Hello everyone.

It's lovely to see you here today for this lesson on reading an extract from Dostoevsky's, "Crime and Punishment." My name is Dr.

Clayton and I'm here to guide you through learning journey today.

Now, Dostoevsky is one of my favourite writers.

There's a real focus on morality and philosophical questions throughout his work, and I hope this lesson might inspire you to read more of "Crime and Punishment" and even some more of Dostoevsky's other works.

So if you're ready, grab your pen, laptop, whatever you use it for this lesson, and let's get started.

So by the end of this lesson, you'll be able to explain and analyse Dostoevsky's use of dialogue in an extract from "Crime and Punishment." So we have four words we're going to focus on as our keywords.

They've been chosen to not only help you unlock the learning, but also to give you some vocabulary for if you discuss or write about the novel.

They've identified in bold throughout the learning material, and I'll try to point 'em out to you as well so you can see them being used in context.

Our first key word is dialogue, which means a conversation between two or more characters as a feature of a book, play, or film.

Dialogue is a focal point of our lesson today.

We're going to explaining and then analysing how does Dostoevsky uses dialogue within a extract from "Crime and Punishment." Our second keyword is contrast, and that means an obvious difference between two or more things.

We're going to look at how Dostoevsky uses contrast in order to evoke ideas about the characters.

Our third keyword is impoverished, which means very poor, deprived of strength or vitality.

We're going to specifically look at how does Dostoevsky uses dialogue to comment on a character's impoverished condition.

Finally, our fourth keyword is ellipsis, which means a type of punctuation that represents a pause, or that something's been intentionally left out.

We're going to consider how does Dostoevsky use the ellipses in the extract for effect.

So I'll just give you a moment to write down those key words and their definitions.

So pause the video and write them down now.

Fantastic.

Let's get started with the lesson.

So, we have three learning cycles in our lesson today.

For our first learning cycle, we're going to think about the concept of dialogue and ask ourselves why writing convincing dialogue is an important part of effective writing.

But also why writing convincing dialogue might be quite hard to achieve.

For our second learning cycle, we're going to read an extract from Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" and focus on understanding what is happening in the extract, what it tells us about the characters.

For our third learning cycle, we're going to analyse Dostoevsky's use of dialogue, how he's structured it, how he's used contrast, and how he's depicted body language for effect.

So as I said, we're going to begin by thinking about the concept of dialogue because I think it's one of those things that seems that it should be really simple to write.

We all converse with other people every day, but actually it's quite hard to write effective dialogue.

So what I'd like you to do is imagine trying to recount a conversation you've had with someone else to your friend via text message, or whatever form of digital communication you might use.

Now when you think about why you might find it difficult to accurately convey the conversation via text message.

Now, if going this with someone else, you might talk about ideas with them.

if going through this by yourself you might just think about it.

So, pause the video, consider why it might be hard to accurately recount verbal conversations via different mediums. Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people recognising it's very easy to fall into the, "I said this and then they said that," form of recounting the conversation, which feels very stilted and unfortunately is often how written dialogue can feel sometimes.

As one of our Oak people, Laura says, "Maybe because it'd be hard to demonstrate the body language of both people.

That's a really important part conversing with someone." It's hard to accurately demonstrate communication through words only because our communication depends on verbal cues, pitch changes, body language, and eye contact.

Now as we just said, arguably dialogue is hard to convincingly portray in our writing because conversations are much more than just words.

They also rely the body language of the characters.

However, even though it might be difficult to portray realistically, it's also very important part of writing stories.

Now what I'd like to think about is why do you think convincing dialogue is an important part of our writing? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people trying to think of a story they've read recently with absolutely no dialogue in because it's quite hard to do.

Most stories contain interactions between characters and as one of our Oak peoples, Izzy says, those interactions are important 'cause how characters converse with each other tells not only something about them, but also perhaps about wider ideas of communication and connections within the text.

So the way characters converse might give us ideas about social conventions or how certain concepts are widely thought of because of the way people talk about them.

