Hello everyone.

My name's Ms. Keller.

Welcome to today's lesson.

In this session, we are going to be taking a deep dive into Robert Louis Stevenson's, the "Strange Case of Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." And we are going to be focusing on primal instincts versus progress.

So grab your copy of the text and let's get started.

So by the end of today's lesson, we will be able to explore how Stevenson reflects Victorian attitude to morality in his depictions of Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde.

So let's explore today's keywords.

We have: facade, debauchery, Calvinism, primitive, and primal instincts.

So do take a moment to familiarise yourself with these words and definitions because we are going to be encountering them quite frequently in today's lesson.

I'd just like to draw your attention to that first word there, facade, which is a deceptive outward appearance, hiding a person's true feelings or character.

So we're really starting to get this distinction between the outward facade and perhaps what somebody is like behind this.

So if we think about Jekyll and Hyde, this is a fantastic word that we can use to describe that relationship between Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde because we could almost argue that Dr.

Jekyll is the facade of respectability that everybody else sees, and perhaps Edward Hyde is maybe the true self that hides underneath.

So do bear that in mind as we go through today's lesson.

So what is the lesson gonna look like? Well, we're going to start off by exploring the wider context and thinking about morality and reputation in Victorian society.

And then we're going to take our deep dive into the novella by comparing these depictions of Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

So I'd like to start off by thinking about Victorian morality.

So Victorian society was structured around strict moral codes, and these were influenced by Christianity primarily.

So the majority of Victorians were influenced by Christian teachings, which emphasise virtue such as honesty, charity and chastity.

And the Church as an organisation played a significant role in shaping moral values of dictating acceptable behaviour.

So we did have these holy books where people were perhaps getting ideas for how they should behave, but we also did have this guidance from the Church as an organisation.

So they were quite important to Victorian society.

People also believed in stricter Calvinist views such as hard work, frugality and self-discipline.

So Calvinism is a certain sect of Christianity where perhaps life for Calvinist was supposed to be simpler, frugality.

It was less about the excesses, perhaps, of modern society.

People followed these moral codes out of fear of being sent to hell.

So there was always this consequence that if they didn't behave very well on earth when it came to the end of their life, they would be going to hell.

However, during the 1800s, Charles Darwin published his book, "On the Origin of the Species." So this was about halfway through the century.

And this text fundamentally changed how many people viewed humanity because this text stated that instead of being created by God, humans had evolved from other creatures over millions of years.

So these are two.

This debate, in fact, still rages on because these are the two ideas about creation that seem to prevail.

We have this religious idea that people were created by a God, in this case, a Christian God, versus evolution and the scientific method over time that we have evolved from animals.

So following this idea, some people's views began to shift away from religious teaching towards these evolutionary ideas such as "survival of the fittest," and then believe in humans to have an animalistic side since we now had belief that there was a relationship between the animal kingdom and human beings, which perhaps the religious creation story didn't really include.

So the "Strange Case of Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" was published in 1886, so nearly 30 years after the publication of "On the Origin of Species." And many people, despite this shift in the way that people were starting to view humanity, many people still followed Christianity at this point in history.

So I like to hand over to you here for a discussion.

How do you think these moral influences, so both the Christian teachings and the Christian way of life, and this idea of "On the Origin of the Species" and the changes that this had on people's perceptions of humanity, how do you think that this might have shaped people's reactions to reading "Jekyll and Hyde"? So pause the video here where you have a think.

Take some time to discuss it with the people around you, and when you're ready for us to discuss it together, click Play.

Welcome back.

So we could argue that Hyde might have been viewed by Christian readers as a "hellish" creature.

And actually, Stevenson uses this word to describe him, also uses the word "damned." So there are definitely these links here to this idea of hell.

Also, the struggle between good and evil would probably been perceived by Christian readers.

This idea that perhaps Jekyll could represent good, and Hyde could represent evil.

And then also taking that a little bit further, this idea that there is this sinful nature inside of everyone.

So this idea that Jekyll perhaps is that facade of respectability, and then underneath, Hyde could symbolise that sinful nature inside us all.

They may also be worried that Jekyll was unable to find redemption before his death.

This idea that unfortunately before he died, he wasn't able to live a moral life or perhaps find redemption for some of the things that Hyde did.

And also they might viewed Hyde as some sort of divine punishment for using science to tamper with God's design.

So Hyde could almost be viewed here as a consequence of perhaps moving away from a religious way of life or a religious conception of humanity to almost using science to play God to change ideas of humanity.

So now let's move on to the "Origin of the Species" said.

