Hello, are you ready for today's lesson? I am.

My name's Mrs. Butterworth and I can't wait to delve into today's lesson because it's all about engaging audiences.

and we're gonna focus specifically on the opening and closings of persuasive writing.

Now for this lesson, you'll need a copy of Malala's Nobel Prize speech from 2014, and an essay by Arundhati Roy called, "The End of Imagination" that was written in 1998.

Because we're going to use these to look at how writers craft their openings and closings using rhetorical devices and also potentially use a few of their ideas to influence and inspire our own work.

Sounds great, doesn't it? So let's get started.

So in this lesson, you'll craft an effective opening and closing paragraph for a persuasive speech.

But before we delve into the lesson, let's look at those all important key words that will help with our understanding.

These words are impactful, compelling, viewpoint and reinforce.

Let's just look at what these mean together.

So impactful means that it is memorable and significant.

So we want to make sure that our speeches are impactful because we want our audiences to remember them and to also see them as significant.

And compelling is all about being convincing and attention grabbing.

So again, exactly what we want our speeches to be.

We want them to be compelling that people can't help but listen to what we have to say.

Now, a viewpoint is a person's opinion or perspective on something.

So in our speeches, we want to make sure that our viewpoint is established from the outset.

And then finally reinforce is to strengthen or further support something.

So in in this context, we'll be thinking about reinforcing an idea.

So very often writers will use particular rhetorical devices, like repetition to reinforce an idea, for example.

So the outline of our lesson looks like this.

We're gonna start by looking at effective openings followed by effective closings.

So let's start with those effective openings.

So the first thing I would like you to consider is the importance of an effective opening.

So I'd like you to discuss why does your opening matter and what do you think the aim of the opening in a persuasive speech is? Pause the video so you've got time to discuss your ideas, or you may just wish to think quietly to yourself, okay.

Pause video, and off you go.

Great, so we're all agreed that the opening of a speech is important, so that's great.

And then we have some feedback here from our pupil, Lucas, who says, "The aim of your opening in a persuasive piece "is twofold.

"You're looking to engage the audience and get them on side, "and you need to get them on side "so that they'll be more likely to agree with you." Absolutely.

And the other purpose is that, "You will need to form a connection with your audience." And that's very important.

So thinking about that connection, I'd like you to consider these questions.

How do you form connections to or engage with people in real life conversation? What kind of tactics do people use to make friends? So again, pause the video, so you've got time to discuss your ideas.

Or if that's not an option, it's totally fine to sit and think quietly to yourself.

Pause the video and off you go.

Great, thanks everyone.

Let's just share some of those ideas.

So Lucas says that he might ask a question, "To show that I'm interested "and to see what their viewpoint is." Yeah, absolutely.

Asking questions is a really good idea to form connections and yeah, show people they're interested.

Great.

Andeep says he often uses humour to engage people in conversations.

And this is quite a common one actually, because making people laugh always makes 'em like you.

And very often people will use humour to make connections with people.

And then Alex says, "I like to tell them a bit about myself "or offer a personal experience." And I think that's a really good suggestion as well, because very often we might give people personal information about ourselves to form those connections.

So for this lesson, we're going to look at two contrasting openings.

So both of these writers have written in very convincing, compelling and persuasive ways.

Now, the first text we're going to look at, is from, the first opening that we are going to look at is from Malala's Nobel Speech from 2014.

Now, this speech was Malala's acceptance speech after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize.

And she presents such a compelling argument advocating for the rights of women and the power of education.

It really is a fantastic speech, not just as an acceptance speech, but as a speech that is persuasive and compelling.

And the fact that she's only 14 is even more impressive.

And the second opening we are going to look at is from Arundhati Roy's essay, "The End of Imagination" which was written in 1998.

And this was written as a response to India's testing of nuclear weapons.

And it's a really powerful argument against the use of nuclear weapons and war itself.

And is again, another fantastic example of how a writer can use language to really persuade and make a connection with their audience.

And what's interesting is although they both address serious issues, they use different strategies to engage their audiences and get their viewpoints across.

And this is a really good point to think about.

So yes, your purpose may be to persuade, but you can do this in different ways.

There's lots of different tactics or strategies that you can use in order to get your audience on side.

Okay, so let's just read the opening of Malala's speech together.

And then in a moment I'm going to get you to discuss some questions, but we'll read it through together first.

"Dear sisters and brothers, "today is a day of great happiness for me.

"I am humbled that the Nobel Committee has selected for me "this precious award.

