Hello, and welcome.

Thank you for joining me today.

I'm Mrs. Butterworth, and I will be guiding you through the learning.

Our lesson today is titled "The pigs and the power of rhetoric." So we will be exploring how the pigs use their persuasive skills to really gain control of the animals and the farm.

Let's get started.

By the end of the lesson, you will be able to identify how the pigs use rhetoric and how they use this to control the other animals.

There are a few keywords we need to consider before we start the lesson to help our understanding.

These are rhetoric, imperative, hyperbole, and earnest.

See if you can spot some of these as we move through the lesson.

So the outline of our lesson, "The pigs and the power of rhetoric," looks like this.

We're going to start by identifying specific rhetorical devices before moving on to comparing these in the pigs' speeches.

So let's start with that identifying rhetorical devices.

So what is rhetoric? So rhetoric is defined as being the art of persuasive communication, and this can be in writing and speeches too.

So some of the questions we want to think about as we move through the lesson is, who is the most persuasive in "Animal Farm" and who uses rhetorical devices? Now, we know that the pigs use several different rhetorical devices in their speeches, and we will focus on some of these.

They are an imperative, collective personal pronoun, rhetorical question, and rule of three.

Now let's look at each of the rhetorical devices with an example from the text and look at the effect created.

So the first rhetorical device is an imperative sentence or verb, and these express a direct command.

So they sound like this, and here's an example from the text.

"No argument must lead you astray." And an imperative sentence or verb sounds authoritative and direct, and you may notice that these are used throughout the novella.

The commandments are full of imperatives.

Old Major uses lots of imperatives, and it's a really persuasive device in terms of creating authority.

The next device is the collective personal pronoun.

And again, this is used throughout the novella in the term "Comrades!" And this again is really clever because it's used throughout to give a sense of unity.

The pigs use it.

The animals use it.

It's like they're all in the rebellion together, even though we know that they're not.

And a rhetorical question.

And one example of this is, "Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty?" And rhetorical questions again are another really effective rhetorical device because it forces the animals to reflect, but it's also deceptively threatening.

And you will notice that throughout the novella, Squealer and the other pigs use rhetorical questions to continually persuade and manipulate the other animals.

And we also have a rule of three, and an example is this, "Our lives are miserable, laborious and short." And some of you may have noticed that's from Old Major, Old Major's speech.

And a rule of three is really effective because it emphasises the description.

And that rule of three makes it more memorable and emotionally resonant.

True or false time.

"Our lives are miserable, laborious and short" is an example of a collective personal pronoun.

True or false? Well done, everyone that said false.

Now can you justify your answer? Excellent to everyone that noticed that it is A, that this is actually an example of a rule of three.

"Comrades!" is our example of a collective personal pronoun.

So we are on to our first task.

What I would like you to do is to read through Old Major's speech, so let's do that first together.

"Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short.

We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath of our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty.

No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old.

No animal in England is free.

The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth." So what I would now like you to do is first, I would like you to identify and underline any rhetorical devices you find in the speech.

And then I would like you to pick three of these and explain how they are effective at conveying this message.

So pause the video so you can complete this task, and I look forward to hearing your answers.

Well done, everyone.

Excellent work.

So let's just share some of our ideas.

So some of the rhetorical devices that you may have underlined are as follows.

So I have underlined "comrades," that collective pronoun, this rhetorical question, "what is the nature of this life of ours?" And I've also picked out that key rule of three, "miserable, laborious, and short." So now let's look at how I have explained how these are effective at conveying the message.

So I have said here that Old Major uses the collective pronoun "comrades" to create a sense of unity.

It is effective in galvanising the animals as a collective, so it's a really effective persuasive device.

He also uses the rhetorical question "what is the nature of this life of ours?" This forces the animals to question their situation, and this allows Old Major to reveal what he is challenging.

And then finally, Old Major uses a rule of three in "miserable, laborious, and short." It emphasises the emotional content of his message and magnifies the plight of the animals.

