Hello and welcome.

Thank you so much for joining me today.

I'm Mrs. Butterworth and I can't wait to get started on this lesson.

So it's called Methods of Control and Leadership.

So we'll be exploring the different ways the pigs gain power in the farm.

So how they use different methods and what these are.

So, shall we get started? So by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to explain the different methods of control in "Animal Farm" and how the pigs use these to gain power.

So before we begin, let's look at a few keywords that will help us with our understanding of the lesson.

These are persona, ideology, cult of personality and reverence.

So the lesson is called Methods of Control and Leadership and today it looks like this.

So we're going to start by looking at the method of propaganda and the cult of personality by looking at how education, information and the power of language are also used as a method of control.

So let's start by looking at propaganda and the cult of personality.

First of all, we're going to read some contextual information.

As we do, I want you to think about what Stalin used to create a cult of personality.

So let's read together first.

Stalin employed a combination of propaganda, censorship and manipulation of historical narratives to create an image of himself as the infallible and dispensable leader.

His portraits adorned public spaces and his speeches were extensively publicised, emphasising his role in the revolution and framing him as the protector of the Soviet people.

Stalin's cult of personality also involved the glorification of his personal traits and leadership qualities, portraying him as a wise and benevolent father figure.

This orchestrated image served to suppress dissent, instil fear and cultivate a sense of loyalty and reverence among the Soviet population.

Okay, pause the video so you can discuss, what did Stalin use to create a cult of personality? Excellent work.

Now let's just share some of our ideas.

So I've highlighted some key thoughts here.

So he uses propaganda, censorship and the manipulation of historical narratives.

So what this means by using censorship, it means that he was able to control what the people of the Soviet Union were seeing and hearing.

So think about things like radio, news, that sort of thing.

So by censoring what people have access to enables him to control the narrative and control what messages are getting out.

He also used portraits and they were everywhere.

So it suggests that he is everywhere the people went.

So that's quite intimidating, isn't it? When we think about it.

And it also has this sense of Stalin is watching over you.

And this idea that the glorification of his personal traits, so everything about him, all his positive features, were really emphasised to make the Soviet people really admire him.

So the next question, how did these present him? So all of these things we've just talked about, how did these present him and what persona was created? You may want to pause the video just to consolidate your ideas.

Great, so I've highlighted some key words here.

So how they present him as this kind of infallible and indispensable leader, so all of these things that they use make the people feel like they're dependent on Stalin, that no one else could do his job, that he is the ultimate leader.

And it also emphasises his role in the revolution so that he was one of the most important players or figures in the revolution.

And this frames him as the protector of the Soviet people.

So again, this means that the people view him as this important dependable figure that looks after them all, is the provider for them.

And again, this is reflected in this idea that he's this father figure.

So again, it really creates this sense of a close relationship between himself and the people of the Soviet Union.

And then finally, discuss, what impact did this have on the Soviet population? Pause the video so you can discuss your ideas.

Excellent, I heard some really great things happening there.

So let's just see what I've highlighted.

So this last sentence really summarises what all of these elements do and the effect they have on the people.

So it says this orchestrated image, so this contrived image, serves to suppress dissent, instil fear and cultivate a sense of loyalty.

So suppress dissent means it's suppressing any chance of rebellion or challenge, and it also instils fear.

So again, it makes sure that people aren't going to challenge or start a rebellion against Stalin.

And this idea that it creates loyalty and reverence, so people are very, very loyal and admiring of Stalin.

So there's a key word here, a cult of personality.

And what this means is this absolute devotion to a charismatic leader.

And we can see how personas are used by leaders like Stalin to create this sense of admiration amongst people.

So a cult of personality is also the outcome of a deliberate endeavour to construct an idealised and heroic portrayal of an illustrious leader.

So in that contextual information, we saw how Stalin presented himself as a key figure in the revolution and he presents himself as indispensable.

So this idea that he is absolutely needed to the success of the Soviet Union.

In Stalin's propaganda posters, we see him constructing a persona that encourages him to view him in a certain way.

So there are lots of images of Stalin with young people and children looking up at him, admiring him.