"I am proud, well in fact, I'm very proud "to be the first Pashtun, the first Pakistani "and the youngest person to receive this award.

"Along with that, I'm pretty certain "that I'm also the first recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize "who still fights with her younger brothers.

"I want there to be peace everywhere, "but my brothers and I are still working on that." Okay, so I'd like you to discuss, please, what is the overall tone of this introduction and what is effective about this introduction? Okay, so pause video so you've got time to think about and discuss your answers to those questions.

Off you go.

Okay, let's just feed back some of those ideas.

So yes, absolutely.

Malala creates a personal light-hearted tone to engage the audience.

Like instantly, she just feels very warm and welcoming, doesn't she? And it's almost as if she's having a conversation with her audience.

It doesn't feel overly formal or stuffy or even angry.

It's very lighthearted and it's very engaging.

And if we consider the audience and purpose of her speech, Malala is very polite and she's formally addresses the her audience and she also says sisters and brothers, which creates a sense of closeness and unity.

So although yes, she's being polite and formal, it isn't overly formal, she still has that friendly close element and that sense of unity by saying things like sisters and brothers.

And she uses the first person as been highlighted here, and this really helps create the personal tone that engages the audience.

You know, she's talking about herself, her feelings, and she also makes the audience aware of her credibility by mentioning that she's the youngest person to receive this award.

So that's a really good thing to do.

She's just reminding everyone that, "I am very credible and you should be listening to me." And she does this lovely thing at the end where she offers a personal anecdote which creates humour.

She talks about her brothers and fighting with them and how even though she's advocating for world peace, she can't stop fighting with her brothers.

And it really engages and hooks the audience in and it allows Malala to make her most serious points later in the speech because she'll have the full attention of her audience.

So she's using this personal engaging tone to hook her audience in because once they're hooked in, she can then go and tell them all about her serious issues.

So true or false, "Malala does not address serious issues "in her noble speech." Is that true or false? Excellent.

Well done to everyone that said false.

Now you need to pick A or B to justify your answer.

Okay, who thinks they've got the right answer? Okay, lots of you, excellent.

So let's see.

The right answer is.

A, that's right.

So, "Malala uses humour and a lighthearted tone "to engage her audience.

"This allows her to make her most serious points later on "with the full attention of her audience." And this is a really key point.

Just because she starts her speech in this kind of lighthearted conversational tone does not mean that she isn't addressing serious issues because Malala absolutely also addresses serious issues.

So now you are going to read the introduction from Arundhati Roy's essay, "The End of Imagination" from 1998.

So you'll need to make sure you have your copy in front of you.

And I'd like you to discuss what is the overall tone of the introduction to Roy's essay and how does it compare to Malala's introduction.

So pause the video so you've got time to read that introduction and then discuss those questions.

Off you go.

Okay, fantastic.

Let's just feed back some answers.

So lots of you picked up that Roy creates a really urgent, almost desperate tone, which emphasises the importance of the issue.

It's a lot more urgent and a lot more desperate than Malala's speech.

So it's very different to Malala who creates a more light-hearted humorous tone due to the purpose and audience of her speech.

And this is another thing to consider as well, when thinking about how you're using language, you need to think about who's the audience and what is the purpose of the speech.

But they are both still very effective at hooking the audience in.

They just do it in different ways and they create different tones.

I'd like you to go back to Roy's introduction and I want you to see if you can locate or find an example of the following language features.

So can you find short declarative sentences, emotive language, repetition and rule of three.

Pause the video to see if you can find some examples of those.

Off you go.

Okay, brilliant.

So now you have located those.

What I would like you to do is, I'd like you to discuss what is the effect of these features and how do they contribute to Roy's desperate urgent tone.

So pause video so you've got time to answer those questions and we'll feed back in a moment.

Okay, off you go.

Excellent.

Well done.

I really liked how some of you were linking back to Roy's tone and how she's using language to not only like create that desperate urgent tone, but also really hook her audience in and get them to understand the kind of desperation and the urgency of the issue that she's fighting for.

So that's really good that you're linking those two things in.

So let's share some of those answers.

So a lot of you notice that there's that real short sentence at the very start of this text specifying the date.

And it literally just says the date.

And it's intriguing, isn't it? But it also, we are made aware instantly that, that date is really significant and really important.

But we want to know more.

We're like, "What does this date mean?" She also uses emotive language and this really appeals to the audience's feelings, forcing them to understand the urgency and importance of the issue.

And emotive language is so effective at hooking your audience in like really working on the audience's feelings to make them fully understand.