Now, for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is tell me whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false? The dialogue in text is simply background noise to the actual plot.

Pause the video, make your selection now.

The correct answer is false.

Dialogue is more than simply background noise.

Now I'd like to tell me why.

So why is dialogue important? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

They might have said that dialogue not only offers us the opportunity to see how characters interact with each other, but also could link to themes of connection and communication within the text and wider society.

So very well done if you've got those right.

Fantastic work so far, everyone.

We're now at the first task of the lesson.

And what I'd like you to do for this task is think about the last conversation you had with someone.

Maybe it was with a friend about what you're going to have lunch, or maybe it's with a teacher about where you'd like to sit in class.

Try to write it down as dialogue.

So imagine writing it down into a story.

How would you convey it through your words? And I'd like you to try and think about what was said, how you felt during the conversation, and what the body language was like during the conversation.

So pause the video, take a few minutes to create your dialogue.

Welcome back, everyone.

Saw some absolutely fantastic work there.

Now we're going to do a bit of a reflective exercise.

So what I'd like you to do is read back through your work and reflect on the following questions.

So, how did you find the exercise? Was it easier or harder than you anticipated? Do you think you accurately conveyed the emotion you felt during the conversation? Do you think it accurately represented the body language during the conversation? If you read it aloud with someone else, do you think it would sound like a real conversation? So pause the video, reflect back on your work now.

Welcome back, everyone.

I think these sort of reflective exercises are really important, particularly when it comes to our writing because we always want to take a step back and see if our construction's doing what we wanted it to do.

And in this case, whether it seems realistic or not.

Amazing work so far everyone.

Now that we've thought about the concept of why dialogue is important and reflect on our own writing of dialogue, we're going to read an extract from Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" and consider his use of dialogue.

Now as I said, we're going to be reading an extract from Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" in this lesson.

But before we do, I just want to share a short summary of the novel with you so you have some context for the extract.

So, here's a short summary of "Crime and Punishment." The novel central character is Rodion Raskolnikov, an impoverished ex-student who lives in St.

Petersburg.

He's been pawning possessions to a pawn broker in order to live.

However, he then decides to kill the pawn broker and steal the money and valuable objects from her flat.

He believes that with the money he could free himself from poverty and go on to perform great deeds.

He tries to convince himself that certain crimes are justifiable if they're committed in order to remove obstacles to the higher goals of extraordinary men.

So, now we have an idea of what the novel is about.

I'd just like you to take a moment to consider whether or not you think the novel sounds like a text you'd be interested in reading.

So pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people picking up on what I mentioned earlier around how Dostoevsky's work really makes us ponder ethical, moral, and philosophical questions.

In this case, whether crime such as murder can be justified if it's for the good of society.

And while that means they aren't always easy reads, they're incredibly valuable books to have a go at reading because it really helps to understand what it is to be human and exist in human society.

So now we're gonna read through the extract.

You'll find a copy of the extract in the additional materials.

I'm gonna turn my camera off and read the extract through.

You can either follow along with me, or we can read through it yourself.

So let's read through the extract now.

Now the following extract is taken from near the beginning of chapter three of Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment:" When the soup been brought and he had begun upon it, Nastasya sat down beside him on the sofa and began chatting.

She was a country peasant woman and a very talkative one.

"Praskovya Pavlovna means to complain to the police about you," she said.

He scowled.

"To the police? What does she want?" "You don't pay her money and you won't turn out of the room.

That's what she wants, to be sure." "The devil.

That's the last straw," he muttered, grinding his teeth.

"No, that would not suit me just now.

She is a fool," he uttered aloud.

"I'll go and talk to her today." "Fool she is and no mistake, just as I am.

But why, if you are so clever, do you like her like a sack and have nothing to show for it? One time you used to go out, you say, to teach children.

But why is it you do nothing now?" "I am doing.

." Raskolnikov began sullenly and reluctantly.

"What are you doing?" "Work.

"What sort of work?" "I am thinking," he answered seriously after a pause.

