Hello and welcome to the lesson.

I'm Mrs. Butterworth and I'm very happy to be guiding you through the learning today.

We are focusing on the importance of food and drink in ""Animal Farm"." Now I'm sure you can think of many examples of where food and drink are used throughout the novella, and we are going to explore those today in lots of detail.

So let's get started.

By the end of the lesson, you will be able to explain how the motif of food and drink are used in "Animal Farm".

Before we delve into the lesson, there are a few key words we need to look at to help with your understanding of the lesson.

These are gluttony, berate, parable, and hypocrisy.

In a moment, the definitions will appear on the screen.

You should pause the video to give yourself time to read these.

You may even want to write them down.

So our lesson looks like this.

We're going to start by exploring the motif of food and drinks.

So where this appears in the novella, what it symbolises, what it represents, and then we're going to look at tracing motifs in essay.

So how we can use motifs to really elevate our written responses.

So let's start with that first part of exploring the motif and food and drink.

Let's go.

So the first thing I want us to think about is the choice of pigs by Orwell.

So pause the video and discuss why does Orwell choose to represent the Soviet leaders as pigs? Pause the video now so you can discuss your ideas or maybe just think about them on your own.

Some excellent discussions happening there.

So let's just share some of our ideas on these pigs.

So we've got our images there.

So let's just think about these links.

So very often we associate, and I should say probably wrongly, we very often associate pigs with gluttony and greed.

So you know, there's lots of like sayings in language where we refer to kind of gluttony and pigs.

And then again, similar idea that pigs are linked to the idea of greed.

And this is a very important theme in the allegory.

And we always get this idea that pigs are connected to mud and dirt, which is interesting when we think about our pigs in "Animal Farm" because very often we think about these words being used to describe lies.

You know this idea that you sling dirt on someone.

And which is interesting when we think of "Animal Farm." And we know that Orwell satirises the Soviet leaders and their choices and how they appear as greedy in his choice of animals.

So when we, we look at Orwell's choices of his characters, it is by no means any mistake that he has chosen things like pigs, donkeys, and horses to represent particular ideas.

Now thinking further about our pigs, we've got some images here to help you.

So I want us to think about what do the pigs consume throughout the novella and how does this go against the commandments? Again, you will need to pause the video to give yourself time to discuss these questions or just to think about them quietly on your own.

Off you go.

Well done everyone.

Once you start listing them, you notice there's actually quite a lot of things that the pigs consume throughout the novella, which again really emphasises this idea of greed.

So let's just work through them.

So we know that the pigs start with basic resources.

So they start consuming the milk, the apples, and we know that these are used as a means of control.

But then we know they move onto luxury items, which really emphasise their personal greed.

So they then start drinking whiskey.

Napoleon starts eating sugar, they start brewing beer.

So we can see how these kind of levels of consumption, how the more they consume, the more kind of corrupt they get.

We know as well that drinking alcohol, so they do this with the consuming of the whiskey, breaks the fifth commandment, which is no animal shall drink alcohol.

And also what this whiskey does furthermore, the food creates inequality between the pigs and animals.

And this could be considered the most important commandment.

So by drinking whiskey, eating sugar, taking away apples, taking away milk, it not only breaks specific commandments like the fifth commandment, but it breaks that all important commandments about all animals being equal.

And we know that all of this, all of this consumption goes against Old Major's idea that man is the only creature who consumes without producing.

Because actually we can see that the pigs also become consumers who don't produce, they don't produce or even labour for the apples.

They don't produce the milk, they don't make whiskey, and yet they are happy to consume these things.

And we also know that Napoleon orders sugar for his table and he is the only person that's allowed to eat it.

He doesn't even share it with the other pigs.

And this really shows the hypocrisy present in their leadership.

Now we know earlier on in the novel.

Early on in the novella, Mollie is absolutely berated for sugar.

She's told that it is.

You know, it shows slavery, it's a luxury.

But then actually the pigs go on to consume many luxury foods.

