Hello everyone, it's lovely to see you here today.

My name is Dr.

Clayton, and I'm going to guide you through your learning journey today.

Today's lesson is called "Romeo and Juliet: Honour, violence and masculinity in Act 5, Scene 3." We're going to focus first on the fight between Romeo and Paris in the scene, and think about what it suggests by honour and violence.

Then we're going to look at the final exchange between Lord Capulet and Lord Montague, and think about what it might reveal about honour at the end of "Romeo and Juliet", and how it might tie into Shakespeare's intentions.

So if you're ready, grab your pen, laptop, whatever you use with this lesson, and let's get started.

So by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to explain how honour, violence and masculinity are presented in Act 5, Scene 3 of "Romeo and Juliet." So we have four words today we're going to be using as our keywords.

They'd be identified in bold throughout the learning material, and I'll try to point that to (indistinct) so you can see them being used in context.

So first keyword "cessation", which means the fact of something ending or stopping.

We're going to be thinking about how the feud between the Montagues and the Capulets ends in Act 5, Scene 3.

Our second keyword is "dishonourable", which means bringing shame or disgrace on someone or something.

We're going to be thinking about how Paris sees Romeo's actions as dishonourable, and what this might suggest for how Paris sees Juliet.

Our third keyword is "civil", which means be polite, respectful, or considerate in manner.

And our final keyword is "generous", which means showing readiness to give more of something, especially money than is necessary or expected.

We're going to be thinking about the concept of honour for men, arguably shifted to being civil and generous at the end of the play.

So I'll just give you a moment to write down these keywords and the definitions.

So pause the video, write them down now.

Fantastic! Let's get started with the lesson.

So we have three learning cycles in our lesson today.

For our first learning cycle, we're going to look at Paris' ideas of honour in Act 5, Scene 3, and what it might reveal about how men saw women.

For our second learning cycle, we're going to look at Romeo and Paris's interaction, and how they're arguably trying to avoid violence, and what this might mean.

For our third learning cycle, we're going to be thinking about the end of the feud at the end of the play, and what it might suggest about ideas of male honour, and how they arguably change at the end of the play.

Now we're focusing on Act 5, Scene 3 of "Romeo and Juliet" in this lesson.

So let's begin with a short summary of the scene to contextualise what's happening.

So Romeo and Paris meet outside of Juliet's tomb, they fight and Paris is killed.

Once Romeo enters Juliet's tomb, he drinks poison and kills himself.

Juliet awakens and on finding Romeo dead uses his dagger to kill herself.

Their bodies are discovered, and Friar Lawrence reveals the truth of their love and their marriage.

When they discover the truth, the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues comes to an end.

Now at the start of the scene, Paris enters with his page.

He instructs the page to stand guard while he scatters flowers on Juliet's grave.

Remember that Paris is engaged to marry Juliet, but she faked her own death to avoid the marriage.

He says, "Sweet flower, with flowers like bridal bed I strew" and calls Juliet his "true love." So what I'd like you to think about is what does this suggest about how Paris feels about Juliet? Think specifically about "bridal bed" and "true love." Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone, some great ideas there.

Now the fact he's saying "bridal bed" and "true love", it's just that Paris considers Juliet his bride and his love.

Now this is particularly interesting, as Paris and Juliet have one conversation throughout the play.

So potentially we might see this creating a sense of possessiveness, feeling as if Juliet is his.

Legally men and women considered a single entity once they were married, and men were the ones in control.

So by calling Juliet his bride, Paris essentially laying claim to Juliet.

Now when he sees Romeo, Paris calls Romeo a "vile Montague." So what I'd like you to think about is how might this enhance the idea that Paris feels connected to Juliet and possessive over her? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone, some great ideas there.

Now Paris is actually related to Prince Escalus, so he should be neutral in the feud.

However, as Alex says, "It suggests he considers himself aligned with the Capulet family over their feud with the Montagues.

He's taken on their grudge because he feels connected to Juliet." So now a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is tell me whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false that Paris's language in Act 5, Scene 3 indicates he feels connected to Juliet? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Now correct answer is true.

Now I'd like you to tell me, why it's true? So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone.

You might have said that Paris calls Juliet's tomb her "bridal bed" and he calls her his "true love." He also aligns himself with the Capulets.

So very well done, if you got that right.

Now when he sees Romeo, Paris says, "And here is come to do some villainous shame to the dead bodies." So what I'd like you to think about is how does Paris think Romeo is going to behave? Think about the connotations of the word "villainous." Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone.

