Hello, everyone.

It's lovely to see you today.

My name's Dr.

Clayton and I'm to guide you through Learning Journey today.

Today's lesson is called "Identifying and Analysing Anthony Horowitz's Use of Resolution in 'Moriarty'".

We're going to start off by thinking about the different ways you might end a story first.

Then we're gonna zoom in on a concept of resolution and how it might apply to crime fiction more generally, before looking at the ending of "Moriarty".

Now you'll need a copy of the 2014 Orion Books edition of "Moriarty" by Anthony Horowitz for this lesson.

So make sure you have that to hand.

So if you ready grab your pen, laptop, whatever you use for this lesson, and let's get started.

So by the end of the lesson you'll be able to identify and analyse Horowitz's use of symbolism and setting to create resolution in "Moriarty".

So we have five words today we're gonna focus on as our keywords.

They'll be identified in bold throughout the learning material, and I'll try to point 'em out to yourself, so you see them being used in context.

So our first keyword is resolution, which means the conclusion of the story's plot, where all the unanswered questions are solved.

This is the key thread that's running through our lesson today.

We'll consider not only what a resolution is and what it might mean for the reader, but also how Horowitz's crafts his resolution.

Our second keyword is idyllic, which means a place or experience that's extremely pleasant, beautiful, or peaceful.

You can think of this idea of a pleasant and peaceful place in relation to the setting that Horowitz crafts the end of "Moriarty".

Our third keyword is crime fiction, which contains a fictional narrative where a crime is committed and investigated by professional or an amateur.

Horowitz's "Moriarty" is part of the crime fiction genre.

We're going to think about how the concept of resolution relates to crime fiction as a whole.

Our fourth keyword is stereotype, which means a set idea that people have about what someone or something is like.

We're going to think of what stereotypes we have in relation to crime fiction and their endings.

Our fifth keyword is symbolism, which is the idea that things, images, people, et cetera, represent other things.

We're going to be thinking about how Horowitz uses symbolism in order to influence how the reader feels about the resolution of "Moriarty".

So I'll just give you a moment to write down those keywords and their definitions.

So pause the video, write them down now.

Fantastic.

Let's get started with the lesson.

So we have three learning cycles in our lesson today.

For our first learning cycle we're going to spend a bit of time thinking more generally about how we might end a story and why a writer might choose a particular ending over another.

For our second learning cycle we're going to focus on the concept of resolution specifically that might relate to crime fiction.

Then we're gonna read the end of Horowitz's "Moriarty".

For our final learning cycle we're going to analyse how Horowitz crafted a reassuring resolution.

So we're gonna begin by thinking, more generally, by the ending of stories and the different ways in which we might end a story.

Now the narrative structure of a story can broken down into five distinct sections known as Freytag's pyramid.

The story begins with the exposition, which might offer the backstory or context of the characters and the story.

We then have the rising action, which will build towards the central conflict.

The climax, the most intense part of the story.

The falling action often foreshadows the ending of the story.

And, finally, we have the denouement, which is the focus of our lesson day.

The denouement is also known as the conclusion or moment of catastrophe.

It's the end of the story.

Now the ending of the story is so important because the lasting impression the reader has could dramatically impact the way the reader responds to or interprets your story.

So what I'd like you to think about is what do you expect from the ending of the story? Now if you're working through with someone else, you might talk about ideas with them.

If you're working through this by yourself you might just think of your ideas.

So pause the video.

So what do you expect from the ending of a story? Welcome back, everyone.

Some fantastic ideas there.

Now, I heard some people saying they expect that all the plot elements will be resolved and that justice will be served.

I also heard some people saying they expect to be excited by the ending.

They want to hear something unexpected that leaves them feeling emotional.

What we're gonna think about now is the different ways in which you might end a story.

So the four ways a writer might choose to end their story.

We have the resolution, where any unanswered questions are answered and any loose ends are tied up.

We have a cliffhanger, which is a plot device in which an element of the story is left unresolved.

We have an anti-climax, where something is much less exciting and dramatic than is expected to be.

And we have a plot twist, a radical change in the direction or expected outcome of the plot in a work of fiction.

So what I'd like you to think about is which of these do you think you'd most like to see in the ending of a story? Why is that? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

We've had some fantastic discussions there.