So how might people that have perhaps bought into this way of thinking about humanity, how might they have reacted to this text? So they might have picked up on the idea that humans like animals are driven by primal instincts and desires.

We've got this idea that a lot of Hyde's animalistic aggression, and perhaps even deformed in human appearance could imply that he is less evolved.

So perhaps here we could read the depictions of Hyde as maybe Stevenson implying that we all perhaps have these links to that animalistic side and perhaps symbolising that evolutionary journey that humans have gone on.

We've also got this idea that humans and animals are not that different.

So perhaps there is this animalistic side inside all of us, this perhaps core creature that we as humans have evolved away from over time.

And then also this final idea, again, picking up on this idea of duality, so this good and evil, good and bad, perhaps people are both good and bad and they're not necessarily one thing or another.

There's not good people and bad people, per se.

So perhaps it changes the way we view that struggle between good and evil.

So Victorian public behaviour was heavily focused on ideas of respectability, and we began to touch on this idea when we are having our discussions a moment ago.

So over to you for another discussion then.

What values do you think Victorians viewed as respectable? Welcome back.

So let's discuss Victorian ideas of respectability.

We can group them around four different key areas or key aspects of daily life or moral character.

So first of all, we've got ideas related to self-discipline.

So respectable Victorians praised sobriety, hard work and frugality.

These things were encouraged, in fact, move away from excess or loss of control, or anything that could be perceived perhaps to be lazy or indulgent.

These things were frowned upon.

When it came to relationships and marriage, there were strict moral codes around sex before marriage.

It was extremely frowned upon.

People were often shunned from society if they had children outside of wedlock.

And marriage was viewed as a lifelong commitment because of the religious ideals underpinning society.

When it came to modesty and humility, wealth and vanity were viewed as distractions from moral and spiritual purpose.

Much of Victorian ideas around respectability was really revolved around being a good person and this shift away from excess because it was seen as this distraction, this giving into your wants and your desires perhaps overtaking that moral path.

And modest dress was encouraged, especially for women.

And then finally, social responsibility.

Helping the poor was seen as a Christian duty, and many people believed that leaders and public figures should embody Christian values.

So there really was this expectation, particularly on the upper classes, to lead by example.

So over to you again then.

Did Victorians embody these values in reality? Pause the video here where you have a think.

Take some time to discuss it.

And when you're ready for us to feedback together, click Play.

Welcome back.

Many people come to the conclusion that in reality, most Victorians didn't live their lives by these moral codes.

And actually, in fact, when it came to self-discipline, despite values such as sobriety and frugality being encouraged, pubs, bars and opium dens, which were places where people went to use drugs, were very, very popular.

And wealthy life revolved around indulgence and excess.

When it came to relationships and marriage, thousands of people worked as prostitutes.

And actually up to 5% of all births during this point in history were to unmarried women.

So these rules around sex before marriage was certainly not being followed.

When it came to modesty and humility, the class divide was enormous in the 1800s and fashion and makeup trends were extremely popular.

And then finally, social responsibility.

The poor were actually imprisoned or sent to workhouses, which really went against that idea of a Christian duty to help the poor.

And there were also lots of public scandals involving high-status individuals.

What was really interesting about Victorian society is that many people had this public versus private persona.

Many hid their immoral debaucherous behaviour behind a facade of moral respectability.

So what do I mean by this? Well, they fulfilled their primal desires, their wants in secret.

And there are lots of examples of secret societies, people using disguises or aliases, which are false identities, in order to get this anonymity, in order to not have their name, have their reputation attached to their immoral behaviour.

And then in public, they are displaying their moral virtues.

So through philanthropy, which is using their time and their money to help people in need, people that are vulnerable, through religious worship, through dressing modestly out in public, and through managing scandals discreetly.

This was quite common.

If people perhaps of the upper classes found themselves in trouble, people were often paid off or bribed maybe in order to avoid a public scandal.

So let's stop here and check our understanding so far.

True or false? Morality was important to Victorians because many people were religious.

Pause the video here while you have a think and click Play when you're ready to continue.

Welcome back and well done to those of you who said true.

So why is that? Well, morality was important to Victorians because of their religious views.

And as such, there were strict codes for moral behaviour.

However, this just resulted in many people adopting this public and private persona we were just talking about in order to keep their immoral behaviour secret.

It didn't stop them from doing the immoral things, it just stopped them from doing it in public.

So onto our first practise task today.

So here we have an image from an early adaptation of "Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," and we can see the two figures there in the picture.

So what I'd like you to do is discuss the following question.

