Hello everyone, my name's Ms. Keller, and I'm so glad you could join me for today's lesson.

In this session, we are taking a deep dive into Robert Louis Stevenson's novella, "The Strange Case of Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." And in particular, we are going to be focusing on repression and fragmented identities.

So grab your copy of the text and let's get started.

By the end of the lesson, we will be able to explore how and why Stevenson presents Jekyll as losing control of his fragmented identity.

So today's keywords then we have fragmented, repression, efficacy, psychoanalysis and alienation.

So do pause the video here if you need to and make sure you are really familiar with all of these words, because you're going to be encountering them quite a lot in today's lesson.

But I just wanted to draw your attention to those first two words there because they are in the lesson title.

So they are going to be a key focus for us today.

So first of all, we've got this idea of something being fragmented, meaning it is broken into smaller parts or fragments, often referring to something that was once whole or unified.

So we can already see how we might imply that to the novella because we know that Jekyll and Hyde are part of this fragmented identity.

The identity of one person has split into two smaller parts.

And then this second word, repression, which is the unconscious suppression of desires, thoughts or emotions, often due to societal or personal pressures.

So this is when perhaps people have these desires or thoughts or feelings about something, but perhaps they know that they might not be accepted by society or their family or people that they have a close relationship with.

So what they do is they suppress it, they push it down and make sure it doesn't come out into their public behaviour.

So again, we can really start to see how we might apply this to the novella because we could argue perhaps that Hyde might in some way symbolise some of the things that Jekyll has been repressing.

So how is today's lesson going to look? Well, we are going to start off by exploring the wider context, so thinking about Victorian attitudes to human psychology, and then we're going to take our deep dive into the text and we're going to explore fragmented identity by comparing depictions of Jekyll and Hyde.

So during the height of the Industrial Revolution, Victorian society sort of rise in the number of people suffering with psychological conditions.

So I'd like to over to you for a quick fire discussion to start us off here.

How do you think the Industrial Revolution might have contributed to this? So pause the video here while you take some time to have a think, discuss it with the people around you or make some notes if you're working on your own.

And when you're ready for us to feedback together, click play.

Welcome back, some really, really interesting ideas that I overheard there.

So let's discuss this in a bit more detail.

How do we think then that the Industrial Revolution might have contributed to this rise in psychological conditions? Well, first of all, a really key factor about the Industrial Revolution that's relevant here is the growth in population.

The number of people particularly living in big cities like London, grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution.

And as a result, this often led to feelings of isolation and alienation because actually living in a really busy, chaotic place where there's lots and lots of people, you might think to yourself, how could you feel alienated? Well, it's really easy to become anonymous.

The idea of close-knit communities vanished with this growth in population.

So perhaps people didn't know their friends as well as they might have done living in a small community.

They didn't know their neighbours, they didn't know the people that they passed on the street.

There was also a lot of abject poverty.

Many people were living in overcrowded conditions, poor nutrition, low pay, and very poor working conditions, which understandably led to a rise in anxiety and depression.

And also during this point in history, we saw the development of really strict moral codes.

There were quite strict expectations for how people were expected to behave in public.

And as a result, this meant that people often repressed their personal desires, leading to this idea of a fragmented identity, a public face versus a private face.

So let's think more carefully about psychological trauma in Victorian society.

So this is really intense psychological suffering.

So people didn't really begin to have a grasp of human psychology until the rise of psychoanalysis in the early 1900s.

So this is one of those key words from the beginning of the lesson.

And psychoanalysis is a branch of psychology that was developed by somebody called Sigmund Freud.

And it focused on the idea that people have unconscious thoughts or feelings or desires, and unconscious means things that we are not necessarily aware of while we are awake.

So they're very subtle and perhaps hidden deep within us.

So this understanding was really important in the 1900s because it changed how we thought about mental health.

And before this, for example, in Victorian society, people viewed psychological conditions as a sign of weakness or moral failure.

And while the rise of medical science was gradually changing perceptions of psychological conditions, many people still believed that sufferers have been possessed by dark spirits.

Because if you remember, a lot of people during Victorian society were very religious.

So many people saw a link between psychological trauma and evil.

So let's dig into this idea of psychoanalysis and repression a bit more.

So Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis suggests that the mind is divided into conscious and unconscious parts.

So conscious being we're awake, we know what we are thinking, we can articulate this.

And then unconscious is what we were saying before, this idea of hidden thoughts that perhaps even we aren't quite aware of.

And repression occurs when undesirable thoughts or desires or memories are pushed into the unconscious to avoid anxiety or guilt, so when the conscious mind decides that perhaps it doesn't want to think about these things, it doesn't want to engage with these thoughts or desires or memories.

So it pushes them into this part of our minds that we aren't able to access.

And these repressed feelings don't disappear because they're simply in this unconscious part of our mind, but instead begin to influence people's behaviour indirectly, often manifesting in unhealthy ways.

