Hello there.

Today we're gonna be doing a deep dive into all things leadership.

In today's lesson, the theme of leadership in "Animal Farm." My name is Mr. Barnsley, so glad that you are joining me for today's lesson.

Let's dive straight in.

So let's have a look at today's outcome.

So by the end of today's lesson, you are gonna be able to explain how different types of leadership are presented in "Animal Farm." As ever, we have five key words.

They are; integrity, decisive, selfless, indistinguishable, and idealism.

The definitions of each of these five words are about to appear on the screen.

So if you need to, please do pause the video so you can read through them carefully.

And if you want to, you may even wish to note them down somewhere.

Okay, here they come.

Okay, so let's look at the lesson outline for today.

So the theme of leadership in "Animal Farm." Two learning cycles today.

First of all, we're gonna look at this learning title, which is titled as a question, the lesser of two evils? So this suggests we're gonna do some evaluating, and then we're gonna look at using critical quotations to develop our ideas further.

Let's dive straight in with, the lesser of two evils? So I want to start with a discussion.

In your view, what qualities do you think are most important in a leader and why? So you may wish to think of some leaders that you know, it might be personally, or in your country, it might be political leaders.

I want you to think about what qualities are important.

If you have a partner, you can discuss with them.

But don't worry if you're working by yourself, you can think through this by yourself independently.

Or you might even want to jot a couple of ideas down.

So pause the video.

Have a think about this question on the screen, and press play when you are ready to continue.

Fantastic job there.

I could see lots of really interesting discussion.

People not all necessarily always agreeing what made a good leader.

Well done to people who were making reference to very specific leaders, and using them as examples.

So here are just some of the fantastic things I heard.

So I heard people talking about integrity.

Remember that's one of our key words.

Intelligence, some people were saying that was really important.

Decisiveness, the ability to make a decision.

Honesty, being truthful.

Strength.

Idealism or vision, having a real clear idea of what they wanted.

Selflessness, leading by example, being a strategic thinker.

And lots of you were talking about communication skills.

And we know we've talked about in "Animal Farm" the importance of language when it comes to power.

Well done if you said any of those things on screen.

And of course, you may have said other things as well, that's fantastic too.

So let's think about one of the leaders that we see in "Animal Farm," the character of Snowball.

Why don't you pause the video and have a think about which of these characteristics would you use to describe him? Okay, pause the video, have a discussion, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Well done, I heard some wonderful ideas.

People saying integrity, intelligence, decisiveness, lots of those things, you can see them highlighted on the screen.

So let's have a look what we might say about this.

Let's turn these ideas into a bit of writing.

So, arguably, Snowball shows integrity and idealism in his commitment to animalism and the betterment of the animal's lives.

He is described as being the best at writing and brilliant at speeches, which emphasises his intelligence and his skills of communication.

His efforts in battle show he is decisive and he's a strategic thinker.

So we see lots and lots of qualities of a good leader in Snowball.

What about Napoleon then? A very different kind of leader to Snowball.

Why don't you pause the video, have a think about Napoleon, and press play when you are ready to continue.

Okay, I heard lots of you talking about decisiveness again here, and idealism.

So some things that we had in common with Snowball, but also strength.

So let's take these ideas that we might be discussing and see what this looks like in writing.

Well, like Snowball, a similarity here, Like Snowball, Napoleon has a vision, however, it is underpinned by his desire for power and control.

His decisiveness is demonstrated in his readiness to entice violence, in particular, his expulsion of Snowball.

Napoleon is described as fierce and having a reputation for getting his own way, which suggests a physical as well as mental strength.

Fantastic if you said any of those things.

Now, let's think about outside of the text.

We know "Animal Farm" is an allegory.

So let's think about Stalin and Tsar Nicholas.

Because I think it's really interesting that we can draw on what we know about these historical figures.

What words would we describe their leadership qualities? Again, pause the video, have a bit of a think, and press play when you are ready to continue.

Well done, this is slightly harder.

We've obviously not spoken about these two figures in the same amount of detail that we have Snowball and Napoleon.

Well, arguably Tsar Nicholas, actually really demonstrated his integrity in his real loyalty to his country.

However, we know he's described as not actually having that many leadership qualities.

And he's believed, actually his maintenance of autocracy to be really a sacred obligation towards God.

That's what actually led to the revolution.

Okay, so yes, he was integrity, he was loyal to his country, but there were lots of flaws in his leadership.

