Hello, everyone.

It's lovely to see you here today.

My name's Dr.

Clayton, and I'm about to guide you through your learning journey today.

Now, today's lesson is called, "Writing an essay on the role of fate in Shakespeare's 'Romeo and Juliet'".

We're going to talk about how to write effective introductions, conclusions, and analytical paragraphs before you have a good writing an essay to answer the question, how does Shakespeare use the deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate? So if you're ready, grab your pen, laptop, whatever you use for this lesson and let's get started.

So by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to use introductions, conclusions, and analytical paragraphs to write an effective response to a question on fate in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet".

So we have three words today we're going to be using as our key keywords.

They'll be identified in bold throughout the learning material, and I'll try to pull out this one so you can see them be used in context.

So our first keyword is fate, which means the development events outside of a person's control, regarded as predetermined by a supernatural power.

Our second keyword is inevitable, which means certain to happen, unable to be avoided or prevented.

And our third keyword is predetermined, which means established or decided in advance.

We're going to be using all of these words today to think about how Shakespeare presents the outcome of Romeo and Juliet as out of the characters control to answer the question, how does Shakespeare use the deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate? So, I'll just give you a moment to write down those keywords and their definitions.

So pause the video, write them down now.

Fantastic, let's get started with the lesson.

So we've three learning cycles in our lesson today.

For our first learning cycle, we're going to talk through how to structure effective introductions and conclusions, what they should contain, as well as looking at some examples.

For our second learning cycle, we're going to talk through how to use discourse markers and better quotations and analysis of methods in order to create effective analytical paragraphs.

Then for our third learning cycle, you'll write a full essay in response to the question, how does Shakespeare use the deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate? So as I said, you're going to be answering the following question in today's lesson, how does Shakespeare use the deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate? Now, we're going to start off by thinking about the introduction to an essay, because that's the opening point of your essay.

So what I'd like you to start off by thinking about is what should an introduction to a response include? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Oh, welcome back, everyone.

Some great ideas there.

Let's talk through some of the things you might have said.

So you might have thought it should include a reference to the writer and the text.

This make sure the reader is clear about what you're talking about.

You also might have said it should include a reference to the question being asked.

This makes sure the reader can understand how your answer is responding to the question.

You also might have thought about the contextualization of the theme as a whole.

This gives the reader an idea of how the theme links to the text.

You also might have said it needs to include a clear and interesting thesis.

So your thesis is your argument.

So you need to tell the reader what your argument about the text is in the introduction.

So, let's think about how you might structure your introduction.

It's useful to think of an introduction as starting as wide and then becoming narrower.

So you might start off with a general sentence about the text in relation to the question.

Then you might talk about the specific focus of the question.

So the act, the scene, the chapter, the character, or the theme.

And then you might offer a specific argument.

So, let's look through an example.

Now in response to the question, how does Shakespeare use deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate, you might write the following introduction: "Shakespeare's 'Romeo and Juliet' is a tragedy that explores the role of fate in people's lives.

Fate is the driving force of the tragedy in a way that arguably conforms to contemporary views about people's lives being predetermined.

Arguably, Shakespeare represents fate as a controlling force that's inevitable." So, you've started off with a general sentence about the text in relation to the question.

By saying that "Romeo and Juliet" is a tragedy that explores the role of fate, you've then made specific comments on the theme of fate.

By saying that fate is the driving force of the tragedy, it conforms contemporary views on people's lives being predetermined.

Then you end with your specific argument, that arguably Shakespeare presents fate as a controlling force that's inevitable.

So now, for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is look at the structure of this introduction.

Which section is missing? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Oh, welcome back, everyone.

Now remember, an introduction should reference the question and how the text links to the theme.

So we're missing the section focus on the question, the act, scene, chapter, character or theme.

So very well done if you got that right.

Now, in contrast to an introduction, an effective conclusion might be structured like this.

So goes from the narrow to the more general.

So you might start with your specific response to your thesis.

Then a focus on the writer's overall intentions.

So what is their purpose? And then end with the impact of the text today.

So what does it tell us about society and humanity in general? So now, for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is look at this outline for a conclusion structure and tell me which section of the conclusion's missing.

So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Oh, welcome back, everyone.

Now remember, conclusion starts narrow and then gets wider.

The missing section is the impact of the text today.

What does it tell us about society and humanity in general? So very well done if you've got that right.

Fantastic work, everyone.

We're now at the first task of the lesson.

Now, Laura wrote a conclusion to the question: how does Shakespeare use deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate? So Laura's conclusion said, "Throughout 'Romeo and Juliet', Shakespeare used ideas of control and prophetic imagery in order to suggest that fate is inevitable.