Nastasya was overcome with a fit of laughter.

She was given to laughter and when anything amused her, she laughed inaudibly, quivering and shaking all over till she felt ill.

"And have you made much money by your thinking?" she managed to articulate at last.

"One can't go out to give lessons without boots.

And I'm sick of it." "Don't quarrel with your bread and butter." "They pay so little for lessons.

What's the use of a few coppers?" he answered reluctantly as though replying to his own thought.

"And you want to get a fortune all at once?" He looked to us strangely.

"Yes, I want a fortune," he answered firmly after a brief pause.

So now that we've read the extract, I'd like you to answer the following questions in order to make sure we understand what is happening in the extract.

So question one, who is Raskolnikov talking to? And number two, what are they talking about? So pause the video, answer the questions now.

Welcome back, everyone.

They might have said that Raskolnikov is talking to a woman called Nastasya.

Nastasya informs Raskolnikov that his landlady intends to call the police on him because of his lack of money.

They then talk about Raskolnikov's lack of a job, but his desire to have money.

So now that we've read the extract, let's do a quick check for understanding.

So what is the reality of Raskolnikov current life and financial situation? Is it A, he's doing well in life, feeling successful.

B, he isn't feeling successful and owes money.

Or C, he's owed money from other people.

So pause the video, make a selection now.

The correct answer is B.

We learn from the extract that Raskolnikov's landlady is considering calling the police on him because he hasn't paid his rent.

Therefore we know he isn't feeling successful in life and he owes people money.

So very well done if you got that right.

Fantastic work everyone, we're now over the second task of the lesson.

But we're going to take what we just read and gather some initial ideas about what emotions it suggests to you.

Because effective dialogue is all about conveying realistic conversations and that are imbued with emotion.

So we learned in the extract the Raskolnikov and Nastasya are talking about Raskolnikovs lack of prospects and his lack of money.

So what I'd like you to do is kind of what emotions do you think Raskolnikov is feeling throughout the conversation? Which words or phrases in the dialogue convey this to you? Now if working through this with someone else, you might talk around this with them.

If going through this by yourself, you might just think about your ideas.

So pause the video, consider what emotions you think Raskolnikov is feeling, and what is it about the dialogue that suggests that? Welcome back, everyone's fantastic discussions there.

I really like seeing people read it aloud with a partner to get a sense of how you convey certain words and the body language.

Now I'm gonna share part of a conversation that two of our Oak peoples, Laura and Izzy, had.

I'd like you to think how well it aligns with your discussions.

So, did you have similar or different ideas? So Laura said, "I think Raskolnikov feels quite defensive throughout the conversation.

I think scowling a muttering show that sense of putting up a wall and not wanting to engage." And Izzy said, "I think Raskolnikov feels quite stressed throughout the conversation.

The idea of him grinding his teeth suggests he's feeling anxious." So pause the video, consider how well Laura and Izzy's conversation aligns with your discussions.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people noticing that Laura and Izzy were using evidence from the extract in their discussions, and that this is something they'll take forward with them because it's a great way of preparing yourself to write about ideas using evidence.

You're all doing amazingly well, everyone.

We're now at the third learning cycle.

We're going to analyse Dostoevsky's use of dialogue.

So we're going to consider how Dostoevsky's purposely construct the dialogue to have an effect on the reader.

Now think sometimes we might forget to analyse the construction of dialogue and focus on what is being said rather than how it's being said.

So before beginning our analysis, I'm just gonna share with you some questions about the dialogue that you might ask.

I always think approaching analysis from the base of questioning is really useful approach 'cause it means you aren't blindly looking for ideas within a text, you're looking for answers.

So, when analysing dialogue we might think about the following ideas.

How is the dialogue structured? What ideas we introduced to first? How is the dialogue divided between the characters? Does one character have more dialogue than the other? How is body language presented? And how is the writer using punctuation for effect? So now we're going to analyse how Dostoevsky has constructed the dialogue in the extract that we read.

We're gonna do that by answering those questions.