And this presents him as a kind of equal amongst the people, that he's approachable, that he's a father figure, a friend, a leader and protector.

And again, creating and forging this relationship between himself as a leader and the people of the Soviet Union.

I now want to think about all of the information we've just thought about with regards to Stalin and look at these examples from "Animal Farm." As we look at them, I want you to think about the type of personality that Napoleon is constructing and how this compares to Stalin.

So what similarities do you see between the way Napoleon is presented in "Animal Farm" and the way Stalin chooses to present himself to the people of the Soviet Union? So here are our quotes.

"Napoleon had commanded that once a week, there should be held something called a spontaneous demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm." The next quotation, "The pigs like to invent for him such titles as father of all animals, terror of mankind, protector of the sheepfold, ducklings' friend and the like." And another quote, "Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself.

So we can see in this quote, like Stalin, Napoleon creates an air of celebration and glory.

So they have these parades that really celebrate Napoleon and all his accolades, although we know as a reader that actually Napoleon isn't that active in many of the events of the novella.

So this celebration is presented as for all the animals.

So these parades are to inspire the animals, but ultimately it's about reminding the animals who their leader is.

So yes, they are introduced as a way to celebrate the success of Animal Farm, but actually it's more about celebrating or perceiving Napoleon as this great and illustrious leader.

We also see this creation of titles and these titles create a personality around Napoleon that is both nurturing and terrifying.

So we get this idea that he is a father figure, but he is also the leader of terror.

And now interestingly, Stalin was also referred to as a little father and great friend, which suggests this kind of deep and personal connection between the leaders and their people.

And Napoleon as well is presented of the protector of the animals.

And again, we can see how Orwell is using his characters to represent ideas from the Russian revolution.

And then finally, Napoleon's titles.

So he gives himself these titles which present him as a military leader.

So as well as being brave, he is heroic and worthy of praise.

And it again links to this idea that he is the protector of the animals and he does this through military action.

But again, as readers, we know that actually Napoleon isn't that present in a lot of the events of "Animal Farm." Okay, complete this statement, Napoleon is referred to as? Well done, everyone that noticed it was B, he is referred to as the Ducklings' friend.

And this really serves to make him seem unintimidating and loving and admirable.

Okay, I now wanna turn our focus to Old Major.

So discuss, how could it also be argued that Old Major creates a cult of personality? Pause the video to give yourself time to discuss your ideas.

Wow, some really lively discussion there.

So I'm going to pick up on some ideas and just share them quickly now.

So how does Old Major create a cult of personality? So he's a very charismatic speaker.

So his use of rhetoric makes him inspiring, which again creates this persona of someone to be looked up to.

He also has an ideological influence.

He talks about equality and freedom and this makes the other animals excited about his vision.

So again, it's this persona of a revolutionary, someone that has all the ideas, but perhaps he is too idealistic.

He also has this symbolic role, and again, this really creates a certain sense of persona around him and this sense of reverence towards him.

So even after he's gone, the animals treat his skull like a sacred object.

And this demonstrates the cult-like devotion the animals develop towards him.

And actually what this also does is it works in the pig's favour because they're able to use this devotion to again maintain power over the animals.

And we also get this kind of cult-like following, this cult of personality, because the animals follow without question and the animals adopt his ideas without really thinking twice.

And the rebellion happens because of Old Major's status and influence.

From the very first chapter, Old Major is established as this charismatic, inspiring pig that all of the animals look up to.

True or false time.

Arguably, Old Major does not create a cult of personality.

Well done to everyone that realised that was false.

Okay, now to justify your answer.

Excellent, absolutely, his use of rhetoric inspires the animals to follow him without question.

So we have reached our first practise task.

Well done, everyone, for your hard work so far.

There's been some quite complicated ideas.

So what I would like you to do please is to complete the sentences to create a summary of the key ideas.

Let's read them together first.

So similar to Stalin, Napoleon creates a cult of personality by creating a persona that is.

Examples from "Animal Farm" include.

Napoleon's titles of ducklings' friend and father of all the animals effectively present him as.