So they are really hypocritical in their actions.

It's a true or false time.

The pigs refuse to eat sugar because they believe it's hypocritical.

Is that true or false? Yes, of course it's false.

I don't think being hypocritical would stop the pigs doing anything.

But now it's time to justify your answer.

Yes, well done to everyone that noted the B.

So despite berating Mollie, Napoleon insists on having sugar for his table, which only he is allowed to eat.

So again, we see how food is used to really emphasise that hierarchy on the farm.

So what else is interesting about food and drink in the novella is the experiences that the animals have.

And as you look at quotes, you'll notice that the animals have a very different experience of food compared to the pigs.

So we're going to look at some quotes together and think about what these tell us about power control and inequality in "Animal Farm." So let's read these quotes about the animals' experiences.

So for days at a time the animals had nothing to eat, but chaff and mangels.

Starvation seemed to stare them in the face.

Once again, all rations were reduced except those of the pigs and the dogs.

And then finally, a special gift of an apple was bestowed on every animal with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for each dog.

So let's just explore what these quotes tell us about power control and inequality.

So we have this first quote and we see the animals, there is this really detailed description of how the animals are starving.

You know, they are forced to consume chaff and mangels day in, day out.

And whilst this is happening, we know that the pigs continue to consume luxury foods to excess.

So we can see these different experiences being represented through food.

And it really emphasises that stark inequality on the farm, which completely undermines the core principles of animalism.

And it shows that hierarchy, doesn't it? You know, these poor animals are starving, whereas the pigs are gorging themselves, they're gluttonous.

And we get this quote here, "and again, this shows how the animals continue to bear the brunt of the pigs' leadership." So we know that Squealer is very good at conceding the truth.

And he talks about it being not a reduction, an adjustment to their rations.

And it would appear that the animal suffering is paramount to maintaining the hierarchy on the farm.

If all of the sudden the animals had loads to eat, they would then be equal to the pigs.

And the pigs don't want that.

They need to maintain this hierarchy.

So actually the the animals' suffering and starving is beneficial to maintaining this hierarchy.

And I think this final quote is very interesting because we get this apple and we know throughout the novella the apple is a very important symbol.

And we will look at this further as the lesson progresses, but particularly in this quote, the symbol of the apple is really powerful.

And what Orwell is showing here is how the pigs are using basic resources to control the apple.

And we see here the apple, which has become part of the pigs' everyday diet.

So we know from earlier on in the novella they take the apples for themselves.

And here they're using this apple as a reward.

So this one single apple.

And it really reveals the pig's manipulation and the inequality.

So the pigs can gorge themselves on apples, but they are highly coveted by the animals and actually used as a gift or a reward.

Okay, little question time.

So complete this quote.

"For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but.

." Yeah, well done to everyone that noted chaff and mangels.

Now I believe that mangels are a sort of root vegetable.

So we know here that they're only eating the same vegetables over and over again.

So I want us to think about the symbol of the apple.

And it is a very important symbol in literature and I'm sure you can think of some examples yourself.

So what I'm going to ask you to do is in a moment you're going to pause the video and discuss, or you may want to think about your ideas or you may want to write them down.

But I want you to think if you can think of any examples where an apple is used in literary texts and what might the apple represent.

So now's the time to pause the video so you can consolidate your ideas.

Off you go.

Well done everyone.

I heard lots of examples that I hadn't thought of myself before.

So that's really great.

And it is interesting, isn't it? When you start to look at these examples, you start to notice how the apple is such an important symbol in literature and how prevalent it is.

So I think this is actually a really interesting thing to talk about.

Now I'm just gonna give you the two examples that I can think of.

So the first one that I always think of is "Snow White." So it's a really important symbol in "Snow White." And in "Snow White," The apple, if you remember, the queen presents the apple to Snow White.

And in that sense it represents temptation and deception.

We know it's a poison apple that the queen is giving Snow White.

So in this sense it represents temptation and deception.