Now this may be unpopular, but I actually love a cliffhanger.

I love the opportunity to craft my own ending for a story, but then give the characters the ending that I think they deserve.

In my mind there's nothing more disappointing than ending that feels like a letdown.

It's not what you wanted to happen.

With a cliffhanger the ending can be whatever your imagination wants it to be.

Now, for quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is fill in the gaps to complete the definitions.

So which endings where any unanswered questions are answered and any loose ends are tied up? Which ending is a plot device, in which an element of the story is left unresolved? Which element is where something is much less exciting or dramatic as expected to be? And which ending is a radical change to direction or expected outcome? Pause video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Let's talk through the answers.

So resolution is where any unanswered questions are answered and any loose ends are tied up.

A cliffhanger is a plot device in which an element story is left unresolved.

An anti-climax, where something is much less exciting or dramatic as expected to be.

And a plot twist is a radical change in the direction or expected outcome.

So very well done if you've got those right.

Fantastic work so far.

So we're over the first task of the lesson.

So what I'd like you to do is consider the four ways to potentially end a story and their definitions.

So we have a resolution where the unanswered questions are answered and any loose ends are tied up.

We have a cliffhanger, a plot device in which an element of the story is left unresolved.

We have an anti-climax where something is much less exciting or dramatic as expected to be.

And we have a plot twist, a radical change in the direction or expected outcome.

What I'd like you to do is consider each of the individual endings, discuss why you think a writer might choose to use each of these endings.

What purpose might they serve? Now if you're working through with someone else you might talk over ideas with them.

If you're doing this by yourself you might just think of ideas.

So pause the video.

Take a few minutes to consider.

Welcome back.

That was fantastic work there.

What I'd like you to do now is think about Sofia's ideas.

Think about how well they align with your ideas.

So for resolution, Sofia said, "Maybe it's to make the reader feel satisfied.

To make them feel optimistic about people and society." If everything's neatly tied up, all the problems are solved, it might make you feel good about life and the fact that everything can be fixed.

For a cliffhanger, Sofia said, "Maybe it could add tension." or "To let people make up their own individual endings." As I said before, I love a cliffhanger 'cause I love it gives my imagination free reign to craft the ending that I want it to be.

For anti-climax, "Maybe to subvert people's expectations." "To challenge what they expect about love or power." We think of an anti-climax as disappointing stereotypically.

But I want us to try and move away from this idea and, instead, think about why the writer might have chosen to do something unexpected.

Are they trying to say that life doesn't work out in the way we expect, for example? For plot twist, "Maybe it's to subvert people's expectations." "To make them feel unsettled." "Maybe to make them realise not everything's as it seems." I think plot twists can feel very exciting, but also make us question ourselves.

Maybe we misjudged a character and that can make us feel unsettled.

But since we don't actually know how to predict people's behaviour, we don't actually know who people really are.

So pause the video.

Take a few minutes to see how well Sofia's ideas align with your ideas.

Welcome back, everyone.

That's fantastic discussions there.

Now we're gonna move on to our second learning cycle.

We're gonna specifically focus on the idea of a resolution.

Amazing work, everyone.

We're on to the second learning cycle.

We're gonna take a few moments to think about crime fiction and resolutions more generally, and then we're gonna read the end of Horowitz's "Moriarty".

So as I said, today we're going to be considering Anthony Horowitz's "Moriarty".

Now some of you may recognise the name Moriarty, and know it from Sherlock Holmes.

Note that he's the arch nemesis of Sherlock Holmes.

Now Horowitz's "Moriarty" is an example of crime fiction.

It's a modern day take on Arthur Conan Doyle's "Sherlock Holmes".

Now Conan Doyle wrote "Sherlock Holmes" in the 1890s, but it's still incredibly popular today.

The TV shows, theatre performances, are modern day versions of Sherlock and Dr.

Watson.

So what I'd like us to do first is take a moment to think about crime fiction.

Now crime fiction is the fictional narrative where crime is committed and investigated by a professional or an amateur.

Now crime fiction is incredibly popular from the fictional narratives of crime fictions, crime fiction TV shows, true crime documentaries.

What I'd like you to think about is why is it so popular? Why do I like hearing about crimes being committed and then investigated? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

That's fantastic discussions there.