Now "villainous" means wicked or criminal behaviour, and "shame" means losing honour and respect.

So as Izzy says, "The words 'villain' and 'shame' imply that Paris thinks Romeo's intentions are dishonourable." Now specifically Paris refers to Romeo's actions as "unhallowed." Now the word "unhallowed" refers something unholy or wicked.

So what I'd like to think about is what might the significance of this be? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone.

Now as Aisha says, "It specifically suggests that Romeo's actions are immoral, they are a sin." So now a quick check for understanding.

Which interpretation of Paris is used for "unhallowed" is the most effective interpretation? Is A, Paris' use of "unhallowed" could suggest he sees Romeo's actions as dishonourable.

Or B, Paris' use of "unhallowed" could suggest he sees Romeo's actions as immoral and sinful? So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

The correct answer is B.

Now I'd like to know why it's B.

So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone.

You might have said that while "unhallowed" does imply dishonour, it specifically means something unholy.

Therefore, that implies that Romeo's actions are specifically immoral.

So very well done, if you got those right.

Amazing work, everyone.

We're now to the first task of the lesson.

Now Paris attempts to apprehend Romeo because he fears he'll commit dishonourable, immoral acts against Juliet's grave.

Arguably by talking of Juliet as his "true love", Paris is claiming ownership over Juliet.

So what I'd like to think about is, why might it be significant that Paris is concerned about Juliet's honour after her death? How might it affect him? Pause the video, take a few minutes to discuss.

Welcome back everyone, fantastic discussions there.

What I'd like you to do is think about Jacob's ideas about how well they align with your ideas.

So Jacob said, "I think it suggests that men saw women as an extension of themselves.

If their women were dishonoured, then they themselves were also dishonoured as well." So pause the video, think about how well Jacob's ideas align with your ideas.

Welcome back everyone.

Now I think this really speaks to how integral honour was to men, and it was very much an external value.

They needed everyone connected them to be considered honourable, to retain their honour in the eyes of others.

Amazing work, everyone.

We're now to the second learning cycle.

We're going to look at the interaction between Paris and Romeo, and what it might reveal about Shakespeare's intentions around men and violence.

Now when talking to Romeo, Paris says, "Condemned villain, I do apprehend thee.

Obey and go with me, for thou must die." Now to "apprehend" someone means to arrest someone for a crime.

So what I'd like you to think about is do you think Paris' intentions towards Romeo sound violent? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone, some great ideas there.

Now as Laura says, "I think to arrest someone might imply that you're going to use some physicality, but it doesn't necessarily suggest he wants to be violent." Paris says that Romeo must die, but he doesn't suggest that he himself is going to kill him, merely that the law requires him to die because he's been banished.

Then when Paris approaches him, Romeo says, "I beseech thee, youth, put not another sin upon my head." Here, Romeo is begging Paris not to force him to commit another sin.

So what I'd like you to think about is, do you think Romeo intends to be violent towards Paris? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone, some great ideas there.

Now as Alex says, "It sounds as if Romeo is desperately trying to avoid a fight.

Perhaps even he sees violence as leading to immorality since he asks Paris not to put another 'sin' on him." So now a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is tell me whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false that Paris and Romeo both suggest they wish to duel each other? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Now the correct answer is false.

Now I'd like you to tell me, why it's false? So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone.

You might have said that Paris intends to arrest Romeo while Romeo is desperately trying to avoid a fight.

So very well done, if you've got this right.

Amazing work everyone.

We're now to the second task of the lesson.

Now what I'd like you to think about is, why do you think Shakespeare might want to end with a fight where two men are trying to avoid violence? What might it suggest about Shakespeare's intentions? I'd like to write a short answer to explain your ideas.

They might think about that arguably both Romeo and Paris seem to want to avoid a fight.

This reaction is at odds with the other male characters in the play who seem eager to fight to defend their honour.

The fight between Romeo and Paris is the last fight between men in the play, it's our last impression of male violence.

So pause the video, write your answer now.

Welcome back everyone, some great work there.

What I'd like you to do is think about Sophia's ideas.

How well do they align with your ideas? So Sophia said, "By leaving us with the impression of two men that are trying to avoid violence, but they encounter tragically ending with death anyway, perhaps Shakespeare is criticising society that expects men to act violently.

By showing that violent encounters can end in death, even if that's not the intention, maybe he's suggesting that violence should not be seen as a solution to problems or issues of honour." So pause the video, think about how well Sophia's ideas align with your ideas.