Now, I can't help but think about "Animal Farm" in this sense.

And we know that Orwell draws on the fairy tale tradition.

And in the same way the apple becomes a symbol of the pigs is deception.

And also this idea that this everyday food stuff is being held up as a prize, a reward again shows this deception.

And also the pigs can't avoid the temptation of the apple.

Way back at the start of the rebellion, they take the apples for themselves.

So you can see how this apple, like in Snow White in "Animal Farm" comes to represent that idea of temptation and deception.

Now the other example I'm thinking of is the parable of Adam and Eve.

Now again, Adam and Eve, the apple is an very important symbol and we know that it causes lots of things to happen once that apple is consumed.

And in that parable it represents temptation and sin.

It is used to tempt Adam.

And then when he eats it, he is punished.

And again, this really reminds me of "Animal Farm" because the pigs are temped by power and control.

The turning point in the novella is when we see the milk and the apples taken, when Napoleon stands in front of them and it's that moment of temptation that he can't resist.

It's that moment that represents the temptation of power of control.

And Napoleon is happy to take that and we see that represented in the apples.

So it's a really interesting idea when you start to think about it, this important symbolic nature of that apple, that temptation, that sin and that deception.

So there is a lot that could be said about the symbolism of apples and how they're used throughout "Animal Farm." And the taking of the apples also marks the decline of the pigs' morals.

So in the same way Adam bites the apple and he is punished for his action, in succumbing to temptation, the pigs become immoral and they become sinful.

They go against everything they first believed in, they exploit the animals.

There is no sense that they are doing anything other than for themselves.

They are greedy and they are immoral.

So true or false time.

The apples in "Animal Farm" could symbolise temptation.

That's true.

Well done everyone.

Now it's time to justify your answer.

Yes, great.

It's that idea, isn't it? The pigs are tempted by power and control and we can see that symbolism of the apple really working there to emphasise those ideas in "Animal Farm." So we are already at our first practise task and what I would like you to do is thinking about everything we've looked at so far, I would like you to complete the following three sentences.

So Orwell uses the motif of food and drink in "Animal Farm" because.

Orwell uses the motif of food and drink in "Animal Farm" but.

And then finally, Orwell uses the motif of food and drink in "Animal Farm" so.

Before you completely sentence, think about all of the discussions we've had so far in the lesson to help you complete these sentences.

So I'm going to ask you now to pause the video so you have time to complete these sentences in full.

I look forward to seeing what you come up with.

Off you go, Well done everyone.

I really enjoyed all the different approaches to this task because there isn't really one way to answer these sentences and you may have an individual different perspective to someone else, which is absolutely fine.

So we're just gonna go through some examples.

And like I said, you may have something different, which is absolutely fine.

You may want to use these responses to add to your own answers, but let's just share our ideas.

So all our uses the motif for food and drink in "Animal Farm" because he wanted to reveal how basic resources can be exploited to maintain powerful hierarchies.

And actually if we think about the allegorical nature of Orwell's novella, this very much reflects what happened in the Soviet Union.

Second sentence, "Orwell uses the motif of food and drink in "Animal Farm," but arguably the symbolism of the apple is the most important.

Representing the pig's temptation into immoral behaviour." And then finally, "Orwell uses the motif of food and drink in "Animal Farm" so he can portray the corruption of ideals in the pigs' progression of inequality." So you can really see just through these three sentences how rich the motif of food and drink is in terms of themes and ideas throughout the novella.

So we are now at the second part of the lesson, so let's keep this momentum up.

We're doing so well.

So we've thought about where we see the motif for food and drink throughout the novella and what it could represent.

Now we're gonna look about at how we can use this in our own writing.

So tracing motifs throughout your essays is a really great way to elevate your writing.

So when tracing motifs, you should aim to do the following.

You should use multiple examples from across the text and you should make links between language and structure.

So this is a really good opportunity to comment on how the motif develops throughout the text.