And this influences the other animals.

And finally, arguably Old Major creates a cult of personality by.

Okay, so if you pause the video, this will give you time to complete the task and we can feedback our ideas in a moment.

Good luck.

Well done, everybody.

Some excellent work happening there.

So let's just feedback and look at a model response.

You may have something different, which is fine.

Just use these sentences to check and compare your own work.

So we'll read them through together.

So similar to Stalin, Napoleon creates a cult of personality by creating a persona that is nurturing, personable and heroic.

Examples from "Animal Farm" include the introduction of the spontaneous demonstrations and the awarding of military honours like the Order of the Green Banner to himself.

Napoleon's titles of Ducklings' friend and father of all animals effectively present him as the protector of future generations and a caring leader and as a provider for all.

This influences the animals to see him as a respected family member intrinsically part of their everyday lives, which is a very clever thing for Napoleon to do to make people view him in this way.

And then finally, arguably, Old Major also creates a cult of personality by inspiring the animals to follow without questioning and start a rebellion.

Well done, everyone.

So we are in the second part of our lesson.

So we have looked at propaganda and the cult of personality and then we are now going to look at a different method of control and we are going to look at education, information and the power of language.

We are going to look at some more contextual information.

This time we are going to be focusing on some quotes made by Stalin.

So what I would like you to do is read these quotes and discuss, what do they suggest about the power of education and ideas? Pause the video so you can discuss your thoughts and consolidate your ideas.

Okay, great.

So the quote is, "Education is a weapon whose effect depends on who holds it in his hand and at whom it is aimed." This is a very, very powerful quote.

So what we can see here is that Stalin is comparing education to a weapon, and this emphasises how truly powerful education is.

It's also suggests that education is a tool or instrument that can be wielded by those in control.

And it highlights a difference as to its impact depending on who is controlling it.

Now what about this quote? You may notice some similarities in ideas from the last quote.

So again, pause the video so you have time to discuss your ideas.

Great, so the quote was, "Ideas are more powerful than guns.

We should not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas?" And again, like the last quote, this is a really interesting and powerful quote that shows the importance of education.

So here, we get the idea that the potency of ideas by stating they are more powerful than guns, and we start to see why leaders like Stalin might be worried about people becoming too educated or too aware.

And it raises the question of controlling access to ideas, similarly in the way we restrict access to weapons.

And what this implies, that ideas can shape perspectives and influence people just as guns can impact physical situations.

So in terms of totalitarian regimes, they don't want people to become educated or have all the information because then they'll become too aware and there's likely to be a challenge or maybe even a rebellion.

So like Stalin, the pigs on the farm recognise how powerful education and information can be.

And I'm sure you are already starting to draw parallels between the way Stalin talks about education and the way the pigs use education on the farm.

And Orwell really aims to emphasise how education can be weaponized and used to maintain hierarchical power structures.

So let's look at some quotes from the novella and see what these are saying about education and intelligence.

First quote, "The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others.

With their superior knowledge, it was natural that they should assume the leadership." So we can see this is explicitly referenced way at the start of the novella and we see that the pigs are able to gain power incredibly quickly due to their knowledge and their intellect.

The animals happily let them lead because they view them as being more intelligent.

The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals.

So again, the pigs are able to establish an authority over the animals, and because they have the intelligence and they are able to take on the role of teaching the other animals, this means they can also control the information and the lessons that the animals have access to.

It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions, the other animals understood how to vote, but could not think of any resolutions of their own.

So again, Orwell continues to warn of the dangers of an uneducated mass.

It's an excellent tool for the pigs, but ensures that the animals are continually manipulated and exploited.

And this quote shows how only the pigs have the language and the intellect to articulate any new ideas or make changes.

The most the animals can do is just vote on the things that the pigs put forward.

And here, "The most faithful disciples were Boxer and Clover.

These two had great difficulty thinking anything out for themselves." So Boxer and Clover are really key characters in showing how education can be weaponized to keep subjects in check.

So there is a clear connection here between a lack of education and blind loyalty.