And then in the very start those first few sentences, Roy uses repetition to reiterate the importance of the issue she's exploring.

So she talks a lot about history and repeats that idea.

And that second sentence makes an impactful, thought-provoking statement about history.

So she's using that repetition of sentence structures to really reiterate the importance of the issue she is exploring.

And then we get this rule of three.

And rule of three are very often used to emphasise specific things.

So in this Roy's use of rule of three really emphasises the emotion and intensity behind the issue.

And it emphasises the many others campaigning passionately.

And that word passionately also links to this idea of emotive language as well.

So lots of devices being utilised there to create this really desperate, urgent and engaging tone.

Okay so, "I'm prepared to make a stand" is an example of, an imperative sentence, a declarative sentence or an interrogative sentence.

Pick A, B, or C.

Off you go.

Okay, great, well done to everyone that said B, it is indeed a declarative sentence.

So an imperative statement, a sentence will very often have a command word and an interrogative sentence is a question.

So we'll always be looking for a question mark.

But a declarative sentence is just very much making a statement.

"I am prepared to make stand." Very good example of declarative sentence.

Okay, so the task that we are working with is to write a speech to present to world leaders arguing for peace.

So that's what we're going to be working with that task.

And I'd like you to think now, "Using Malala and Roy as inspiration, "how are you going to hook your audience in, "in order to present your argument for peace?" So this is what we're going to be working with today.

So I'd like you to discuss, "Using Malala and Roy as inspiration, "how are you going to hook your audience in?" Pause the video, so you've got lots of time to discuss your ideas or think quietly to yourself.

Off you go.

Thank you everyone.

I really loved seeing how lots of you are going back to those texts and just thinking about how you can adapt those sentences or those use of language devices to make them fit your own argument, which is such a great thing to do.

It's important to remember that, you know, adapting or using text for inspiration isn't a bad thing to do.

It isn't stealing.

It's a really good thing to do.

So Sam here says, "Like Malala, "I'm going to use a humorous anecdote." Great idea.

So Sam's idea is, "After seeing my brothers and I fight, "you may not think I am an authority "on the subject of peace, "but I can assure you this in fact makes me an expert "on peaceful negotiations." So that's a really lovely personal anecdote and we can see how it's been adapted and developed from that Malala piece.

But a great thing to use in your work, Sam, well done.

And then Alex here is going to use an impactful first sentence and repetition like Roy, because Alex wants to create a more serious tone.

And Alex says that he's thinking, "August the sixth, 1945, "Hiroshima.

"A painful date in history.

"A painful date in our future, "if we do not begin to make changes." So like Roy, Alex has used that first short sentence, just focusing on the date and then some really lovely short sentences to make impact, Hiroshima.

And repetition, "A painful date in history.

"A painful date in our future." So it's just really impactful those sentence structures and use of repetition, great stuff.

And then Aisha says, "I want to work "on how I address my audience and use a rule of three.

"As I'm addressing world leaders, "I might say something along the lines of, "Dear esteemed, world leaders, decision makers "and life changers." I love what you've done there, Aisha.

So she's used the rule of three, but actually used it to address her audience.

And it's actually quite persuasive 'cause it's quite flattering.

So it's a really clever way of using that device.

Okay, so we're onto our first task and this is over to you.

So I would now like you to write an effective introduction for the task to write a speech to present to world leaders arguing for peace.

Now, you must establish your viewpoint from the outset and you must hook your audience in.

And there is a long list there of those rhetorical devices.

So rule of three, repetition, humorous anecdote, emotive language, short, declarative sentence, and addressing your audience.

And you should aim to include some of those.

You don't have to include all of them, but really select the ones that you feel are going to make your introduction the most engaging and really hook your audience in.

Okay, so you've got everything you need, so pause the video so you've got time to complete your introduction.

And I look forward to seeing these in a moment.

Off you go.

Well done everyone.

I really loved seeing how you are adapting those devices from those two texts to make your own work really sophisticated, really interesting and really persuasive.

Now, here's an example of an introduction that Laura has given us.

So let's read it through together.

"Good morning ladies and gentlemen.

"Everyone in this room wants the best for their country.

"Everyone in this room wants to be the leader "who brought about a positive change "that the world will remember.

"Everyone is now relying on you to make sure "that the world is safe for future generations.

"How can you make this possible? "You must disarm your military forces, "put down your weapons, "create a new future with new possibilities.

"Don't you want to be the leader "who brought peace to the globe?" Now what I would like you to do is I'd like you to look at this introduction and can you give it a what went well and an even better if? So, pause the video, so you can consider what went well and even better if, you would give Laura.