So if we think.

We'll look at some examples in a moment, but using phrases such as initially, from the outset, turning point, furthermore, and finally can help you really plot the development of motifs throughout your essay.

And finally, when you're tracing motifs, you should also develop links and inferences.

So let's look at the conversation between these two students and we can start to look at what these ideas look like in pieces of writing.

So we have our student here.

She says, "Alex, can you help? I need to talk about structure and use more examples in my essays.

Do you know how to do this?" So Alex has replied, "of course, Laura.

So my first piece of advice is to think about everything we have learned on motifs.

Tracing a motif through an essay will help you do all of those things." So for you, let's really think about everything we have looked at in the first part of this lesson to do with the motif for food and drinks.

Let's keep that in our mind.

So Laura has also had a lesson on the motif for food and drink, and she's saying that her essay is on power and control.

So let's see what advice Alex gives.

So when we're thinking about a motif in relation to an essay question, the best thing to do is to think about the key moments where that motif appears.

So we are focusing on food and drink.

So for Laura, and I agree with Alex, we are telling her to think about some key moments where the motif of food and drink appears in the novella.

And Laura comes up with this.

So she says that for her, the most important parts where food and drink are mentioned are the taking of the milk and the apples, how the pigs use rations to control the animals and where the pigs sell boxer to buy whiskey.

So Laura has identified three key points in the novella where the motif of food and drink is mentioned.

Then Alex gives some really good advice.

He says, "great, you can now use this to bolster your comments throughout the essay." So what that means is that it will create a through line through your essay.

So those three points will almost become the structure of your essay and he gives another good advice there.

So in order to structure the essay and to discuss the motif, you should use phrases like initially or the turning point of the novella, furthermore, and finally.

So let's look at Laura's example.

So this is where she writes about the motif.

"The turning point of the novella is when the pigs take the milk and apples.

Initially, the pigs use basic resources to manipulate the animals, but this builds to luxury items like whiskey as their greed and power grow." So this is a really great start from Laura and we can see how using those phrases, so Laura uses turning point and initially to really trace that motif throughout the novella and to present it in her essay.

And Alex quite rightly says that "using those phrases and tracing the motif allows you to begin exploring structure whilst referring to multiple examples." So you can see how including a motif, including a reference to a motif in your essay, can really help you to create a developed and structured response.

Now let's look at these students.

So we have Jun here and he says, "hey Lucas.

Apparently I need to develop my inferences on key motifs.

Can you tell me how to do this?" And Lucas says, "oh, I see." And he gives some great advice here.

He says, "a good way to develop inference is to really focus on key themes and the writer's purpose." So when we're thinking about that motif, so for example the food and drink motif, why has Orwell included that? How do specific parts of the motif link to Orwell's messages and his purpose? And then Lucas gives another good bit advice.

He says, "try to say more than one thing about a particular example." And then he asked Jun for an example.

So we're gonna look at Jun's work and see how we can improve it.

So here's Jun's example.

Let's think about how he could develop the inference.

So he says, "Orwell uses the motif of food throughout the novella to emphasise the pigs' greed and control.

An example of this is the drinking of whiskey and the sugar on Napoleon's table." Now this is fine, we've got the reference to the motif and we've got a specific example and we've even linked to a particular theme and the writer.

But Lucas gives some even better advice and he says, "this is a good bar starting point, but there is so much more you can say." And he's quite right.

And he asks these key questions.

He says, "what else do these examples represent? And how does Orwell develop the motif in order to convey his messages?" So we're always thinking about how we can say more about these examples and how we can think about the development of these examples throughout the novella.

So Jun has going.

Is added to his response and he puts, "food symbolises more than just greed.

It links to the the idea of hypocrisy." So he's added another link to a different theme.

And then he adds in another example, "Napoleon orders sugar for his table, even though Mollie is berated by Snowball at the start for craving sugar and ribbons, the badge of slavery." And again, Lucas says, "but you can develop it even further.