So I'd like you to just have a think about this idea of repression.

How could this link to Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde? So have a little bit of think about what happens in the novella and any links that you might be able to identify.

Pause the video here while you take some time to discuss it.

And when you're ready for us to feedback together, click play.

Welcome back, I heard lots of really good links there.

so well done if you are picking up on this idea that Jekyll's repression of his darker desires mirrors Freud's ideas as it's his repressed urges that emerge uncontrollably through Hyde.

So arguably these two characters could represent these different sides to somebody's identity.

So let's explore repression in a bit more detail.

Strict moral codes in Victorian society governed public behaviour with heavy emphasis on chastity, modesty and self-control, and respectability was really important, especially to the wealthy where their reputation was crucial.

So it was really encouraged in Victorian society to be seen as a good person, a morally upstanding person who didn't indulge in excessive behaviours and who didn't do anything that was thought to be sinful.

So how could these ideas lead to a fragmented identity for people like Dr.

Jekyll? So pause the video here where you have a think, and when you're ready for us to discuss it together, click play.

Welcome back, so well done if you're picking up on this idea that many people in Victorian society had fragmented identities as a result of these strict moral codes, and in fact a lot of people had these conflicting public and private personas, they behaved one way out in public where other people could see them and a very different way behind closed doors because they were repressing their desires in public and these impulses that they had.

So therefore, they were engaging in immoral behaviour in secret.

So class played an important role in perceptions of psychological conditions during this point in history.

So treatment for the wealthy.

So wealthy people that were struggling with psychological conditions had access to medical treatments that were more humane.

They could go to private asylums or sanatoriums, and these were places dedicated to treating people who were suffering with psychological conditions and they had access to experimental treatments, like hydrotherapy.

There were also lots of examples of wealthy people who have been diagnosed with psychological conditions being prescribed rest cures.

So this was long periods of bedrest and complete isolation from stressful environment.

And I would argue that that's quite similar to what we might recommend somebody suffering with a psychological conditions today, particularly anxiety or depression.

And also wealthy people were able to hide, they were able to hide others who in their families perhaps that were suffering and they were able to hide away themselves, perhaps shut away at home or sent away to the countryside.

Whereas treatment for the poor looked very different.

The poor faced much harsher conditions and they had limited access to treatment.

Treatments were often punitive, meaning it seemed like a punishment, and they were focused on controlling the disruptive behaviour.

So they were less about treating the cause of perhaps a psychological trauma, but instead focused on controlling that person's behaviour perhaps so they could behave in a civilised way in public.

There were public asylums such as the infamous Bethlem Hospital, which was known as Bedlam.

And Bedlam was known for its inhumane conditions, chaining up patients and really mistreating the people who were staying there.

The people were often ostracised by the local community and left to suffer alone as outcasts.

And this very much led to that lack of understanding of psychological conditions.

So how could this link to perceptions of Jekyll and Hyde? So thinking about each of the men separately here.

So pause the video here while you think, discuss it, and when you're ready to feedback together, click play.

Welcome back, Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are clearly struggling with a fragmented identity and inner conflict.

But what we have that's quite different about them is the way that their class seems to be depicted, because we know that Jekyll is upper class.

He's initially depicted as rational, dignified, and upstanding, whereas Mr. Hyde is depicted as wild, animalistic and a social outcast.

So we've already got these very different public perceptions of both men.

And as a result of Jekyll's class, the darker aspects of his personality that ultimately lead to him becoming Hyde are hidden behind this facade of respectability.

And when Jekyll's friends discover that perhaps he might be struggling, they respond with concern and pity even when they suspect that he's connected to this shady figure, Mr. Hyde.

However, the darker aspects of Hyde's personality are always on show.

They're not hidden away behind this respectable public face.

And as a result, other people treat him with disgust, fear and social alienation.

There were no attempts to rehabilitate Hyde.

So let's pause here and check our understanding so far.

Psychological conditions were not fully understood in the 1800s.

Instead, they were viewed as a sign of what? So pause the video here while you have a think.

And when you're ready for me to reveal the correct answer, click play.

Welcome back, and well done to those of you who said B and D, they were viewed as a sign of weakness or moral failure.

Another question then, in "Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," how are Jekyll and Hyde perceived by others? So pause the video here while you have a think, and when you're ready for me to reveal the answer, click play.

Welcome back, and well done to those of you who said B, Jekyll is treated with sympathy because he is a respected figure, while Hyde, who isn't very well respected in society, is feared and seen as dangerous.

So now it's time for the first practise task of today's lesson.

So some people have argued that Hyde is Jekyll's repressed true self.

So I'd like you to discuss your views on this idea, or if you're working on your own, perhaps do a mind map, make some notes.