So we know how impactful Old Major's speech is.

It is the catalyst for all of the action that happens afterwards and incites the rebellion, and part of this is his use of rhetorical devices in that first chapter.

So now let's move on to the second part of our lesson, which is all about comparing the pigs' speeches.

Let's explore Napoleon's speech first.

So before we do any close reading, let's just read his speech together: "Comrades," he said quietly, "do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!" he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder.

"Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year.

Comrades, here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball.

'Animal Hero, Second Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice.

A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!" So let's think about how is this speech being delivered? So Napoleon is quite clever in his use of tone in this speech.

So Orwell uses this verb "roared" to present Napoleon as aggressive.

And he also refers to the "death sentence" which makes his speech persuasive because it's actually terrifying.

So it's not just the rhetorical devices, but his tone and delivery and how that is described that makes Napoleon persuasive.

And also what's interesting is the first section he actually whispers in direct contrast to the shouting and the roaring.

He whispers: "Comrades," he said quietly.

And again, this feels conspiratorial.

It draws the animals in and again is incredibly persuasive.

So now we've thought about tone and delivery.

Now let's think about the specific rhetorical techniques that Napoleon used, those devices.

So as you can see in the highlighted text, he too uses those collective personal pronouns of comrades for that feeling of togetherness and unity.

And he also uses rhetorical question, and he actually does it in succession.

So we've got two quick rhetorical questions in succession, and it's almost overwhelming for the animals, and it really elicits an emotional response from the animals.

If you think about this continual firing of questions, you know, "Who is responsible for this? Do you know who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill?" Again, it's very persuasive.

Now, what other rhetorical devices does Napoleon use? So you will see in the highlighted text here, he also uses repetition.

We will, we will, okay? And again, that is also very repetitive.

And he uses imperatives to really motivate the animals and show that authority and command.

"No more delays, comrades!" Now, something to consider, the similarities and differences to Old Major's speech.

Now, they both use rhetorical devices, and they both elicit strong reactions for the animals, but what are the differences here? So like I've just said, they both make use of rhetorical devices and create speeches that are incredibly persuasive and motivational.

However, there is a distinct difference in tone and the way Orwell describes their delivery.

And Orwell is very effective at presenting the two pigs differently through their use of rhetoric.

So Napoleon is presented as more aggressive and angry compared to the passionate tone of Old Major.

Let's just answer this quick question.

Which verb describes Napoleon's speech delivery? Well done, everyone that said B.

Yes, it's roared.

He roars that question at the animals.

So we are now going to focus on the character of Minimus, who is an interesting pig.

He is selected to write poems and creates the second national anthem for the pigs.

So he's also very good with words.

So let's just read his poem through together: Friend of the fatherless! Fountain of happiness! Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on Fire when I gaze at thy calm and commanding eye, like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon! So I'd like you to discuss, what rhetorical devices does he use? Pause the video, and we will share our answers in a moment.

Some excellent discussions happening there.

Let's just share some of our thoughts.

So, some of you noticed that there is that rule of three used in the repetition of exclamatives.

So you can see there those three exclamative sentences in a row, and this really aims to elevate Napoleon's status.

Some of you will also notice the collective pronouns there, Comrade Napoleon.

And it's interesting, these collective pronouns keep popping up.

And again, it's that sense of unity, but here it's being used to suggest that Napoleon is one of them, one of the animals.

However, we know that this is not true.

And we have this simile here as well that exaggerates Napoleon's persona.

So he's comparing Napoleon to the sun in the sky, suggesting he's this illuminating and brightening force on the farm.

So overall, some of you may have noticed how over the top this poem is.

So it uses hyperbole to really exaggerate Napoleon's persona and his personality, and it also persuades the animals of Napoleon's immense greatness.

It really is very over the top and hyperbolic.

Now I want us to think about the other speeches we have looked at.

So I'd like you to discuss how does this speech compare to Napoleon and Old Major? Pause the video so you can discuss and consolidate your ideas.

Some excellent discussions happening there.