And Stalin, well, we know his power came through his intelligence, which a lot of that was shown through the propaganda.

He was very manipulative towards the people of the Soviet Union, or it could be argued he manipulated the people of the Soviet Union.

He had a strong sense of idealism, which actually unfortunately led to the making of a totalitarian state.

But even though it can be argued Stalin's leadership and reign was not necessarily positive, you can see that he potentially had lots of qualities of a successful leader.

So we know that many powerful leaders have leadership qualities, but actually, what's really interesting is Orwell doesn't present kind of good and bad leaders.

He's actually really more exploring what qualities initiate these rises to power.

So, what qualities do you need to be as successful as some of these really powerful leaders? But there is something to think about here.

Can a rise to power ever be selfless? We didn't really use the words honesty or selflessness when talking about any of those leaders, even though they're qualities we might want and look for in a leader.

When we reflect on successful leaders, do we necessarily see honesty and selflessness? An interesting question for us to think about as we think about the leadership that we see in "Animal Farm." Let's do a check for understanding now.

"Which of these words would not be used to describe Napoleon's leadership qualities?" All four are on the screen.

Pause the video, have a think, and press play when you are ready to continue.

Quite right if you said selflessness.

It's a quality that I'm sure many of us would want to see in a leader, but I think we have to question whether you can be completely selfless and still have this rise to leadership.

Okay, let's have some quick thoughts then.

Do you think the animals are better or worse off under the humans or under the pigs? Pause the video.

If you've got someone to discuss with, you might want to share your thoughts with them.

Otherwise, if you're thinking by yourself, just take a few moments to think about where do you stand? Do you think the animals are better off under the humans, or are they better off under the pigs? Pause the video, have a think, and press play when you are ready to continue.

Welcome back.

You might have started thinking about where you might position yourself on a line like this.

So you might be at one end, where you definitely agree are better off under the humans.

Or at the other, where you definitely think the animals are better off under the pigs.

Or you might be somewhere in the middle of that line.

Let's have a look at what some of our Oak pupils said.

Well, Laura said, "Well actually, although Jones wasn't perfect, at least he wasn't power hungry, and he didn't kill for the sake of it." Every time he killed an animal, there was at least a reason behind it.

Izzy is a little bit more in the middle, said, "They're both as terrible as each other.

Orwell just shows how oppression, it moves in circles." There is no better oppressive regime.

Whereas John says, look, "At least they have, the animals have some sense of control and hope in Animalism.

It gives them a sense of purpose." Even if the pigs themselves are not better leaders, their life has more purpose.

So you can see our Oak pupils don't necessarily agree, and there are many different ways that we can look at the different leaders in "Animal Farm." And that's great, that gives us a great opportunity to explore with more nuance if we know there are different ways that people might interpret and view the different leaders.

So we are gonna explore some statements and arguments that are gonna help develop our thinking about leadership on "Animal Farm." So let's look at that first statement.

"Jones, though cruel and inept, is less cruel than the pigs." Let's think about that statement.

How could we argue and justify this statement using examples from the text? Okay, we're gonna get some help here from our Oak students.

So Lucas says, look, "Even though Old Major describes man as enemies, the narrator goes on to describe Jones as capable, which suggests that he is at least able to look after the animals." And Izzy says, well, "Furthermore, the pigs seem to resort to violence as a method of manipulation and to assert power.

The psychological element feels much crueller than Jones.

The pile of corpses reveals the barbarity of the animals under the pigs, which adds another layer of cruelty." Let's think about what feedback we might give this discussion.

Well, I would say to them, look, I really like how you both used examples to justify your arguments.

You can see them using quotation from the text.

I really like how Izzy has also used furthermore, she's developing Lucas's argument further.

So it's really important that when you are building on or challenging an argument, it's really important that you bring new evidence either to support what you're saying or to refute, to argue against it.

Great discussion there from Lucas and Izzy.

Let's do a check for understanding now.

True or false, the quote, "The pile of corpses" shows how the pigs are barbaric to the animals? Pause video, have a think, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Yes, well done, if you said that is true.

Let's justify that now.

The pigs show they are much crueller.

Sorry, this quote shows how much crueller the pigs are, as they're consciously using psychological manipulation.

Or this shows that the pigs are less cruel as they aren't emotionally involved in the executions.

