Hello and welcome to today's lesson.

It's an absolute pleasure to have you all back here.

My name's Miss Halladay, and I'll be taking you through today's learning.

So let's get started.

So today's lesson is called Scrooge as a Very Victorian Character, and today we'll be delving a little bit deeper into what Victorian society looked like in the 19th century and how this might have affected people like Scrooge's mindsets.

So by the end of today's lesson, you will be able to use context to explain the characterization of Scrooge.

But first, here are some keywords that you'll need for today's lesson.

We've got Malthusian, to embody, ideology, philanthropist, and misanthropist.

Here are the definitions of these key words.

If you feel you'd like to take a little bit longer to read them, then please do pause the video and read them in your own time.

And here's today's lesson outline.

We're going to start by looking at Scrooge as a Malthusian character and how he embodies Malthusian ideology.

We're then going to move on to looking at Victorian misanthropy.

So let's start with Scrooge as a Malthusian character.

Let's begin with a little bit of a discussion.

I'd like you to discuss with the people around you, well, what do you already know about Victorian attitudes towards poverty? And I've put a quotation on the slide for you to aid your discussion if you're not quite sure, or to jog your memory.

So we've got this quotation here, and this is taken from Benjamin Disraeli's novel "Sybil", which was published in 1845, so around the time that "A Christmas Carol" was published as well.

So it reads, "Two nations between whom there is no intercourse and no sympathy, who are ignorant of each other's habits, thoughts, and feelings as if they were dwellers in different zones or inhabitants of different planets, who are formed by different breeding, are fed by different food, are ordered by different manners, and are not governed by the same laws, the rich and the poor." I encourage you to pause the video while you have those conversations with the people around you.

Some fantastic discussion there.

And just to pull out a few ideas that I heard that I really liked, you are absolutely right in saying that the poor faced a lot of injustice and a lot of discrimination at the hands of their more wealthy counterparts in the middle and upper classes.

And actually the poor faced a really difficult life because there were some really harmful narratives being circulated about the poor in the 19th century.

I'm going to have a look at some of those narratives and where they come from in today's lesson.

So well done if you've got any of the ideas that we've just discussed.

So first of all, I think it's really important that you understand that actually, yes, you know what, Scrooge is very immoral, but we can't just limit him to just being a bad, wicked, or immoral character.

And we actually need to understand that though his views on poverty are extreme, they're actually representative of a set of beliefs that were widely held by many people in the Victorian era, particularly by the middle and upper classes in society.

So I guess what we're trying to do today is understand how Scrooge might be considered a product of his environment and his time.

Now, these views that we've been discussing and some of these attitudes were introduced by an economist called Thomas Malthus.

Now, before we start looking at Malthus' theories, I'd like you to think for a second, well, what is an economist? What are they interested in? And therefore, what might Thomas Malthus' views have been? So I'm gonna invite you to pause the video while you have those discussions and conversations and before we feed back some of our ideas.

Some fantastic discussions there, and well done to those of you that identified that an economist is indeed interested in the economy and therefore money and finance.

And in terms of Thomas Malthus' beliefs, let's have a look at some of those now.

So the first thing that Thomas Malthus believed was that population growth would create a shortage of food.

Now, Thomas Malthus was really concerned about the rate of population growth in the Victorian era, and he was really worried that we wouldn't be able to manufacture enough food to keep up with this growing demand.

I'd like you to think now, well, given that he thought that about the population and he was worried about, you know, the supply of food, what do you think his views might have been on poor people having children? So I'm going to invite you to pause the video while you make some predictions about what you think his views on poor people having children might have been.

Some really fantastic discussions there.

Very insightful points raised.

I'm gonna share the ones that I heard that I liked the best.

So some of you mentioned that Thomas Malthus might have been quite critical of the lower classes having children, and you are absolutely right.

Malthus heavily criticised the poor and the lower classes for having children that he deemed them unable to afford to feed.

He said that they had been really inconsiderate in plunging, quote, innocent children into misery and want.

So he really condemned the poor for having children and was implying that it was very selfish of them to continue having children.

He also believed that it was the responsibility of the parents and not the government to feed these children.

So he didn't believe in any aid being given to the poor via the government because he believed that they had chosen to have these children and that therefore they had elected to live a life of poverty.