It was great to see people talk about crime fiction that they, themselves, enjoy and why they enjoy it.

Now as like people, Laura says, "Crime fiction allows to witness and explore the dark side of humanity that we all know is there, but we don't actually want to encounter in real life.

It's easier to encounter in fiction." I think this is why we find true crime so fascinating, in particular.

It allows an insight into the mind of a criminal without actually having to experience it personally.

So we're specifically thinking today about how Horowitz crafts the resolution of "Moriarty".

Now the resolution, as we said before, is where any unanswered questions are answered and any loose ends are tied up.

Now stereotypically, crime fiction stories end with a detective or policeman solving the crime and apprehending the criminal.

So what I'd like you to think about now is why do you think crime fiction stories end with a crime being solved and the criminal apprehended? What does that tell us about society? Do you think crime fiction will be so popular they typically end it with a criminal getting away with their crime? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now I think this idea of resolution in crime fiction really speaks to what holds society together and stops it from devolving into lawlessness.

As Izzy said, "A resolution in crime fiction reassures us that even though the dark side of humanity exists, it can be contained and controlled through law enforcement.

We feel safer knowing that criminals will be held accountable and face justice for their crimes." Arguably, it wouldn't be as popular if the stereotype was that criminals get away with their crimes.

That wouldn't be reassuring to us.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is tell me whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false that crime fiction is not a popular genre because people find the subject matter too unnerving.

Pause the video.

Make your selection now.

The correct answer is false.

Now I'd like to tell me why it's false.

So pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

We might have said that crime fiction is a very popular genre, potentially because we want to explore that dark side of humanity without actually experiencing it in real life.

So very well done if you've got those right.

So before we read the ending, let's just think about a summary of the story and make some predictions about what we think is gonna happen at the end.

So at the beginning of the novel we're introduced to Frederick Chase, an investigator with an American agency, and Athelney Jones from Scotland Yard.

Both men are examining supposed body of Moriarty, the arch nemesis of Sherlock Holmes.

For those of you know the story, you might remember that Moriarty and Sherlock supposedly died together at the Reichenbach Falls by fighting and then falling into the water.

Chase and Jones are searching for clues on Moriarty's body that might tell them about Clarence Devereux, a violent criminal from America who no one has ever seen and is trying to set up a base in London.

So Chase and Jones find a clue that Moriarty and Devereux were going to join forces.

So they tried to follow the evidence from a letter that they found in the dead body's pocket to try and track Devereux down.

This leads them all around London, and wherever they go witnesses and anyone in the interview are violently killed.

Towards the end we find out that Frederick Chase has been Moriarty all along.

He staged the dead body at the start, and been using Jones in order to get to Devereux.

What I'd like you to think about is what do you think will happen at the end of the story? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Had some amazing ideas there.

Now some people were saying they thought Jones would figure out that Chase is Moriarty and arrest him.

Some people were saying that Moriarty and Devereux would join forces and take over London together, turn it into a lawless space.

Some people were saying that Jones managed to outwit them both and arrest them both.

So now we're gonna find out what actually happens.

So now we're gonna read the ending to Horowitz's "Moriarty".

You'll need a copy of the 2014 Orion Books edition of "Moriarty" by Anthony Horowitz.

What I'd like you to do is read from the word "It" on page 356 to the end of the novel on page 362.

So pause the video, and read the end of the story now.

Welcome back, everyone.

I hope you really enjoyed reading that ending.

What I'd like you to tell me now is how Horowitz resolves the story.

What happens at the end? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now at the end of the story, Moriarty manages to capture Devereux because, as we find out, the two of them never intended to join forces.

They were competitors the whole time.

Moriarty was just looking for a way to eliminate the competition.

Rather than staying in London, Moriarty takes Devereux back to America where he can start to rebuild his crime empire.

So what I'd like you to do now is think about how you feel about the ending.

You might focus on the idea that it's another criminal that apprehends Devereux.

How does that make you feel? Pause video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people saying they really enjoyed reading the ending and they liked the fact that Chase wasn't who he seemed.

Some people even thought the fact he was a criminal mastermind was actually more reassuring because it shows that not only do we have detectives and police officers holding people accountable, we also have other criminals holding people to a certain standard and that might make us feel comforted.

So now for a quick check for understanding.