So as I said, we're going to analyse how Dostoevsky's crafted the dialogue to convey Raskolnikov's negative emotions.

We're going to start with the concept of how Dostoevsky has structured the dialogue.

So structurally the opening part of the dialogue sets the tone.

We might visualise the opening part like this.

We go from police to money.

So we start with the police being mentioned and then we find out the police are being mentioned because Raskolnikov owes money.

And I think considering ideas of structure is so important when it comes to dialogue.

Because how people open a conversation affects the tone of the entire conversation.

Now what I'd like you to do is think about what you think the effect Dostoevsky's structure is.

So what do you think the effect of Nastasya mentioning the police in the opening line has on Raskolnikov and us as the reader? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

They might have said instantly defensive and a sense of guilt and tension.

When we hear the word police we instantly imagine that something bad has happened and that creates an instant sense of tension.

Now, what I'd like to think about now is do you think it would've made a difference if Dostoevsky started the dialogue with money instead.

Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

I think it's a really useful exercise to imagine that something's been structured differently, 'cause it helps to understand the structure has been purposely constructed to create an effect, in this case, as our Oak people Izzy says, "I think it would've still made Raskolnikov feel defensive.

Perhaps it wouldn't have had the same element of fear because we don't typically have the same tense reaction to money as we do the police." So now we're going to continue to consider the structure, but we're now going to look at how Dostoevsky has positioned the placement of words within the dialogue.

So let's consider the structure of Raskolnikov's reply.

Rather than replying immediately with dialogue, Dostoevsky writes, "he scowled," What I'd like you to think about first is what is the effect of starting with a facial expression before moving on to the dialogue? Pause video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people recognising we often lead with our facial expressions before we start talking.

And as Oak people Laura says, "It adds a sense of realism.

We tend to respond with our body language before our words.

It also add tone to the dialogue." So we already know the words are gonna be spoken in angry, slightly sulky tone through the word scowled.

Now I'd like you to imagine Dostoevsky has instead written, "To the police? What does she want?" he scowled.

What I'd like to think about now is how do you think we might read the dialogue differently with this change in structure? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

I think many of you had the same idea as Oak people Laura here, in that you wouldn't know how to interpret the dialogue.

Does he feel scared, threatened, defensive? If you don't give the reader a sense of the body language or face expression of the character, it's if the words being spoken with a blank expression.

It's hard for us to determine the tone.

Now let's consider the use of body language in the extract in more detail and how Dostoevsky uses body language to tell us about the characters.

So Raskolnikov is grinding his teeth, while Nastasya is overcome with a fit of laughter.

What I'd like you to consider here is why do you think Dostoevsky's created a contrast in the body language? Now contrast is one of our key words, means an obvious difference between two or more things.

So pause video, consider why Dostoevsky's used different body languages for the characters.

Welcome back, everyone.

Had some great discussions there.

I'm gonna share the ideas of two of our Oak peoples.

So Laura thinks, "The contrast emphasised Raskolnikov's negativity, so having someone next to him laughing, emphasise the fact he's feeling these negative emotions." Izzy then said she thinks it also allows us to see how people react to Raskolnikov's financial situation, which could influence how the reader ultimately judges him.

I think this is a really important part of body language.

It allows us to see people's reactions.

In this case they know someone laughing at Raskolnikov's financial situation may make the reader more sympathetic to him.

Now we're going to return to the idea of structure, but we're going to think about the way that dialogue is structured between two characters.

I think it's useful to consider a conversation as a shared space with each person taking up a portion of that space.

So what I'd like you to start off by thinking about is what might to suggest if one character takes up more space than dialogue than the other? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people reflecting on their own experiences.

What circumstances let someone else dominate in the conversation? Like our Oak people, Izzy.

"Perhaps you might think that someone who takes up more space in the conversation might have more power, so they talk over somebody else.

Or perhaps they might be experiencing heightened emotions, so the other person's giving them the space to vent and let their feelings out." Now in the extract, Nastasya takes up more space in the dialogue than Raskolnikov.