Now, what we've got to remember about the 19th century is that contraception was not available back then.

So people really weren't able to control how many children they have as effectively as they are today.

So that is kind of one of the drawbacks and criticisms that many people make of Malthus' theory nowadays, is the fact that he didn't take into consideration, you know, the lack of contraception.

And actually I think it's really important for us to remember that when we're considering Malthus' theory and how realistic this kind of suggestion that poor people shouldn't be able to have more children actually was.

So well done if you identified that Malthus was very critical of the lower classes for having children and that he very much blamed them for their own situations.

And this shows some of the really cruel and harmful attitudes that were being circulated about the poor in Victorian society.

Now, another one of Thomas Malthus' beliefs, and something that we touched upon briefly in the previous slide, was actually he didn't believe in the giving of charity.

And he felt that giving poor people charity would prevent them from supporting themselves.

So Thomas Malthus had the innate belief that poor people were just lazy and that they couldn't be bothered to go and get a job.

And that therefore if we were to provide them with charity and aid, this would prevent them from actively seeking work to improve their own situation.

So quite a callous response to poverty there.

What I'd like you to do now is think, well, how does that link to the Poor Law of 1834? So I'd like you to try and remember what you know about the Poor Law and then think, well, how does Malthus' beliefs interact with the Poor Law of 1834? So I'm going to encourage you now to pause the video while you have those conversations and before we feed some answers back.

Again, some really insightful discussions.

And I'm really impressed with how much you can remember about the Poor Law.

So let's have a look at some of the things you might have said.

So if we remember, the Poor Law of 1834 tried to separate those who were poor but were deemed fit enough to work from those who were poor and deemed unfit enough to work.

And those who were deemed fit enough to work were sent to the workhouses.

Now, as Lucas rightfully points out, in reality, unfortunately the workhouses were actually full of elderly people, children and people with disabilities.

And many of these people we would not deem fit enough to work, and yet they were still sent to the workhouse.

So actually it was almost as if they were being punished for being poor.

So Jun agrees and says, yep, you know what, you're right, Lucas.

Conditions in the workhouses were also terrible to try and prevent people from wanting to end up there.

So here Lucas is touching on the ideas that we've just mentioned.

And this effectively made the workhouses a punishment for being poor.

So here we can start to see how these attitudes and these narratives about poor people being worthless and lazy started to become, you know, popular belief and started to be circulated particularly amongst the middle and upper classes.

Now this was exacerbated by what Lucas quite rightfully identifies as the fact that the middle and upper classes were also responsible for funding the workhouses through taxation.

And this created a really prominent social divide because the middle and upper classes resented having to fund these places where they deemed, you know, poor, just lazy people were being sent.

So in effect, many of the middle and upper classes felt that they were being asked to fund other people's laziness, which, you know, it really exacerbated the social divides that were already there.

And it created this really harmful and quite cruel narrative about the poor that prevented people from wanting to help the poor.

So as I'm sure you can see, many of these beliefs about the poor, that they were lazy, that they were worthless, they come from people like Malthus who would publish these theories and ideologies that the middle and upper classes would read and consequently adopt.

And that's exactly what has happened to Scrooge.

And we'll come and look at Scrooge's beliefs in relation to Malthus in a moment.

But first, let's check for understanding.

Which two of the following were beliefs of Malthus? Is it A, that the rich deserve to be given more money to compensate for having to live alongside the poor? Is it B, that poverty was the responsibility of the poor person? Is it C, that food supply can't keep up with population growth, so the poor should stop having children? Or is it D, that the poor should all be executed publicly for their crimes? So I'm going to invite you to pause the video while you decide which two of the following answers were real beliefs of Thomas Malthus.

And well done if you identified that the correct answers are in fact B and C.

Thomas Malthus very much believed that poverty was the responsibility of the poor person and he was very concerned about the food supply in relation to population growth and therefore felt that poor people should absolutely stop having children.

So well done if you remembered that, excellent work.

So back to a little discussion now.

We've looked at what Thomas Malthus believed in, but what do you think about his ideas and what do you think Scrooge might have thought about Malthus' ideas? And finally, what do you think that Dickens thought about Malthusian ideology? So I'm going to invite you to pause the video while you consider those three questions with the people around you.