Which of the following summarises the end of "Moriarty"? Is it A? Moriarty and Devereux joined forces and travel to America to commit crimes together.

B? Moriarty apprehends Devereux, returns him to America 'cause Devereux is a threat to his criminal business.

Or C? Jones apprehends Devereux and Moriarty and puts them both behind bars.

Pause the video.

Make your selection now.

Now the correct answer is B.

Moriarty apprehends Devereux and returns him to America because Devereux is a threat to his criminal business.

So very well done if you got that right.

Amazing work, everyone.

We're on to the second task of the lesson.

Now, as we said, Horowitz subverts the stereotypical crime fiction ending in "Moriarty" because it's Moriarty, another criminal, who apprehends Devereux.

What I'd like you to do is reread the ending of the story.

I'd like to think about what evidence you can find that's suggests Horowitz intended the reader to feel reassured by the resolution.

I'd like you to make some notes.

You might consider the description of the setting, the description of Devereux, and the final image of the story.

So pause the video.

Take a few minutes to make your notes.

Welcome back, everyone.

Some great ideas there.

Now I'd like you to consider Sofia's ideas and think about how well they align with your ideas.

So Sofia noticed the final setting of the novel's idyllic.

It's open fields and sunlight.

So it's a setting that feels peaceful and pleasant.

Devereux is not only apprehended, but also contained, becomes a diminished pitiful figure.

The way his character described almost makes you feel sorry for him.

We don't feel threatened by him at all at the end.

The final image is of Moriarty solving a mathematical problem.

So pause the video.

Consider how well Sofia's ideas align with your ideas.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now we're gonna take those ideas, we're gonna analyse how Horowitz has crafted them in order to create that reassurance for the reader.

Fantastic work, everyone.

Now we're on the third learning cycle.

We're going to think about how Horowitz has used symbolism and setting in order to craft that reassuring resolution.

So, as I said, we're now going to analyse how Horowitz used symbolism and setting order to create a resolution that's reassuring for the reader.

Now symbolism is one of our keywords.

It means where something represents something else.

So let's start with a setting.

For the ending, Horowitz used an open green field, described as soft.

We might envision it like this image of the open green field.

Now what I'd like you to think about is how might this setting make the reader feel? Imagine you're in this open green field.

How would you feel? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Let's talk through what you might have said.

Now you might suggest this open green field is an idyllic setting.

So a setting that's pleasant and beautiful.

It has connotations of happiness and peace.

We often think of nature as creating that sense of relief and happiness.

In terms of the words, we might associate green with connotations of life and health.

'Cause we think of lush, green plants are vibrant and full of life.

We associate open spaces with ideas of freedom and relief.

It's the opposite of a confined space where we feel restricted and panicked.

Finally, description of soft gives connotations of something unthreatening and delicate.

We think of pillows, blankets, cushions.

Things are comforting to us rather than threatening.

And as well as the openness of the space, Horowitz also describes sky as cloudless and the sun as shining.

So what I'd like you to think about is what is the effect of the light imagery? This visible shining sun? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Let's talk through what you might have said.

Now we think of light imagery as suggesting ideas of optimism.

We associate light with hope and goodness 'cause it allows us see what's going on.

It reveals the truth.

We associate the opposite with darkness 'cause we find it threatening when we aren't aware of our surroundings.

Specifically, we might think of shining as suggesting that previously the novel had been enveloped in darkness.

The fact the sun is shining now, suggests that brightness and hope has returned.

Finally, the lack of clouds on the sky suggests that nothing's intruding on this hope or goodness.

Nothing's interrupting it, therefore all we can feel is hope and positivity.

So now for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is tell me whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false? The Horowitz use of light imagery offers a sense of reassurance to the reader.

Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Now the correct answer is true.

Now I'd like to know why it's true.

Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

You might have said the light imagery symbolises a sense of hope and goodness.

The shining sun suggests that the reader feels hope and positivity at the end of the story.

So very well done if you've got those right.

And as well as the setting, Horowitz's characterization of Devereux at the end of the novel arguably enhances the resolution of the story.

Our final description of Devereux is a man who is paralysed, he's unable to move due to fear.

What I'd like you to think about is how does that description offer the reader reassurance? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now a criminal's only threatening to us if they actually offer a tangible threat and we see them as being able to do harm to us.

