and asserting authority.

Napoleon uses the term comrades to maintain a sense of unity while asserting his authority.

More specifically, so again I'm using that sentence starter to develop my idea further, it gives a perception of togetherness, but really he is putting himself in a position of power.

And then finally, I'm bringing my discussion to a conclusion.

So I'm using that therefore, that conclusive marker there.

just to bring my ideas together.

So therefore, the milk's disappearance under Napoleon's watch foreshadows corruption and a lack of transparency in the leadership.

You will notice here I've also used the word foreshadows, which was in the original question.

So I'm using my conclusive part of the discussion just to reference that question again.

Well done, everyone.

That was really fantastic work.

So we have made it to the end of the lesson.

So let's just remind ourselves of everything that we have learned in this lesson.

So the first point is that Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer are emerging as the most powerful animals on the farm.

They all have different leadership qualities.

Propaganda is used to gain and maintain power structures.

The three pigs are an allusion to Stalin, Trotsky, and Molotov, or propaganda.

And Orwell uses language to present Napoleon as controlling and foreshadow future events.

So well done, everyone, really fantastic work.

I do hope I will see you again in another one of these lessons.

Thank you and goodbye.