Some fantastic work there, and I'm really hoping that many of you identified that actually Scrooge would've fully supported Malthusian ideology and actually a lot of Scrooge's behaviour is influenced by Malthusian ideology, as we'll see in a moment.

And equally, I hope that many of you recognise that Dickens did not agree with Thomas Malthus' ideas or theories and that he recognised how harmful these narratives that Thomas Malthus was kind of spreading about the poor were to society and how difficult it was for the poor to get help because of the narratives that were being spread about them through ideas such as Thomas Malthus'.

So in this text, Dickens is really trying to criticise Thomas Malthus' ideas and highlight the issues with treating the poor in this way and having these beliefs and attitudes.

So well done if you discussed those ideas.

So what I hope you've kind of understood as we've been going through Thomas Malthus' beliefs is that Scrooge actually embodies Malthusian ideology.

So he represents Thomas Malthus' ideas, okay? And Dickens uses Scrooge as a focal point for his criticism of Malthusian ideology.

So what we're going to do now is have a look at where we can see that in the text.

So I'm going to present you with an extract from "A Christmas Carol" and you are going to use your interactive reading strategies to annotate where we can see Scrooge's support for Malthus and this idea that he embodies Malthusian ideology.

So here's a quick reminder of your interactive reading strategies.

I'm not going to go through them as I've been through them with you before.

However, if you could just take a moment to have a look at them and remind yourself of how to read interactively, that would be great, thank you.

So here's your extract.

I'll read it, you be annotating and analysing as I read.

"At this festive season of the year, Mr. Scrooge," said the gentleman, taking up a pen, "it is more than usually desirable that we should make some slight provision for the poor and destitute, who suffer greatly at the present time.

Many thousands are in want of common necessaries, and hundreds of thousands are in want of common comfort, sir." "Are there no prisons?" asked Scrooge.

"Plenty of prisons," said the gentleman, laying down the pen again.

"And the Union workhouses?" demanded Scrooge.

"Are they still in operation?" "They are.

Still," returned the gentleman.

"I wish I could say they were not." "The Treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?" said Scrooge.

"Both very busy, sir." "Oh! I was afraid from what you said at first that something had occurred to stop them in their useful course," said Scrooge.

"I'm very glad to hear it." "Under the impression that they scarcely furnish Christian cheer of mind or body to the multitude," returned the gentleman, "a few of us are endeavouring to raise a fund to buy the poor some meat and drink and means of warmth.

We choose this time because it is a time, of all others, when want is keenly felt and abundance rejoices.

What shall I put you down for?" "Nothing!" Scrooge replied.

"Oh, you wish to be anonymous?" "I wish to be left alone," said Scrooge.

"Since you asked me what I wish, gentlemen, that is my answer.

I don't make merry myself at Christmas and I can't afford to make idle people merry.

I help to support the establishments I've mentioned, and they cost enough.

And those who are badly off must go there." "Many can't go there, and many would rather die." "If they would rather die," said Scrooge, "they had better do it and decrease the surplus population.

Besides, excuse me, I don't know that." "But you might know it," observed the gentleman.

"It's not my business," Scrooge returned.

"It's enough for a man to understand his own business and not to interfere with other people's.

Mine occupies me constantly.

Good afternoon, gentlemen!" So what I'm going to invite you to do now is pause the video while you first of all annotate your extract and then share those annotations with somebody else.

So where could you see Malthus' ideas in Scrooge? So pause the video and undertake your analysis and then your sharing of your annotations.

Some fantastic work there.

And here's some of the ideas you might have got.

First of all, Scrooge throughout this extract constantly asks the gentleman rhetorical questions.

And here when he says, "Are there no prisons?", "The Treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?", he is effectively asking the charity men why poor people should be his problem.

Because we know that he doesn't value social responsibility and he therefore doesn't believe that he should be helping the poor any further than he already believes he is.

And we see Scrooge's tone here is really aggressive.

He demands to know things from the gentleman and this shows his contempt for the idea of charity.

They're asking him for charity and he's demanding, you know, well, what about the workhouses? What about the prisons? And this really poignantly reflects Malthusian beliefs that charity discourages the poor from working.

Here we can clearly see that Scrooge believes, that the, you know, prisons and the workhouses is exactly the right place for the poor to go, because we can see him blaming the poor for their own situation.

In terms of Scrooge, when he asks whether the Treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, that phrase full vigour illustrates Scrooge's approval of these methods.