Off you go.

Okay, great.

So this is the feedback.

The what went well is, "An effective use of repetition in everyone." Absolutely.

"This not only hooks the audience in, "but makes everyone feel included and responsible.

"And the even better if is, "you created a more engaging and interesting address "to the audience like we saw in the examples." So if you remember, Aisha used that lovely rule of three to address the audience.

Instead of it just being good morning ladies and gentlemen.

And Malala included brothers and sisters as well.

So you can always address your audience in an interesting way.

So now you need look at your own work and give your own work a what went well and an even better if.

Off you go.

Okay, great work everyone.

So we have thought about and written our openings.

So naturally it goes to those closings.

So we are now going to look at effective closings.

Now I'd like you to discuss what is the aim of the ending of a persuasive speech.

So pause video, so you've got time to discuss your answer.

Off you go.

Great.

So again, fantastic.

We agree that the end of a speech is very important.

So the ending of your persuasive speech presents the last opportunity to influence your audience.

So it's incredibly important.

You don't want to get to the end and just go, "Oh, I'll just quickly write the ending." No, it's the last thing they're going to read, or hear, so it needs to be very impactful.

You want to reinforce your point of view, leaving them with a strong message that they can take forward.

So you want your audience to remember and to really understand everything it is that you are asking for or the argument that you are putting forward.

And at the end of your persuasive speech, your audience should know exactly how to help or what to think or feel.

They may even be inspired to take action.

So we're going to look at the closings in both Roy's essay and Malala's speech.

Okay, so let's read the end of Malala's speech together.

As we're reading, I want you to think about what makes it so impactful.

So let's read it together.

"Dear sisters and brothers, dear fellow children, "we must work not wait, "not just the politicians and the world leaders, "we all need to contribute me, you, we.

"It is our duty.

"Let us become the first generation "that decides to be the last that sees empty classrooms, "lost childhoods and wasted potentials.

"Let this be the last time that a girl or boy "spends their childhood in a factory.

"Let this be the last time that a girl "is forced into early child marriage.

"Let this be the last time that a child loses life in war.

"Let this be the last time that we see a child outta school.

"Let this end with us.

"Let's begin this ending together "today, right here, right now.

"Let's begin this ending today." Okay, so pause the video so you've got time to discuss or think about your ideas to the question, what makes Malala's closing so impactful? Off you go.

Okay, fantastic.

Lots of you really picking up on that use of devices that Malala uses.

It really is an impactful ending, isn't it? So she uses this direct address, "We." And actually Malala addresses everyone.

She does not leave anyone out.

And this really emphasises that everyone has a responsibility and I think that's really effective in this closing.

So that use of we, the direct address, you know, this isn't just about the politicians and the world leaders.

She really makes us understand that we are all responsible.

That, "Me, you, we" is a really fantastic way to address the audience, isn't it? And then we get the repetition of, "Let us" and "Let this." And I think that's a really good way of using that imperative to really create that sense of urgency.

And it really reinforces Malala's message for peace and educational reform.

So we've got, "Let us" and "Let this." So it's really forceful and impactful.

And what Malala does at the end that's also really effective and something you may want to consider, is she uses a call to action.

So, "Let this begin together.

"Let this happen now." So she's saying exactly what it is she wants the audience to do, and she's asking them, or actually more specifically, she's telling them what to do.

And this is effective because it is demanding and galvanises people to act.

She's telling them, "Let's begin this ending now." It is a powerful catalyst in motivating individuals and groups.

And then the short imperative sentence at the end again helps to command the audience.

It is very thought provoking and it leaves the audience in no doubt of Malala's intention.

And also it leaves the audience in no doubt of what they need to need.

So it almost provokes action.

"So let's begin this ending now" is an example of an imperative sentence, a declarative sentence or an interrogative sentence? A, B or C? Yes, well done to everyone that noticed it's that imperative sentence because it's really giving that command.

"Let's begin." So that is our imperative.

Okay, so now you are going to read the closing from Arundhati Roy's essay, "The End of Imagination." So make sure you have that in front of you.

And I'd like you to think about what makes Roy's closing so impactful.

And just like we did with Malala's speech, what rhetorical devices does she use and what are the effects? So pause the video so you've got time to read through that closing and then discuss your answers to those questions.

Off you go.

Okay, let's share some ideas.

So lots of you picked up on that really effective use of a rule of three by Roy.

It's really impactful.

And it adds to that urgent tone of her essay and really reinforces the message.