How does Jekyll and Hyde, both this image and the novella as a whole, link to Victorian ideas of morality and public reputation? So things that you might want to consider: what this image suggests about public and private personas, what it implies about Victorian moral values and any link to these ideas that you can identify in the novel, in particular, key chapters or scenes, quotes or themes.

So pause the video here where you take some time to discuss it with the people around you or make some notes.

Do a mind map on your paper or laptop if you're working on your own.

And when you're ready for us to feedback together, click Play.

Welcome back.

So let's explore how some of our Oak pupils responded to the task.

So Izzy starts off then by discussing the image, and she says, "The way each man is stood places Jekyll above Hyde," if we see, because Hyde is crouched over.

And she thinks that "this could symbolise how Jekyll is morally superior to him, and how Hyde represents a lower side to Jekyll's character." So we've really seen that hierarchy there in that image.

Jacob said, "Each man's pose is interesting.

Jekyll is stood proudly with his head held high, whereas Hyde is crouched like an animal ready to pounce.

And this could symbolise each man's humanity." So perhaps we've got that moral attachment there to how each man is stood.

Jekyll is proud because he's morally superior and Hyde perhaps is crouched because he's that lower side of Jekyll's character.

So Izzy also says, "This image suggests that moral character is important to Victorian society because people who engaged in immoral uncivilised acts were seen as less worthy or less important than others." So she's really picking up there on the different heights of the men in that picture.

And Jacob continues to suggest that "the image suggests that public and private personas were important to Victorians.

It implies that beneath every respectable person was an animal driven to fulfil only primal instincts." And finally, their links to the novella.

So Izzy suggests that this image reminds her "of when Hyde attacks Carew with an 'ape-like fury.

'" And then Jacob said that the image reminds him "of the description of Jekyll as having 'a slyish cast perhaps, but every mark of capacity and kindness,'" because this quote suggests that there's that duality to his nature." Okay, so we've made it to the halfway point of today's lesson.

Let's start applying some of that contextual knowledge to some extracts from the text.

So before we do, let's just recap how Stevenson draws on Victorian attitudes to morality and reputation in his descriptions of Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde.

So what I'd want you to do is to think about how you would describe both men.

So pause the video here while you have a think and when you're ready for us to discuss it together, click Play.

Welcome back.

So first of all, Jekyll.

We might describe him as respectable, social, kind-hearted, friendly, charitable, intelligent and repressed.

So what about Hyde? Well, we might describe him as immoral, violent, cruel, withdrawn, ruthless, primitive and impulsive.

And then in the middle there, what words could we use perhaps to describe both men? What do they have in common? Maybe that they're both conflicted, ambitious, uncontrollable, and secretive.

So do perhaps make a note here of a few great words that you might wanna take through this part of the lesson and use when you come to later on discussing and thinking about how each of these men are presented.

So let's start off with extract one.

So this is taken from the chapter, "Dr.

Jekyll was Quite at Ease." And in this part of the novella, Jekyll has invited Utterson and others to dinner.

So take some time to read the text carefully.

And when you've done that, I'd like you to take some time to discuss or make notes about the following questions: How does Stevenson present Jekyll in this extract? How does his depiction of Jekyll change after Jekyll's questioned by Utterson about Mr. Hyde? So pause the video here while you take some time to read it.

Make your notes, have a discussion, and when you're ready for us to feedback together, click Play.

Welcome back.

So we'll start with that first question then.

So in this extract, we could argue that Jekyll is depicted as a very sociable person.

People enjoy his company.

His friends are well-respected, high-status men.

By association, Dr.

Jekyll is too.

So then as the extract continues, we also start to see how physically opposite he is to Hyde.

We have our descriptions of Hyde earlier in the novella as being quite hunched, as being perhaps smaller than a human.

And here, Jekyll is large, well-made, smooth-faced.

He's also warm and kind and friendly.

Yet there is the hint of something devious about him, something of a slyish cast.

So we do already have that subtle hint that perhaps he's not as nice and kind and warmhearted as he seems. So onto that second question then, how does his depiction of Jekyll change after Jekyll is questioned about Mr. Hyde? So at first, Jekyll manages to control his reaction and it's only noticeable to someone who's studying closely, this close observer.

So he manages to smooth it over in a respectable way.

He doesn't lose his cool at this point.

However, he does start to lose control when he talks about Lanyon and what he says descends into a bit of a rant.

And we know that Lanyon is a character who disapproves of his scientific experiments.

We've got this hide-bound pedant, Lanyon.

"I was never more disappointed in any man," and he seems to go off here on a bit of a rant.

And then as the extract continues, he continues to lose control, actually reacting angrily when Utterson mentions the will again.