He fully supports these methods of, you know, getting the poor off the streets, okay? Malthus supported the workhouses because he actually believed that, again, it was the poor people's fault for being poor and that they should be put to work because they should take responsibility for their own situation.

And here Scrooge is echoing those beliefs and he's demonstrating, you know, his support of these methods of dealing with the poor.

So here we see Scrooge as a real embodiment of Malthusian values.

In terms of this section where Scrooge says he was afraid that they'd stopped, you know, in their useful course, it's clear that Scrooge doesn't believe in traditional charity, much like Malthus.

Malthus did not believe that, you know, people deserve to be given money because he felt it made them lazier or discouraged them from helping themselves.

And here we see that in Scrooge, okay? We also see that Scrooge views taxes as a charitable contribution.

So again, we see Malthusian ideology because we see Scrooge thinking that poor people shouldn't be the government's responsibility.

He says, you know what, I already pay my taxes, that's charity enough.

I'm not going to give extra because why should I? It's their fault that they're poor.

It's basically kind of the undertone that's being revealed here.

And he resents being even asked for charity because he feels he is already giving it.

And this is something that we see here, okay? He says, "I can't afford to make idle people merry." And that really epitomises some of the middle and upper class' mindsets towards the poor in the 19th century.

Scrooge literally calls the poor idle people, okay? He views them as lazy and he thinks that if he gives them further charity, they're not going to try and support themselves because they're just too lazy and they'd rather just, you know, scrimp and save on people's charity than actually go and support themselves.

So again here we really see, you know, that Malthusian ideology coming through.

And the fact that he says he supports the establishments, again, it shows us that he believes his taxes are a form of charity.

Because he doesn't want to support the poor at all, the fact that he's being made to support the poor is something that he views as a charitable contribution.

And he actually insists that instead of being given charity, they should just be put in the work houses.

He says they must go there, it's imperative they're off the streets and put to work.

So we can really clearly see here Scrooge embodying these Malthusian attitudes towards the poor.

So in terms of the charity men's responses, we see them challenging some of Scrooge's beliefs and that's because they represent the voice of Dickens in this novela.

And Dickens is trying to criticise Malthusian ideology by having the charitable gentlemen openly, you know, criticising and challenging Scrooge's beliefs, saying, well, they don't want to go there, they'd rather die.

And actually Scrooge's really callous responses to this illustrate how strongly many of the middle and upper classes felt towards the poor and the hatred and content and disdain that they felt for them.

And here the gentleman even suggests that Scrooge one day might find himself in a similar position and he just states it's not his business.

So again, we see him turning his back on social responsibility and kind of siding with these really harmful narratives that were being spread.

And what's really interesting here is that decrease the surplus population is a direct quote from Malthus' writing.

He literally talked about ways to decrease the surplus population and this idea that you know what, if the poor die, then at least the population will be decreased.

And here Scrooge's tone is really threatening and callous and it shows a complete lack of empathy for the poor that Malthus actually exacerbated and promoted.

He does not view poor people as human beings worthy of existence.

He just thinks they should be shoved in the workhouses and basically worked to death because it's their fault for being poor.

It's their fault for not supporting themselves.

So again, we see that really callous and cruel attitude here towards the poor that is symbolic of Malthusian ideology.

And finally again, when Scrooge talks about how it's not his business, he's echoing Malthusian belief that poverty is the responsibility and the fault of the poor person and should not be down to the government to fix.

Malthus again was very vocal about the fact that the government should not be getting involved and providing aid to the poor.

And this is something that Scrooge is echoing here.

He's saying, well, it's not my business, I shouldn't have to fund the poor.

So we can see here that Scrooge is very representative of Malthusian ideology and the charity men in contrast are representative of Dickens' voice in the novela.

So onto the first task of the lesson.

We're going to read a students' conversation and I'd like you to discuss who you most agree with and why.

So we've got Jun who says that "Scrooge's views are immoral, but he is just a product of his environment.

Lots of Victorians felt the same way about the poor, and we can't blame him for looking out for himself and not others." To which Lucas replies, "Well, I disagree because I think that just because something is the status quo, so the normal way of doing something, it doesn't make it right.

Scrooge is a bystander and that's immoral in itself." And Jun replies, "Well, I see what you mean.