By describing Devereux as paralysed with fear, rather than a figure that scares us, we instead see him as someone who is ineffective, as a reduced, diminished figure.

Now, as well as paralysed, Devereux is also contained within a closed trunk.

What effect might that have on the reader? Because of the symbolism, what placing a criminal inside a trunk might represent? Pause a video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now I think this image is so effective 'cause by placing Devereux inside a small closed space, Horowitz is arguably symbolising how the danger and threat to society has been contained and reduced.

It speaks to what crime fiction stereotypically does.

It shows that society is now safe.

So now for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is tell me which Oak pupil's interpretation of the symbolism of Devereux in the trunk is the most relevant? Is it Laura's idea? That, arguably, the image of Devereux in the trunk symbolises the danger he posed to society has now been contained? Or is it Izzy's idea? That arguably, the image of Devereux in the trunk symbolises the danger he posed to society travels around with different people? Pause video.

Make your selection now.

Welcome back, everyone.

You might associate a trunk with luggage and the idea of travelling, but focus on the image of the trunk being closed.

That's suggests to us, arguably, the image of Devereux inside the trunk symbolises the danger he posed to society has been contained.

So very well done if you got that right.

So now let's consider the final image of the story.

Now the final image is of Moriarty solving a mathematical problem.

Now, it might be easy to say that Moriarty is said to be a professor of mathematics in a former life and that's why it ends in this image.

But the final image of a novel is so important.

It's chosen for a reason.

What I'd like you to think about is what might the final image symbolise? Consider what maths might represent.

Pause video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Some great ideas there.

Now typically we associate maths with order, reason, and logic.

So to have the final image of the novel being one of reason and logic might represent the concept of society and the world returning to order, which is what we stereotypically expect crime fiction to do.

So now for a quick check for understanding.

So which of these might the final image of mathematical problems symbolise? Is it A? Potentially, it symbolises there are always more problems to solve.

B? Arguably, it symbolises society returning to order.

Or C? Arguably, it symbolises the importance of logic in solving crimes.

Pause the video.

Make your selection now.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now we typically think of maths representing logic and order.

The correct answer is B.

Arguably, it symbolises society is returning to order.

It speaks to this wider idea of what crime fiction is trying to do.

So very well done if you got that right.

Fantastic work, everyone.

We're at the final task of the lesson.

What I'd like you to do is write an analytical paragraph to answer the question.

How does Horowitz craft a reassuring resolution for the reader at the end of "Moriarty"? You might consider the use of an idyllic setting for the ending.

Think about the use of a pleasant, peaceful setting.

The use of light imagery.

Think about the sun shining and what that might represent.

The symbolism of the closed trunk.

Think about what putting Devereux in the trunk represents.

And the paralysis of Devereux at the end of the novel.

How does it make us feel about the character? Pause the video.

Write your paragraph now.

Welcome back, everyone.

Some amazing work there.

So for the final part of the lesson, I'd like you to read Sofia's answer.

So Sofia wrote, "Arguably, Horowitz creates a reassuring resolution to "Moriarty" by using setting and symbolism.

The setting of an open, green field represents sense of relief and peace that's enhanced by the image of the sun shining, which is just a proliferation of hope and positivity.

The sense of resolution is depicted through the description of Devereux as being contained in a trunk, as it implies the danger he posed to society has now been neutralised." So what I'd like you to think about is how could she extend it by considering Devereux's paralysis at the end of the story? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Some great ideas there.

Now, potentially, she might extend it by adding, "Furthermore, Devereux's paralysis at the end of the story reassures the reader he is now a diminished figure incapable of inflicting more violence on society." Now as we've just done with Sofia's answer, it's always a good idea to read back through your work.

Consider how you might be able to extend it by adding further details or developing a point further.

You've all done amazing work today, everyone.

Here's a summary of what we covered.

Potentially, crime fiction is a popular genre 'cause we want to explore the dark side of humanity without actually experiencing it.

Stereotypically, crime fiction is resolved by the crime being solved and the criminal facing justice.

While the criminal's apprehended, Horowitz subverts the genre by having another criminal capture him.

Arguably, Horowitz creates a reassuring resolution through the use of setting, light imagery, and symbolism.

I really hope you enjoyed the lesson, everyone.

I hope to see you for another lesson soon.

Goodbye.