He responds a trifle sharply.

There's just that edge to his voice when he responds to Utterson.

And maybe that facade of respectability is starting to slip.

And then Utterson pushes the issue again and Jekyll's face completely changes.

The large handsome face of Dr.

Jekyll grew pale to the very lips, and there came a blackness about his eyes.

So over to you then.

How do you think that Jekyll is feeling in this particular line? So pause at the video while you have a think and when you're ready for us to discuss it together, click Play.

Welcome back.

Lots of great suggestions there.

Some people thinking that Jekyll might seem scared, or guilty, angry, and like he's losing control.

He's definitely feeling some big feelings that is causing him to lose his cool.

So then as the extract continues, he explains to Utterson a little bit about the issue and asks if it can be put to rest, if Utterson can drop the matter.

And in doing so, he reveals a little bit more about his feelings towards Hyde and perhaps the relationship between them.

So over to you again then.

What is interesting about Jekyll's behaviour here? Pause the video, take some time to have a think, and click Play when you're ready for us to feedback together.

Welcome back.

Some really interesting responses there.

So what is interesting about Jekyll's behaviour in this part of the text? Well, when he actually delivers this speech, he's thinking about both of these men as two different figures.

Yeah, he's talking about Hyde as someone else and not as an extension of himself.

So perhaps what's interesting here is that when he talks about Hyde, so he's separating them in his mind, he seems to revert back to the old Jekyll.

Once again, he becomes polite, as she'd like you to understand, kind and caring.

He has a great interest in poor Hyde.

He's imploring Utterson to look after Hyde, even though Hyde's not a very nice person.

So we're definitely seeing a lot of Jekyll's more respectable aspects of his character coming out here.

What else could we interpret this? Have another think.

Let's see if we can think of any alternative interpretations.

So pause the video again and click Play when you're ready for us to feedback together.

So how else could we have interpreted it? Well, we could also have thought that perhaps he worried that one day Hyde could take control permanently.

So instead of perhaps just merely being kind and caring and looking out for Mr. Hyde, there could be this selfish agenda here as well, because we do get this fear that Jekyll seems to worry that he will be taken away.

If I'm taken away, this is what I want you to do.

So perhaps he's trying to almost ensure that protection for himself while he still can.

So let's pause and check our understanding of that first extract.

True or false? Henry Jekyll is confident he has full control over Hyde.

Pause the video here and click Play when you're ready for me to reveal the correct answer.

Okay, welcome back and well done to those of you who said false.

So why is that? Well, Jekyll fears that he may lose control in the future since he asks us to look after Hyde's interests if he is taken away.

So we are seeing that element of fear, which implies that perhaps he's not as much in control as he'd like to think he is.

So now on to extract two.

So this extract is from "Search for Mr. Hyde." So in this part of the novella, Utterson and Hyde meet for the first time.

So take some time again to read the extract really carefully.

You can find it in the additional materials.

And when you've done that, I would like you to answer the following questions: How does Stevenson present Hyde in this extract? And can you identify any similarities between Hyde and Jekyll in these two extracts? You might wanna have another look over extract one as well and begin comparing how the men are depicted in each extract.

So pause the video here and click Play when you're ready for us to feedback together.

Okay, welcome back.

So let's explore how Stevenson presents Hyde in this second extract.

So the end of the extract, Stevenson describes Hyde's appearance in detail, and we learn that he's physically opposite to Jekyll.

So where he emphasised how large Jekyll was here, Mr. Hyde is pale and dwarfish, and we also get this impression that something about him is abnormal, or even inhuman.

He gave an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation.

So there's nothing that you can quite put your finger on, but there's something not quite right.

So over to you again then.

What is interesting about these descriptions? Pause the video here and click Play to discuss it together.

Okay, welcome back.

So what's interesting is that these descriptions are contradictory.

He's deformed yet not deformed, he's shy, yet confident, this mixture of timidity and boldness.

He's difficult to describe, in other words, yet extremely unlikable.

So over to you again then.

How does this description link to other characters' descriptions of Hyde? So pause the video here where you have a think and click Play when you're ready for us to feedback together.

Okay, welcome back.

So well done if you picked up on the idea that Enfield also describes him in a similar way in Chapter 1.

He doesn't like Hyde, but he can't put his finger on why.

So this is a recurring theme when it comes to Hyde.

People don't know why they don't like him.

They get a bad, ominous feeling about him.

So continuing on then.

He then describes Utterson's impression of Hyde.

So how does Utterson feel about him? So pause the video here while you have a think and click Play when you're ready to continue.