Pause the video, have a think, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Well done if you said A, the fact that they leave this pile of corpses almost as a warning to the other animals is really psychological manipulation.

They're really trying to terrify the animals.

So well done if you selected A.

Let's have a look at another statement then now.

"Both Jones and the pigs use the threat of physical violence and starvation to manipulate the animals.

How can this statement be argued using real life, historical examples?" So let's try and take what we know from "Animal Farm," but let's try and weave in some context.

Let's have a look at how the Oak pupils have done this.

Well, Sam says, "Arguably, Jones's act of starvation emphasises his ineptness, as opposed to the conscious act of manipulation.

Much like Tsar Nicholas II, it is his incompetence and assume power that leads to his downfall." Alex adds, I agree, Orwell presents the pigs as much more calculated and manipulative.

Their act of starvation is an active method of control.

It's reminiscent of Stalin's rule, where he imposed manmade famines to force collectivism, which serves Orwell's allegorical purpose." Wow, well done, what a well argued and developed discussion.

Let's think about why this is such a well argued and developed discussion.

Well, both Sam and Alex have used real life examples to draw comparison between the leadership styles.

Jones and Tsar Nicholas are inept and incompetent leaders, whereas the pigs and Stalin are much more deliberate in their cruelty.

That's the comparison that they draw.

And they use their examples to develop their answers.

And Alex, I really like how he has talked about, well, what's Orwell trying to do? And he's linking this back to the form of the allegory.

So some great, great discussion there.

Okay, check for understanding.

Now I want to complete this sentence, the pig's acts of salvation is reminiscent of who's actions? Three answers on the screen, pause the video, read through them, and select the one that you think is correct.

Press play when you are ready to continue.

That was of course Stalin.

Well done if you got that correct.

Okay, it is now over to you.

We're gonna do our first practise task of today's lesson.

Andeep has made the following statement.

He says, "The animals enjoy a better life under the leadership of the pigs until Snowball is exiled." So yes, they have a better life, but that only happens once Snowball is exiled.

Then actually that's when things changed.

What I want you to do is think about how far you agree with this comment.

So you're gonna discuss, as we've seen in those models earlier in this learning cycle.

I always try and use examples from the text and real life to justify your answers.

So here are some sentence starters that will help you formulate your discussion.

Arguably, furthermore, equally, more specifically, precisely, much like, it is reminiscent of.

Okay, if you've got a partner to discuss with, brilliant.

Have this discussion.

Make sure you're using those sentence starters.

If you're working by yourself, you might want to just in rough, just jot out some ideas, what might you say here.

Pause the video and press play when you are ready to continue.

Welcome back.

Some fantastic discussion going on.

And really well done to those of you pushed yourself to those bottom sentence starters, which would really force you to think about the allegory core references, so the references to the Russian Revolution.

Let's have a look at an example, and you can compare what I might have said to your discussions that you had.

So, "Snowball uses intellect and his unyielding belief in animalism to create unity and encourage equality amongst the animals.

He is described as having an eloquence that carried them away, which emphasises his ability to unite with words rather than violence.

His leadership seems more closely aligned to what Old Major promises.

Reminiscent of Trotsky in the Russian Revolution, Snowball's expulsion marks the victory of totalitarianism over democracy, where fear and manipulation become the primary methods of control." What a great response.

Really clear about what Snowball's strengths in leadership were.

Comparisons between Snowball and Old Major, but also and importantly, comparisons to Trotsky, who we know was a figure in Soviet Russia at the time.

Great, have a think about how that compares to the verbal answers you were giving.

Right, we're gonna move on to the second learning cycle in today's lesson.

And this is all about using critical quotations.

So I want you to read the quote from Orwell where he's presenting his viewpoint on politics.

And he says, "Politics is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred and schizophrenia.

Political language, and with variations, this is true of all political parties, from conservatives to anarchists, is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable." Wow, this is a really, really strongly worded criticism from Orwell.

What I want you to do is think about how that quote from Orwell links to this statement about "Animal Farm." So this statement is an interpretation of "Animal Farm." I want you to see, can you link Orwell's own ideas to this analysis? And I want you to try using the phrase, this links to Orwell's view that, okay? So let's have a look at the statement that we're gonna be trying to make links between.

So, "Though the animals suffer under both Jones and the pig's regimes, the pigs deceive them into thinking that their life is better.