There are moments in the novella when Boxer and Clover almost start to see what's really happening with the pigs, but they don't have the intelligence or the language to articulate the ideas and challenge what is happening.

So they are happy to just go along with what is happening.

True or false time.

Boxer and Clover's lack of intelligence means they are susceptible to manipulation.

Excellent, that's true.

Now let's justify your answer.

Yes, well done, absolutely that's A.

So Orwell uses these characters to comment on the dangers of an uneducated working class and their susceptibility to manipulation.

Now let's look at these characters.

I want you to think, what do they have in common? So we have Squealer, he was a brilliant talker.

We have Old Major, Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life.

And then finally, Snowball.

At the meetings, Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches.

So hopefully, you will have noticed that all of these characters are excellent speakers and users of language.

Orwell explicitly describes them as being brilliant talkers or making brilliant speeches.

And this is because Orwell saw a connection in the use of language and power.

And these characters are excellent in representing the ways in which language can be used to gain power and control.

So complete this quote, Snowball often won over the majority by his? Excellent and the quote is his brilliant speeches.

So we are now on our final practise task.

So in a moment, you will see a grid and I would like you to complete this grid with your notes to summarise each character's approach to leadership and power.

So here is the grid.

So you can see we have the four main pigs, Old Major, Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer.

And I would like you to find some sophisticated adjectives to describe the pigs' leadership.

I would then like you to identify the methods used to gain power and include an example.

And I would also like you to make a link to context.

So I will give you a few examples before you begin.

So the sophisticated adjectives I use to describe Old Major are inspiring, idealistic and revolutionary.

And the methods used to gain power by Napoleon are that he creates a cult of personality.

And my example is in the titles, ducklings' friend.

And then for my link to context with Old Major, I've said that Old Major's speech echoes Marx's Communist manifesto.

Okay, so over to you.

Pause the video so you have time to complete this task.

Well done, everyone, some excellent work happening there.

So you will see here, I have a completed grid.

And this is one way that you could have approached this task.

So if you've got any gaps, you may want to use this opportunity to fill in any missing boxes.

So let's just go through the ideas together.

So let's start with Old Major.

So the words, the sophisticated adjectives I've used are inspiring, idealistic and revolutionary.

And the methods used to gain power, his use of rhetoric and language in his speech.

You may have used something like the cult of personality as well.

And the link to context, as we said earlier, his speech echoes the Marx's Communist Manifesto.

Now let's look at Napoleon.

So the words, the sophisticated adjectives are authoritarian, ruthless and dictatorial.

You may have used words like aggressive or threatening or tyrannical.

There's many you can use to describe Napoleon.

And the method I have here is that he creates the cult of personality.

And the example is in titles like the ducklings' friend.

You might have used his use of fear and violence and perhaps referred to the show trials or when he controls the dogs with those brass-studded collars.

And my link to context is that he uses the same methods of control as Stalin.

So my sophisticated adjectives for Snowball are innovative, idealistic and collaborative.

And his method is he uses his intelligence and language.

And my example is how he organises the animals.

And my link to context is he uses ideology and intelligence much like Trotsky, who was one of the initial starters of the rebellion in the Russian Revolution.

Okay, let's move on to Squealer.

So I have used the words persuaseful, artful and obedient, which is quite interesting 'cause he is very obedient to Napoleon and the regime.

And the methods used, his intelligence and language and he manipulates the animals.

So you may have used something like.

You may have also included something like his use of rhetoric.

And the link to context is he uses the same tactics as the propaganda in the Russian Revolution.

So well done, everybody.

We have reached the end of the lesson and there were some really big ideas in there, and you've done really well at understanding those and using them in your work.

So let's just remind ourself of what we have learned this lesson.

So a cult of personality is the result of a carefully-constructed persona spread through propaganda and other means.

Napoleon reflects Stalin's use of propaganda and methods of control.

Orwell explores how leaders gain power through created personas, language and education.

Orwell emphasises the dangers of an uneducated working class in the maintaining of power and hierarchy.

So again, a very well done to you all, and thank you so much for your hard work.

I can't wait to see you all again in a future lesson.

Goodbye.