Those three words in succession just really kind of summarise how truly awful this testing of nuclear weapons is.

And her final sentence is, it's masterful, it is so thought provoking.

And it's very short a matter of fact, which perhaps mirrors how quickly nuclear devastation happens.

And what's interesting is it's quite subtle and that's almost what makes it even more shocking.

You know, this idea that the world could be over in just a second.

And I just think it's such an impactful last sentence that Roy has crafted here.

Okay, so which of the following devices does Roy use to describe the nuclear bomb in the closing of her essay? Are you going to pick A, B, or C? Who thinks they've got the right answer? Okay, should we pick one? That's right, it's that rule of three in that final closing, just to really add impact to her message.

Okay, so just a reminder of your task, write a speech to present to world leaders arguing for peace.

Now again, I would like you to discuss your ideas first before we jump into this.

So I'd like you to use Malala and Roy for inspiration.

And I want you to discuss how are you going to reinforce your important message at the end of your speech.

Pause the video, go back to those two texts and think about how you are really going to make an impactful closing.

Okay, pause video and discuss your ideas.

Off you go.

Okay, so let's have some feedback.

So Jim said he really likes the call to action, "So I'm going to use that at the end of the speech." Great.

So similar to like what Malala used.

And Jim's going to try something like, "Let us seize this moment to reaffirm "our dedication to the greater good "to envision a world where peace, prosperity and progress "flourish for all.

"The time to act is now." That really is a powerful call to action.

And I love the use of imperative in, "Let us." And even a sneaky rule of three there in, "Peace, posterity and progress." So that's a really lovely impactful call to action that's full of detail as well.

And then Izzy is going to try a short, thought-provoking final sentence like Roy.

And Izzy has come up with this, "Humans have been alive for millions of years.

"We need to start living harmoniously and together.

"We could be gone in a breath." Wow, that is impactful, isn't it? And it's just that idea, we could be gone in a breath.

It's really subtle, but in that subtlety it's almost quite shocking.

Really great stuff.

And then finally Jacob is going to use the rule of three to make his closing sound really urgent.

So, "Society thrives on harmony, respect and cooperation." Great use of a rule of three.

Okay, so now it's over to you to write your effective closings for the task, which is to write a speech to present to world leaders arguing for peace.

So you'll need to look at your introduction from task A to help you.

So to remind yourself what your argument is.

And remember, your closing should really reinforce your viewpoint and leave your audience thinking.

And again, there's a list there of your rhetorical devices.

So try and include some of those.

You don't have to use all of them.

Pick the ones that you think are going to be most impactful for your argument.

Okay, can't wait to see what you come up with.

You've got everything you need.

Let's get going.

Okay, pause the video and off you go.

Okay, great work everyone.

I just want us to consider another conclusion, another closing in reference to our own work.

So just make sure you are thinking about your own work and thinking about what you have done well.

So let's read this one together and figure out what this has done well.

So, "As we stand at the threshold of uncertainty, "let us unite under the banner of peace.

"Together we hold the power to shape a brighter future "for generations to come.

"Now is the time for action world leaders I urge you "to heed the call of history "and lead with courage and compassion.

"The fate of our world rests in your hands.

"Together let's forge a path towards a future "where peace reigns supreme, "where the echoes of conflict fade "into the pages of our history books, "let peace be our legacy, our gift to the world, "and our enduring triumph." Wow, there are some beautiful sentences in there, aren't there? So let's just have a look at what this has done well and you can consider your own work.

So it is used a call to action to motivate and inspire the audience.

It addresses and appeals to the audience directly, which is fantastic.

It creates a sense of unity and responsibility.

It really does.

Uses a rule of three to create a thought-provoking and impactful last sentence.

So what I would like you to do, is thinking about that introduction, look at your own work and consider what you have done well and what could be improved.

And give yourself a WWW and an EBI.

Okay, pause the video and off you go.

Okay, well done everyone.

We have reached the end of the lesson.

And there has been some fantastic work on crafting those all important openings and closings.

But let's just remind ourselves of everything we have gone through and gone over.

So it's important to consider how the tone of a speech opening will engage the audience.

An introduction should hook your audience in regardless of the topic.

The ending of your persuasive speech presents a last opportunity to influence your audience.

At the end of your persuasive speech your audience should know exactly how to help or what to think or feel.

Using rhetorical devices can elevate your opening and closing paragraphs.

So again, thank you so much for your hard work.

You have really impressed me today.

And I can't wait to see you all again soon.

But until then, I'll say goodbye.

See you then, bye.