But Scrooge doesn't see the poor as his responsibility.

He pays his taxes.

It's not like he's withholding funding from the poor.

The government replaced charity with taxation and he's contributing in that sense." And Lucas replies, "But Jun, these are people, and Scrooge forgets that.

Dickens realised the importance of charity and kindness.

So I think we can't just excuse Scrooge's behaviour as of his time." And Jun replies, "We're not looking to excuse his behaviour, just to understand it within the context of Victorian society.

Scrooge is a product of his environment.

And so whilst yes his behaviour is immoral, it's quite understandable given the views held at the time." So what I'd like you to do now is pause the video and have a discussion about which student you most agree with here.

Some fantastic discussions, and here's some of the ideas on both sides of the debate you might have raised.

So on Jun's side where he believes that Scrooge is just a product of his environment, you might have talked about the fact that actually influential figures like Malthus were frightening people about the future of society.

There was a lot of scare mongering going around at the time about the fact that we would run out of resources.

And Scrooge's behaviour could be interpreted as just a reaction to these fears.

You might have also raised this idea that actually Scrooge does contribute to society through his taxes.

It's just that he doesn't go above and beyond.

So he does contribute, but he doesn't go the extra mile to help.

Now on Lucas's side where Lucas believes that Scrooge's behaviour can't be excused despite the context, you might have raised this idea that actually charity was a hugely prevalent part of Victorian society, particularly before the Poor Law was introduced and that social responsibility had always been important.

So therefore there's no excuse for people like Scrooge to turn their backs on these methods of aid.

You also might have identified that actually the behaviour and the attitudes of the middle classes was exacerbating the problem of poverty because people weren't wanting to give to charity and aid the poor because of all the harmful narratives that were being circulated around about the poor by the upper and middle classes.

So people like Scrooge's behaviour was making a massive impact on the lives of the poor and how much aid they were able to get.

So well done if you raised any of those ideas or points.

So onto the second part of the lesson now where we're going to look at Victorian misanthropy.

So employers in the Victorian era had much less responsibility for their employees than employers do nowadays.

In 1823, the Master and Servant Act made it illegal for a workman to be disobedient to his employer.

Now I'd like you to think, well, what issues might that cause? So what issues might a law like this create? So I'm going to invite you to pause the video while you have those conversations and before we feed back some ideas.

Some fantastic discussions there.

And here's some of the things you might have said.

So you could have said that it would mean that workers would have very few rights and exploit their employees with no consequences.

You might have raised the idea that actually the law could be said to have promoted the mistreatment of employees because it gave the employers all the power.

You also might have raised the fact that this would have made employees' jobs really insecure because it gave employers the right to fire their workers at any moment for any level of disobedience.

So well done if you raised any of those issues with that law.

So let's check for understanding before we move on.

Which of these are real acts that had a profound impact upon Victorian attitudes towards the poor? So I'm gonna invite you to pause the video while you jot down the answers that correspond to the acts that you think were genuinely passed and had a profound impact upon Victorian attitudes towards the poor.

And congratulations if you identified that B and C, so the Poor Law of 1834 and the Master and Servant Act of 1823 are the real acts that were passed and that both of these had really, really big impacts upon the way that people viewed the poor and the support that the poor were able to get.

Well done.

So in the Victorian era, some, and I'm talking about very few, but still some employers like Cadbury's were trying to be more philanthropic in their approach to management.

So were trying to be more responsible and moral in their approach to managing their staff.

So what they did was some of them provided workers with a home to live in and provided plentiful food and really fair pay for their employees.

And actually the founders of Cadbury's even went as far as to set up a charity to help fight social injustice because they were that passionate about making life fairer, especially for lower class or working class people.

So I'd like you to discuss now, well, what do you think Dickens would've thought about companies like Cadbury's? And also we know that Scrooge is an employer.

And secondly, we know that Scrooge is an employer, he employs Bob Cratchit.

So do you think his management style is philanthropic like Cadbury's? And how does he treat his clerk, Bob Cratchit? So I'm gonna invite you to pause the video while you have those conversations now.

Fantastic.

And I'm really hoping that many of you said that Scrooge is absolutely not a philanthropic employer.

He's actually really misanthropic.

He's a misanthropic character who treats his only employee, Bob Cratchit, really poorly.