This dishonesty and abuse of power makes the pigs worse leaders." I want you to use Orwell's own ideas to justify that statement.

Pause the video, have a discussion with your partner.

Or work through this, or think about this independently.

And press play when you're ready to continue.

Over to you, off you go.

Well done, that's a really tricky discussion.

But didn't you feel, couldn't you feel how much better your justifications were? How much more sophisticated your justifications were when you were using Orwell's own words to really get to the bottom of his purpose? We always think, really important, think about the author's purpose.

And by using his own words, I don't know about you, but it makes me feel a lot more confident talking about his purpose.

So let's have a look at something that you might have said.

So in this quote, Orwell suggests that those in power use language to manipulate and justify immoral behaviour.

In this sense, the pigs are the worst leaders because they mirror the sentiment.

The deception they use links to Orwell's views that politics is full of lies.

Now, using critical quotations, particularly these critical quotations from Orwell, is a great way in elevating your writing.

And it really, as we've just said, helps you link to writer's purpose.

However, they should be used very sparingly.

Let's have a look at this example.

"Arguably, Orwell presents the pigs as the more cruel leaders through their powerful use of psychological manipulation.

In particular, Squealer's ability to turn black into white shows the pigs abandoning any sense of integrity and morality in favour of gaining ultimate control over the animals.

This links to Orwell's own views in which he suggests that language is a powerful tool in making lies sound truthful and murder respectable." Now, you may have noticed that only the relevant part of that quotation has been used.

It's the bit that I really want to use to develop the point and link to Orwell's purpose.

Okay, and his point is that language is a tool that can be manipulated so that lies sound truthful.

So you can say something that's not true, but if you use the right language, you can make people believe you're telling the truth.

So, true or false, critical quotations should be used continually throughout your essay? Is that true or false? Pause the video, have a think, and press play when you're ready to continue.

That is false.

Well done if you've got that correct.

Let's see how we justify that.

Is it A, "They should be long, in full, and used sparingly? Or is it B, "They should be relevant, concise, and used sparingly?" Pause video, have a think, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Yes, absolutely.

You should only be using critical quotations when they are relevant.

You should make sure they're very concise.

You only pick the best bits, and you use them sparingly.

Okay, the vast majority of the quotations you use in any analysis about any text, but in this case, "Animal Farm," should be from the novella itself, okay? The critical quotations will be used sparingly when they are relevant.

Well done if you've got that correct.

Okay, so Sophia and Jacob are having a conversation.

Let's have a look what they're saying.

Sophia is reaching out to Jacob for help.

She says, "Jacob, can you help? I've been writing great essays, and I've been told using critical quotations will make them even better.

I just dunno where to begin." Well, Jacob says, "Of course, Sophia.

Firstly, remember, you don't need loads.

One or two in an essay is plenty.

It's more important that they are relevant and that they are gonna develop your argument." "Okay, well here is something I have written," says Sophia.

"By the end of the novella, the pigs are indistinguishable from the humans, which emphasises Orwell's purpose in revealing a cycle of oppression.

We also get the sense of that on the farm revolution is futile." What a fantastic idea, Sophia.

That's a really great, lots lovely inferences, and shows a really good understanding of the text.

So Jacob says, "Well, I've noticed you mentioned revolution at the end.

Now, Orwell said, 'Only by revolution that the native genius of the English people can be set free.

' How could we link this to your response?" So Jacob's found something that he knows, a critical quotation that Orwell uses, and he's thinking, "Right Sophia, let's think about how we can build this into your response." And then, well, Sophia says, well, "Oh wow, I thought Orwell was against revolution.

This quote changes that viewpoint.

That would be a great counterpoint to my paragraph." Jake says, "Exactly.

So the word however will come in handy here.

We also don't want a super long quote, so maybe just use the second half." And this is what Sophia writes.

"However, for Orwell, he believed that revolution was the only way that the genius of the English people can be set free, which suggests a much more complicated relationship to rebellion and power." Well done, isn't that great? What Sophia is saying here is, look, Orwell doesn't have a straight forward viewpoint.

He believes in revolution.

He thinks revolution can be the way to free people from oppressive regimes, but that doesn't mean that every revolution is gonna be successful.

And you have to be very careful because revolution can so easily fail, as we see in the case of "Animal Farm." Jacob says, "That is brilliant, Sophia.

It develops your argument and shows your understanding of Orwell's purpose." Brilliant, what nuance that Sophia is bringing to her understanding here.