So just a feedback.

So yes, absolutely right, everyone kind of got the idea that it is much more exaggerated and overly emotional in tone, and I think this has a lot to do with purpose as well.

So whereas Old Major and Napoleon want to motivate the animals, Minimus is all about Napoleon.

He just wants to elevate Napoleon's status and create a specific persona.

So it's really interesting to think about these rhetorical devices and how the purpose or the intention of the speaker changes the effect of these.

So now for a quick question.

Minimus uses a simile to compare Napoleon to.

Well done, everyone that noticed it was the sun in the sky.

A very exaggerated simile to describe Napoleon.

So we have reached our second practise task.

What I would like you to do is I would like you to read Squealer and Snowball's speeches and answer the following questions.

How are the speeches being delivered? What rhetorical devices do they use? And what is the effect of these? And compare the tone and style of each pigs' delivery.

Before you begin this task, let's just read those speeches together.

So we have Squealer's speech: "Comrades!" he cried.

"You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples.

I dislike them myself.

Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health.

Milk and apples, this has been proved by Science, comrade, contains substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig.

We pigs are brainworkers.

The whole management and organisation of the farm depends on us.

Day and night, we are watching over your welfare.

It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples.

Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades," cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?" And now let's look at Snowball's speech: The very first question she asked Snowball was, "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?" "No," said Snowball firmly.

"We have no means of making sugar on this farm.

Besides, you do not need sugar.

You will have all the oats and hay you want." "And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie.

"Comrade," said Napoleon, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery.

Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?" So now we have read the speeches, you can answer the following questions to help you think back to the comparisons we made between Napoleon, Old Major, and Minimus because some of these may apply to Snowball and Squealer.

So pause the video, and I look forward to hearing your answers in a moment.

Good luck! Well done, everyone, and thank you for your hard work.

That was a tricky task, so I really appreciate all your efforts.

So let's feed back some answers to those questions.

Now, you may have something different, which is totally fine.

It may even be better than what you read here.

You may also want to use these responses to add to and improve your own work.

So let's focus on Squealer first.

So Squealer is presented as giving his speech as very enthusiastic.

So we get this description of "he cried." So he's really shouting and exclaiming, and it's almost like he's begging the animals, so we get this word "pleadingly." But it's important to note that this isn't genuine.

Squealer's pleading to make him seem more authentic and genuine.

Squealer uses rhetorical questions and collective pronouns.

He also references science, so some of you may have put this down too, and he does this to sound authoritative and credible.

And finally, the comparison to the other pigs.

So whereas Napoleon is quite aggressive, Squealer is much more emotionally charged and hyperbolic, and his aim is to inspire rather to convince and persuade.

Now let's look at Snowball.

Now, you may have noticed that Snowball's delivery is very earnest and severe in his conviction.

So he's very serious about the rebellion and very devoted to the cause, and this comes across in his tone and delivery.

He also uses rhetorical questions and collective pronouns to try and convince Mollie of the revolution.

However, we know that he isn't successful as Mollie eventually leaves the farm, but this doesn't stop Snowball trying.

And that comparison.

So where all the other pigs are impassioned, emotional, and hyperbolic, Snowball is much more serious and reserved.

And Orwell is perhaps presenting him this way to show that he is intellectual, he's a thinker, and puts much more thought into what is happening as opposed to just being focused on power.

Well done, everyone.

We have reached the end of the lesson.

So there was lots to get through in that lesson, so let's just remind ourselves of everything that we have learned.

So we know that all the pigs use rhetoric to present their messages to the masses.

We know that whilst all the pigs use rhetoric, they do so in different ways, and this is linked to their purpose and intention.

Ultimately, Napoleon and Squealer rely on fear in controlling the animals.

Orwell uses the delivery of the speeches to develop characterization.

And finally, Snowball is much more serious and earnest compared to the other pigs.

Well done, everyone.

Excellent work.

I really hope to see you again soon in another one of my lessons.

So until then, goodbye.