Specifically, Shakespeare's presentation of fate as inevitable could be seen as a means of maintaining the status quo of social order and social hierarchies." So, what I would like you to do is give Laura a what went well and an even better if.

Now remember, an effective conclusion should include a specific comment in relation to the question, a more general comment about Shakespeare's intentions as a whole, and a wider comment on the lasting impact of Shakespeare's work.

So pause the video and give Laura a what went well and an even better if.

Welcome back, everyone.

Some great ideas there.

So what I'd like you to do first is think about Sofia's what went well and even better if for Laura, and think about how well they align with your ideas.

So for what went well, Sofia said, "Laura's included a specific and more general comment in relation to the question." And for even better if, Sofia said, "Laura hasn't offered a wider comment on the lasting impact of Shakespeare's work." So, pause the video, think about how well Sofia's ideas align with your ideas.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now, I'd like to think about how we could extend Laura's conclusion to include a comment on the lasting impact of Shakespeare's work.

So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back, everyone.

Some great ideas there.

You might have said that, "By exploring how Shakespeare present the fate of Romeo and Juliet, we're invited to consider whether we truly believe we have free will over our lives or whether they are in fact predetermined for us." So, now we're going to move on to our second learning cycle.

We're going to think about how to write effective analytical paragraphs.

Amazing work, everyone.

We're now at the second learning cycle.

We're going to think about how you can use discourse markers, embedded quotations, and analysis of methods in order to write effective analytical paragraphs.

So, as well as an introduction and conclusion, an essay also includes analytical paragraphs.

Now, an effective paragraph contains discourse markers, embedded quotations, and analysis of methods.

Now, we're going to talk through examples of each of these and how you can use them in your paragraphs.

So, discourse markers are words or phrases that connect, organise and manage what we say or write.

Now, you can use discourse markers to show cause and effect, to indicate additional information, to indicate importance, and to indicate concluding sentences.

So, what I'd like you to think about is what examples of discourse markers can you think of? How would you show cause and effect in your writing? How would you indicate additional information in your writing? How would you indicate importance in your writing? And how would you indicate a concluding statement in your writing? So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back, everyone.

Let's talk through some of the things you might have said.

So for cause and effect, you might have said: therefore, consequently, accordingly, as a result, and since.

To indicate additional information, you might have said: furthermore, moreover, additionally.

To indicate importance, you might have said: significantly, importantly, crucially, strikingly.

To indicate conclusion, you might have said: hence, overall, to conclude, in summary.

Now typically, these discourse markers will go at the beginning of your sentence.

So you want to make sure you use a comma after them before you begin your point.

If you use them in the middle of your sentence, you might want to use a semicolon before your discourse marker and then a comma after it.

So now let's talk about embedding quotations.

Now, when you're using quotations within analytical paragraphs, you want to make sure they're embedded.

An embedded quotation means it becomes part of the sentence.

So a non-example looks like this.

"'O, happy dagger, this is thy sheath.

' This is an example of metaphor.

That's just Juliet feels as though the dagger belongs inside her." Now here, the quotation isn't integrated as part of the sentence.

It's a separate sentence at the beginning.

An example of an embedded quotation looks like this: "By metaphorically comparing herself to a 'sheath', Juliet implies she feels though the dagger belongs inside her." Here, sheath is part of the sentence.

Now it's always effective to use embedded quotations because it shows the reader exactly which part of your analysis or explanation links to which word or quotation.

Now, within your analytical paragraph, you want to analyse the methods used.

Now to do that, you might want to zoom in on specific words and comment on the connotations.

You might comment on the effect of literary devices such as metaphors, and you might comment on the effect of structure and structural devices.

So, a non-example might be: "By calling fate a 'yoke', Romeo is using a metaphor." So here, the writers identified that yoke is a metaphor, but they haven't talked about the effect of the literary device.

They haven't analysed it and explained why it's important to the reader.

An example might look like this: "By metaphorically referring to fate as a 'yoke', Romeo implies he feels as if fate is a burden upon him." Now here, we've identified it as a metaphor still, but they've also explained the effect.

They said the comparison suggests that Romeo feels as if fate's a burden.

So showing the reader what the text is saying about fate and the characters.

So now, for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is tell me which of the following is the more effective analytical sentence.

Is it A? "Significantly, Juliet refers to herself as a 'sheath' in the final line.

This implies she sees the dagger as belonging inside her." Or B, "By referring to herself as a 'sheath', Juliet is using significant metaphor that's relevant to the concept of fate." So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Now, the correct answer is A.

Now I'd like you to tell me why it's A.

So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back, everyone.

You might have said that A includes a discourse marker, because it includes significantly.

It includes an embedded quotation through the use of sheath as part of the sentence.