Okay, welcome back.

So how does Utterson feel about Hyde? Well, he describes him as inhuman and primitive, uncivilised, his word "troglodytic," evil.

I've got this idea that you "read Satan's signature upon a face." So let's move on to the second question where we're thinking about similarities between how Hyde and Jekyll are depicted in these extracts.

So can you find any quotes from both extracts which show any similarities between the two men? So pause the video here while you have a think.

Take a look over those extracts and when you're ready for us to feedback together, click Play.

Okay, welcome back.

So some quotes that we might have pulled out of these extracts then.

Both men are clearly hiding a secret and they behave in the same way when they're put on the spot.

In the first extract, Jekyll reacts negatively to being asked about his will, but so subtly that it's difficult to notice.

We had this idea that only a close observer might have gathered that the topic was distasteful, whereas Hyde is nervous to meet Utterson at first, and then he quickly recovers.

His fear is only momentary.

So we've got this real subtle change in the behaviour of both men, clearly implying that they're hiding something.

So what's interesting about their behaviour here? So have a little look at how both men react.

Pause the video here and click Play when you're ready to discuss it together.

Okay, welcome back.

So what is interesting about the behaviour? Well, both men momentarily show signs of the other's character.

Jekyll has this brief flash of anger, which we might associate with Hyde, whereas Hyde becomes nervous and hesitant.

So arguably, Stevenson is really foreshadowing that link between the two men here in a very clever and subtle way.

So let's check our understanding again.

Which of these words would you use to describe the presentation of Hyde? Pause the video here while you make your mind up and click Play when you're ready for me to reveal the correct answer.

Okay, welcome back and well done to those of you who said C, Utterson describes him as "troglodytic," referring to the word troglodyte, which was a word meaning cave-dweller that Victorians often used to describe uncivilised or brutish people.

So now it's time for the second practise task of today's lesson.

And what I would like you to do is write a paragraph comparing how Stevenson presents Jekyll and Hyde.

So we're comparing each of those characters directly.

So at the bottom of the screen there, you've got a list of things that you should include in your answer.

So do bear these things in mind as you're writing and perhaps take some time once you've finished writing to check you've included everything.

So pause the video here while you give this a really good go and click Play when you're ready for us to feedback together.

Okay, welcome back.

So here is how Izzy, one of our Oak students, responded.

"Stevenson contrasts Jekyll and Hyde to represent different aspects of morality and human nature.

Jekyll is shown as a respectable, well-liked gentleman.

He is described as having "every mark of capacity and kindness," emphasising his status as kind and honourable.

Hosting dinners for "intelligent, reputable men" reinforces his social standing.

However, a "blackness" appears in his eyes when Hyde is mentioned, hinting at inner turmoil.

Stevenson's use of adjectives here portrays Jekyll's public respectability while hinting at his internal conflict.

By contrast, Mr. Hyde represents savagery and moral corruption.

He is described as "pale and dwarfish" with "a sort of murderous mixture of timidity and boldness." Hyde's appearance and behaviour evoke disgust, with Utterson noting something "troglodytic about him, suggesting he's barely human.

Stevenson uses dehumanising, animalistic language to depict Hyde's brutishness and evoke fears of moral decay.

Stevenson presents Jekyll and Hyde this way to explore human duality and the tension between outward respectability and inner desires, reflecting Victorian morality.

Jekyll symbolises the public persona, while Hyde represents darker impulses repressed by society.

The contrasting language highlights this divide, with Jekyll described warmly and Hyde grotesquely." So now it's time for you to review your response, asking yourself the following questions: So did you include that all important description of how each man was presented? Have you got important supporting detail from those extracts? Have you analysed Stevenson's use of language? Are you considering why you think it is he presents them in this way? So remember, link into context there.

And are you using comparative language? So take a moment to label where you've included each of the above in your response.

Add in anything you've missed.

Pause the video here while you review your response and click Play when you're ready to continue.

Okay, so we've made it to the end of today's lesson.

So let's just summarise what we've covered.

Victorian morality emphasised strict social codes, outward respectability and repression of personal desires.

Public and private personas were important.

People publicly adhered to societal norms and hid behaviour that could harm their reputations.

Jekyll is portrayed as well-liked and respected, whereas Hyde is presented as primitive, violent and feared.

Contrasting language depicts them, reflecting Victorian anxieties about morality and the dark side of human nature.

There are subtle similarities between both Jekyll and Hyde, foreshadowing that they are two sides of the same person.

So thanks very much for joining me in today's lesson.

I hope you've enjoyed it as much as I have.

I look forward to seeing you again soon.