Welcome back everyone.

Now I think this encounter is so fascinating.

Shakespeare has shown us throughout the play that violence was seen as integral to men's behaviour and a consequences of their violence.

So I think it's really powerful that we end with this moment.

It shows how men (indistinct) really forced into violence by society even when they don't want to.

Fantastic work, everyone.

We're now in the third learning cycle, we're going to look at how the concept of honour is presented at the end of the play.

Now following the discovery of Romero and Juliet's love and their tragic end, the feud between the families comes to an end.

Lord Capulet says, "O brother Montague, give me thy hand." So what I'd to think about first is, what do you think the significance of the word "brother" is? Remember that these men and their families have been locked in a feud the whole play.

Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone, some great ideas there.

Now as Lucas says, "I think it shows Lord Capulet acknowledging that Lord Montague is his family now, they are bound by their children's marriage." So what I'd like to think about now is what do you think the action of taking Montague's hand is showing? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone.

Now taking someone's hand is often seen as a friendly gesture.

So as Lucas says, "I think it demonstrates that the feud has come to an end, they can now put all the violence behind them and live in peace." Now, after asking to take Montague's hand, Lord Capulet says, "This is my daughter's jointure, for no more can I demand." Now a jointure was a legal concept in Elizabethan England where a wife is entitled to receive property or income after a husband's death; however, since Juliet is also dead, Capulet is only asking for a handshake.

Now in response to Lord Capulet's words, Lord Montague replies, "But I can give thee more, for I will ray her statue in pure gold." So here, Lord Montague is offering to dress Juliet's commemorative statue in gold.

So what I'd like you to think about is how do you think Lord Capulet and Lord Montague are behaving here by offering to forgo money and countering with an offer of gold? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone.

You might have said, they're behaving civilly.

They're behaving the way that's polite, respectful or considerate in manner.

You also might have said they're behaving generously.

They're showing a readiness to give more of something, especially money that's expected or necessary.

So arguably Lord Capulet and Lord Montague are acting civilly.

So polite, respectful or considerate, and with generosity.

So showing a readiness to give more of something.

So what I'd like to think about is how does this portray the concept of honour differently to the rest of the play? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone, some great ideas there.

Now as Laura says, "Prior to this, honour is something that men needed to fight over.

Here though, honour is something that seems more positive, that is achieved through respectful, polite behaviour." So now a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is tell me whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false that Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" ends with violence? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Correct answer is false.

Now I'd like you to tell me, why it's false? So pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Welcome back everyone.

You might have said, at the end of the play, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague end the feud and act with civility towards each other.

So very well done if you've got this right.

Amazing work everyone.

We're now to the final task of the lesson.

So what I'd like you to do is think about Lord Capulet and Lord Montague's actions at the end of the play.

So Lord Capulet calling Lord Montague a "brother", Lord Capulet refusing to ask for money, and Lord Montague offering to dress Juliet's statue in gold.

Now throughout "Romeo and Juliet", male honour has come from defending yourself through violence.

So what I'd like you to think about is what does the ending of "Romeo and Juliet" suggest about where honour should come from? Pause the video, take a few minutes to discuss.

Welcome back everyone, some great discussions there.

Now I'd like to think about Sam and Andeep's ideas.

How well do they align with your ideas? So Sam said, "I think it suggest that honour can come from ceasing violence and moving forward with civility." And Andeep said, "I also think it suggests that honour can come from behaving generously towards others." So pause the video, think about how well their ideas align with your ideas.

Welcome back everyone.

Now I think this is why it's so important to see how a theme progresses throughout a text.

Arguably, the way it's presented at the end reveals the writer's intentions about how it should be 'cause that's our final impression of the theme.

It's the impression the writer wants us to leave with.

So Shakespeare's leaving us with the impression of men associating honour with civility and generosity rather than violence.

You all did amazingly well today, everyone.

Here's a summary of what we covered.

Potentially Paris' defence of Juliet's honour may show that men's honour was affected by the women in their life.

Arguably, both Paris and Romeo show reluctance to engage in violence.

Since their reluctance is our last impression of male violence, perhaps Shakespeare is criticising societal expectations on men.

Throughout "Romeo and Juliet", it's been suggested that male honour comes from defending it through violence.

However, at the end of the play, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague's actions suggest that honour now comes from civility and generosity.

I really hope you enjoyed the lesson everyone.

I hope to see you for another lesson soon.

Goodbye.