Now, a misanthropist is somebody who views the human race distinctly negatively and they harbour a dislike or a hatred for other people and then treat them accordingly.

Now, Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol" represents the exploitative and misanthropic wealthy employers who benefited from the suffering and desperation of others and treated their employees really cruelly and callously.

So let's have a look at where we can see that in the text.

So we're going to read the following extract from stave one and then we're going to have some discussions.

The clerk in the Tank involuntarily applauded.

Becoming immediately sensible of the impropriety, he poked the fire and extinguished the last frail spark for ever.

"Let me hear another sound from you," said Scrooge, "and you'll keep your Christmas by losing your situation!" "There's another fellow," muttered Scrooge, who overheard him.

"My clerk, with 15 shills a week, and a wife and family, talking about a merry Christmas.

Ugh, I'll retire to Bedlam." So what I'd like you to do now is discuss the three questions on screen.

So what does the last frail spark symbolise? How does Scrooge speak to Bob? And what can we infer or work out about how much Scrooge pays Bob? So I'm gonna invite you to pause the video while you have those discussions now.

Some great answers there, and I really liked hearing that some of you remembered that in the novella, fire represents generosity and it's exactly the same here.

So the frail spark illustrates that Scrooge is not a generous employer.

Now, in terms of how Scrooge treats Bob, well, he threatens to fire him if he continues to disagree with him.

And that shows his cruelty and also the power that that Master and Servant Act in 1823 gave to Victorian employers, and they could treat their employees pretty much how they wanted and get away with it.

In terms of how much Scrooge pays Bob, well, we can infer from Scrooge's tone of voice that he clearly doesn't pay Bob very much money and that he's aware of that fact and he knows that Bob's struggling financially, but he chooses not to help him out by paying him more fairly.

Now in terms of quantities, 15 shillings roughly equates to about £78 in modern money.

So if we assume that Bob works 10 hours a day for six days, because remember that Victorian workers, you know, had to work longer hours because they weren't protected by trade unions, he would be on a meagre £1.

26 an hour.

Now that is not enough to live on for one person, let alone a whole family.

So here we can see just how little Bob is paid for his hard work.

So onto our second task of the lesson.

You are going to complete this explanation.

Scrooge embodies the typical misanthropic Victorian employer because.

Now I'd like you to include the following words in your explanation: philanthropic or philanthropy, miserly, contempt, employer, employee, uncharitable, and callous.

So I'm going to invite you to pause the video while you synthesise everything you've learned today and use it to complete this explanation on screen.

Fantastic work.

And here's what you could have written.

You'll notice that the words I asked you to include are highlighted in green.

So here's what you might have said.

Scrooge embodies the typical misanthropic Victorian employer because of the way he treats his only employee, Bob Cratchit.

Scrooge, like many other Victorian employers, regards Bob with contempt, viewing him as a drain on his financial resources, especially at Christmas.

Scrooge's uncharitable and miserly nature manifests most cruelly during the festive season, where instead of behaving philanthropically in the way that some employers such as Cadbury's were, Scrooge callously berates Bob for requesting Christmas day off.

Thus, Scrooge embodies the typical Victorian misanthropic employer.

So well done if you managed to complete the explanation and use all of the words that I asked you to use on the slide.

Excellent work.

So, to summarise today's learning on Scrooge as a Very Victorian Character.

Thomas Malthus was a Victorian economist who raised concerns about the rate of population growth and society's inability to provide resources for the growing numbers of people.

Now we know that Malthus was really critical of the poor and that he blamed them for the dwindling supply of food and wealth.

The Poor Law in 1834 stipulated that those fit to work who were poor should be sent to the workhouses, which were gruelling prison-like institutes.

So being poor was almost punishable.

Dickens hugely disapproved of Malthusian ideology, and he uses Scrooge as a vehicle and a focal point for his criticism of Malthus' theory, because Scrooge embodies both Malthusian ideologies and the typical misanthropic Victorian employer whose interests lie purely in material gain rather than the welfare of their employees.

So Dickens uses Scrooge to really highlight the flaws in Malthusian ideology and highlight the callousness and savageness of holding views like this about other people.

I'd like to thank you for coming to today's lesson and engaging so actively.

It's been lovely teaching you and I'm sure I'll see you next time.

Thank you and goodbye.