Where else can you draw a link between food and hypocrisy?" So Jun comes back with, "hypocrisy is further explored in the justification of the drinking of whiskey and the changing of commandments." So we can see how Jun, just from that small inference at the start, has really developed these ideas.

He's now talking about multiple themes and linking examples as well.

And Lucas quite rightly says, "yes, Jun, can you see how developing and exploring an idea in detail is much more effective than making separate points?" And Lucas is absolutely right here.

And actually using a motif will encourage you to do all of those things.

So true or false time, you should only use one example to explore a motif.

True or false? False.

Yes, great.

I think most of you got that right.

So well done.

So now it's time to justify the answer.

Yeah, absolutely.

A range of examples from across the text can be used to demonstrate how the motif develops.

So we always want to be thinking about, we don't just wanna mention the motif of, for example, food and drink.

We wanna talk about how that motif develops across the novella and what that development shows us.

Okay, so in the additional materials is a model essay.

And what I would like you to do is I would like you to read that model essay and then I would like you to see if you can identify the following things.

So much like our previous students, I want you to see if you can find multiple examples to trace a motif throughout the text.

Can you find any clear links between language and structure? And then finally any developed links and inferences based on a key motif.

So you'll need to pause the video so you have time to read that essay and also identify those key features.

Pause the video.

Good luck.

Well done everyone.

Hopefully that model essay has given you a really good idea of how to effectively use a motif in your your own essay writing.

Now what I would like you to do is for our second practise task, we're going to think about this question.

How does Orwell use the motif of food and drink to explore ideas of power and control in "Animal Farm?" So this is our question, and I would like you to write a response to the question.

So you'll need to use the ideas from the start of the lesson.

So we've had lots of discussion.

You've got those lovely three sentences that we wrote in task A, and you've also got that model response in the additional materials to help you.

So I want you to use all of these things to help you write a response to the question.

I'm also going to give you some useful phrases to track your chosen motif.

And then I'm also going to give you these phrases as well to help you develop those ideas.

So remember, we don't just want one example or one theme, we want to really explore those ideas.

So pause the video to give yourself time to write your response, and I look forward to hearing what you come up with.

So do the best you can and pause the video.

Oh, well done everyone.

I could almost hear and feel the hard work happening there.

It's always really difficult to write your own responses, but you responded to that task brilliantly.

I really enjoyed seeing how some of you were using your initial three sentences from task A to help with your responses, and lots of you using that model essay.

So some of you're even using phrases and ideas from that to really help support your response.

So well done for using all of those tools available to you.

So what I would like you to do now is you may want to swap work with somebody else.

You may be happier marking your own work, but any of these are absolutely fine.

And what I would like you to do is just to check through the work in front of you and just make sure you have included the following.

So have you included a use of multiple examples to trace a motif? So where you have mentioned a motif, have you used more than one example from the text to really develop that? Have you made clear links between language and structure? So have you used phrases like initially, furthermore, later on, and finally? And are there developed links and inferences based on a key motif? So thinking back to our students, have you really fully explored your initial ideas? Have you said lots about one thing? So pause a video to give yourself time to do that.

You may want to note down any feedback, so something you have done well or something that you are going to improve for next time.

So pause the video and just check over your work.

Well done everyone.

We have done it.

We have made it to the end of the lesson.

So well done for all of your hard work and you should be very proud at completing a response to the question.

So let's just remind ourselves of everything we've looked at.

So we know that the pigs prioritise their personal greed over the values outlined by Old Major.

That the apple could represent the parable of Adam and Eve and the fall from grace.

So we looked a lot, didn't we, at that really powerful symbol of the apple.

Food symbolises more than just greed.

Its symbolises hypocrisy.

The food the pigs take builds from the basics to luxury such as whiskey.

And tracing motifs as an effective way to develop your essays.

So again, thank you so much for joining me today.

I've really enjoyed being your teacher and I really hope to see you all again soon.

So until then, bye-bye.