What might that suggest about Raskolnikov? Consider what we know about his current situation in life.

Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now as our Oak people, Izzy says, "Perhaps it suggests he's feeling small and diminished, not confident, and it represents his impoverished state." So here you could hopefully see how we are using the structure of the dialogue to comment on the themes and ideas within the text.

Now let's considered Dostoevsky's use of punctuation.

This is an incredibly important part of analysing dialogue because punctuation gives an idea of the tone of the dialogue, but it also shows us how it should be spoken aloud.

Now, when Nastasya questions what Raskolnikov is doing, he replies, "I am doing.

work." What I'd like you to think about first is what does the ellipsis show us? So pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now the ellipsis, one of our key words, means a type of punctuation that represents a pause or that something's been intentionally left out.

So these ellipsis here indicates to us that Raskolnikov is pausing.

He's unable to answer the question.

Now, I want us to take our analysis one step further and think about what the ellipsis might represent.

So what might that pause represent in terms of wider themes of poverty and work? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now that was a difficult question to answer, especially because we only have the summary and the extract to help us.

Now Oak people Izzy said, "Perhaps it represents there is no way for Raskolnikov to climb out of his impoverished situation.

He has little direction." The concept of his pausing might imply there is no answer.

There's no way for him to climb out of poverty by himself in his current situation.

Now for quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to tell me is weather the following statement is true or false.

So, is it true or false that Dostoevsky's distribution of dialogue could represent Raskolnikov's impoverished state.

Pauses video, make your selection now.

The correct answer is true.

So very well done if you got that right.

Now, I'd like you to tell me why it's true.

So, why is it true that the distribution of dialogue represents Raskolnikov's impoverished state? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Welcome back, everyone.

You might have said, by giving Nastasya more dialogue it feels if she's taking up more space in the extract, which could depict Raskolnikov as diminished in comparison, and therefore represent his impoverished state.

So, very well done if you got that right.

Amazing work everyone.

Now, the final task of the lesson.

What I'd like you to do is take everything we've done in the lesson so far and consider the question, how does Dostoevsky construct the dialogue to show us Raskolnikov's negative emotions? I'd like you to write a few sentences to explain your answer.

Now you might consider the way that Dostoevsky structured the dialogue, the way he's used punctuation, and the way he's used body language.

So pause the video, write your answer now.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people looking back over their notes to really think about how they might write an effective answer to the question.

Now I'm gonna share the answer of one of our Oak people's Laura, and I'd like to consider how she might extend her response by considering how Dostoevsky's used punctuation.

So at the moment Laura's answer says, "I think by opening with a notion of the police, Dostoevsky instantly sets a negative tone and creates an atmosphere of fear and guilt.

Furthermore, Dostoevsky's description of Raskolnikov's body language, from his scowl to grinding his teeth, depicts a sense of anxiety and defensiveness to the reader." So pause video, consider then how we might extend it by considering Dostoevsky's use of punctuation.

Welcome back, everyone.

Now we might extend it by adding, "Moreover, Dostoevsky's use of an ellipsis, not only emphasises Raskolnikov's lack of immediate answer, but could also represent how there's no answer to his impoverished situation." Now I'd like to check your own answer.

Did you include ideas of structure, body language, and punctuation? Pause the video, read back through your answer now.

Welcome back, everyone.

It was great to see people using Laura's extended answer to add details to their own answer.

We always want to think about how we can make our argument more convincing to the reader.

You all did fantastically well today, everyone.

Here's a summary of what we covered.

Dialogue might be hard to construct in writing because it relies heavily on body language.

Dialogue's important because it not only reveals information about the characters, but also wide ideas of connection.

Arguably Dostoevsky structures the dialogue to immediately create a sense of tension.

Potentially the use of punctuation and division of dialogue show Raskolnikov's impoverished status, and the use of body language demonstrates Raskolnikov's tension and anxiety.

I really hope enjoyed the lesson, everyone, and I hope to see you for another lesson soon.

Goodbye.