And has analysis of the quotation when it says that Juliet's comparison.

It's just that she sees the daggers belonging inside of her.

In comparison, B has embedded the quotation, but it has an endless significance of the metaphor, merely so that it is one.

So it isn't as effective.

Amazing work, everyone.

We're now at the second task of the lesson.

Now Laura's written an analysis of how fate's presented in Romeo's death in Act Five, Scene Three.

So Laura said, "Significantly, Shakespeare presents fate as a driving force behind Romeo's death in Act Five, Scene Three.

By suggesting that fate is a 'yoke' to Romeo, Shakespeare implies that Romeo's purpose is to bear the weight of the 'yoke', the weight of fate.

Furthermore, Romeo calls the poison, his method of death, as his 'guide' which suggests that Romeo is acknowledging he's no longer in control.

In this way, Shakespeare reinforced the inevitability of fate." So, what I'd like you to do is highlight where Laura has used the following: So where has she used discourse markers, embedded quotations, and analysis of methods.

So pause the video, highlight Laura's work now.

Welcome back, everyone.

It's fantastic work there.

Let's talk through you might have said.

So Laura starts with the discourse marker significantly to indicate the importance.

She then adds furthermore to indicate additional information.

She's embedded the quotations, yoke and guide, into her work so they're part of the sentence.

And she's analysed those quotations.

By suggesting the comparison to a yoke implies that Romeo's purpose is to bear the weight of fate and calling the poison as guide, she said Romeo's acknowledging he's no longer in control.

So, now we're going to the third learning cycle, where you're going to write and answer the question, how does Shakespeare use deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce inevitability of fate? Fantastic work, everyone.

We're now at the third learning cycle, where we're going to remind ourselves how to structure our essays before writing and answer the question, how does Shakespeare use the deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate? Now, when writing an analytical essay, you might use the following structure: So you might begin with the introduction that explains the overarching argument.

This explains your main ideas in response to the question.

Then you want to include individual paragraphs, ideally around three or four for a full essay.

And they should be made up of a topic sentence that explains the main focus of the paragraph, supporting details which the analysis of evidence that supports the topic sentence, and a concluding sentence.

That's a summary of the paragraph with a clear focus on the writer's intentions.

Then, after the body of your essay, you want an overall conclusion that summarises your argument as just the potential impact of the text.

So now, for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is fill in the gaps to complete the essay outline.

So the introduction explains the argument.

The topic sentence explains the specific of the paragraph.

The supporting detail is of evidence that supports topic sentence.

The concluding sentence is a summary of the paragraph with a clear focus on writer's.

And the overall conclusion offers potential of the text.

So pause the video, fill in the gaps now.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now, the introduction explains the overarching argument.

The topic sentence explains specific focus of the paragraph.

Supporting details, analysis of evidence that supports the topic sentence.

The concluding sentence is a summary of the paragraph with a clear focus on writer's intentions.

And the overall conclusion offers the potential impact of the text.

So very well done if you've got those right.

Amazing work, everyone.

We're now at the final task of the lesson.

So what I'd like you to do is write an answer to the question, how does Shakespeare use the deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate? Now remember, to write an introduction that explains the overarching argument, to use topic sentences for each paragraph that explain the main focus of the paragraph.

To use discourse markers, embedded quotations, and analysis of methods within your analytical paragraphs.

To write a concluding sentence for each paragraph that summarises the main focus with a focus on Shakespeare's intentions, and to write a conclusion that offers insight to the potential impact of the text.

So pause the video, write your answer now.

Welcome back, everyone.

Some great work there.

Now what I'd like you to do is read back over your answer and reflect on the following questions.

So did your introduction explain your overarching argument? Did you use topic sentences for each paragraph that explain the main focus of the paragraph? Did you use discourse markers, embedded quotations, and analysis of methods within your analytical paragraphs? Did you write a concluding sentence for each paragraph that summarises the main focus with a focus on Shakespeare's intentions? And did you write a conclusion that offers insight into the potential impact of the text? So pause the video and read back over your answer now.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people making edits and adjustments where needed.

Now, this lesson was about the question, how does Shakespeare use deaths of Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the inevitability of fate? We can take these ideas by introductions, conclusions, discourse markers, embedded quotations, and analysing methods and use 'em in any kinds of essay you might write going forwards.

You all did amazingly well today, everyone.

Here's a summary of what we covered.

An introduction might start with a general statement about the text.

This can be followed by a more specific statement about the focus of the question, and finally your thesis.

A conclusion can move from the specific statement about the text to a more general statement about its continued relevance.

An analytical paragraph should contain discourse markers, embedded quotations, and analysis of methods.

I really hope you enjoy the lesson everyone.

I hope to see you for another lesson soon, goodbye.