So Jacob says, "Whilst we're thinking about critical quotations, another top tip is to find some other critics that have written about "Animal Farm." Let's go and see what we can find out." Okay, so just a reminder that will be other people who have written about "Animal Farm," not just Orwell himself.

And you may wish to do some of your own research and find out what other people have said, because you may wish to bring that into your response.

"Thank you so much for your help, Jacob.

Really, really helpful." What a brilliant conversation between our two Oak pupils.

And I hope you saw just how useful critical quotations can be in your own analysis.

Okay, true or false, a long critical quotation shows you have a better understanding of the writer's purpose? True or false? Make your selection, and press play when you're ready to continue.

That is of course false.

Let's justify that.

Only the relevant part of the quotation.

Only use the relevant part of the quotation, or don't use the quotation if you can't use it all.

Which of those is correct? You should know this.

Pause video, have a think, press play when you're ready to continue.

Yes, that is of course A.

Well done if you said that.

Okay, are the animals better or worse off under the humans or under the pigs? Now we've explored some arguments, now we've looked at some critical quotations in detail, has your original answer changed? Let's have a think.

Well, Laura says, "Jones is undoubtedly an inept and lazy leader, yet I believe he is less cruel and dishonest than the pigs." Izzy is also moved closer to better off with humans.

"Orwell demonstrates that all leaders are susceptible to corruption.

Jones and the pigs represent figures at opposite ends of the political spectrum, yet they all exploit the animals." Really good understanding of context there from Izzy.

And John has moved.

Okay, he's still close to the pigs, but he's definitely less confident in that.

He says, "Look, the pigs are better leaders than Jones.

They're more visionary, they're more intelligent.

It's the other animals who are to blame for failing to protect their rights." So John there, actually saying that the pigs are stronger leaders, and therefore, the revolution could have been a success if the animals kind of had pushed back a little bit.

An interesting interpretation from John there.

So it's over to you now to write your response to the question, are the animals better or worse off under the pigs? I want you to make sure that you response includes textual examples.

So examples from the novella, examples from real life, and see if you can use one of the critical quotations from Orwell (clears throat) Excuse me, from Orwell's own writing.

Make sure it's concise and relevant though.

Okay, there are some sentence starters and quotes on the following slide which are gonna help you do this.

Here they are.

So sentence starters on the left, critical quotations from Orwell on the right.

Let's put them together to write your own detailed paragraph.

Give yourself plenty of time to do your writing on this.

Over to you, best of luck.

Pause the video and press play when you're ready to continue.

Okay, welcome back.

I saw some fantastic work there.

Really, really great concentration, and well done to all of those of you who were pulling in all of that information that we have discussed, all the ideas that we've discussed over the course of the lesson.

I'm gonna show you an example where I highlighted and identified where textual examples, real life examples, and critical quotations have been used.

Let's have a look at this.

"By the end of the novella, the pigs and the humans are indistinguishable.

The pigs have completed their transformation because they take their power absolutely for granted.

By this stage, they have abandoned all pretence about fulfilling Old Major's utopian vision, and they've altered even the most sacred and fundamental of the commandments: all animals are equal.

Like tsar Nicholas II, who enjoyed hereditary, and supposedly God-given power over his people, the pigs consider their superiority to the other animals is without question.

Whether they are governed by people or pigs, therefore, becomes immaterial.

The ending seems to suggest that there is futility in revolution.

However, Orwell stated that it is only by revolution that the native genius of the English people can be set free, which suggests a much more complex relationship with rebellion and power." Fantastic, what a fantastic response.

Now, why don't you pause the video, compare yours, take some of my ideas to improve your response if you wish? And just double check you've used textual information, you've used real life examples, and you've used a quotation, a critical quotation from Orwell.

Pause the video, and check your own response, and press play when you're ready to continue.

And that's it, we've reached the end of today's lesson.

What a fantastic job you've done, talking about some really, really complex and difficult ideas.

I am so proud of you, I hope you are very proud of yourself.

On the screen, you can see a summary of what we've covered today.

It might be worthwhile pausing the video and reading through each of these carefully.

You should feel really confident about each of these bullet points before you move on to your next lesson.

Thank you so much for joining me today.

I'm wishing you a fantastic rest of your day, however you're choosing to spend it.

I hope to see you soon in one of our future lessons.

Thank you very much, goodbye.