And you should consider the following questions, which is a person's true self, their public or their private identity? Are Jekyll and Hyde two separate identities or two halves of one identity how you read in the depiction of these two men? Is someone's true self more dominant than their other identities? And can having multiple identities weaken someone's sense of their true self? So they're all really important questions to consider.

And what I'd like you to do is support your ideas with relevant examples from the text and from what you know about the wider context.

So pause the video here and when you're ready for us to discuss it together, click play.

Welcome back, so here's how some of our Oak pupils approached their discussion.

So Izzy said, "I think Hyde is Jekyll's true identity because he represents the real desires Jekyll has that he keeps repressed.

Usually, the truth is something hidden underneath falsehood or facades.

So I think Hyde is a representation of this." However, Jacob disagrees.

He thinks that, "Hyde cannot be Jekyll's true identity because ultimately Jekyll becomes very unhappy once Hyde starts to take over.

While Jekyll finds becoming Hyde liberating at first, he quickly realises that this isn't what he truly wants." And Jun said, "I think Jekyll's true self is probably a mixture of both personas." So he actually sits somewhere in the middle.

"Once they become fragmented, they are no longer mixed.

So Jekyll's true nature becomes conflicted since now he can only be one or the other, whereas before he exhibited elements of each identity." So over to you then.

Whose response did you find most convincing and why? So pause the video while you have a think and click play when you're ready to continue.

Okay, so we've reached the halfway point of today's lesson.

Let's dive into the text.

So during this part of the lesson, we are going to be exploring Henry Jekyll's full statement of the case, so towards the end of the novella, in which Jekyll explains how he gradually lost control of Hyde after his first transformation.

And we're going to track how this loss of control takes place.

So initially in this chapter, Jekyll is confident of his ability to separate his identities and he's optimistic about how this could be used for moral goods.

So if you see I've put that cross there at the very top, 'cause we're going to build a line graph showing how this changes across the chapter.

So a quote from the beginning, "I learned to recognise the thorough and primitive duality of man.

If each, I told myself, could but be housed in separate identities, life would be relieved of all that was unbearable." So he's got quite an optimistic outlook.

He's actually seeing how perhaps transformation like this could have a positive outcome for people.

They might be able in fact, to escape this darker side of their identity.

And because Jekyll has successfully repressed his immoral behaviour and led a moral public life, when Hyde first appears, he's much younger and weaker than him.

So he notes, "The evil side of my nature was less robust and less developed.

It had been much less exercised and much less exhausted." So Hyde seems younger, less developed, weaker because he hasn't had as much access to the wider world.

He hasn't been the public face as much as Dr.

Jekyll has.

So here we definitely get this idea that Jekyll is in control, he is stronger, he's confident, he's optimistic.

However, he begins to notice that Hyde is growing bigger and stronger.

He says, "It had seemed to me of late as though the body of Edward Hyde had grown in stature." So it seems that the more Edward Hyde does become the public face of both men, he is growing, he's becoming more dominant.

And then Jekyll begins to worry that he's gradually losing control and actually he's becoming more Hyde than he is Jekyll.

And he starts to worry about the efficacy of the drugs.

He starts to worry about how well the drug is able to do what it's supposed to.

And he says, "I was slowly losing hold of my original and better self, and becoming slowly incorporated with my second and worse." And here we've got that distinctive positive and negative description, better and worse, showing that Jekyll now sees perhaps that one side is more moral than the other.

He goes on to say, "I had been obliged on more than one occasion to double, to treble the amount, and these rare uncertainties had cast hitherto the sole shadow on my contentment." So he's beginning to worry him that actually the drug is not as effective as it was before, and he's having to double the dose, treble the dose.

Perhaps it isn't working as well as it used to.

And things only get worse.

His loss of control intensifies as he involuntarily transforms into Hyde in public.

And he worries that the balance of his identity will be overthrown.

So he said, "I was once more Edward Hyde.

A moment before, I had been safe of all men's respect, wealthy, beloved, and now I was hunted, houseless, a known murderer." So in public he suddenly changes from becoming this very civilised, very respectable figure, Dr.

Jekyll, into somebody who is actively wanted because of the crimes he has committed.

So he's seeing the consequences of these transformations.

And as Edward Hyde grows stronger, Henry Jekyll grows weaker.

He says, "The powers of Hyde seems to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll." So it's almost as if Hyde's gaining of power is actually draining the power from Dr.

Jekyll.

It's a sliding scale.

And then towards the end of the chapter, we then learn that Jekyll is no longer able to make a strong enough potion to transform.

And so Jekyll resigns himself to his new permanent identity, Hyde.

So Mr. Hyde has won overall.

He is now the public face of this person.

And he says, "I am now finishing this statement under the influence of the last of the old powders.

This then is the last time, short of a miracle, that Henry Jekyll can think his own thoughts or see his own face." So Jekyll knows now that he has lost control to Hyde entirely.

And if we track this line, we see the journey of this transformation.

It is on a steady decline from that very first time that Jekyll becomes Mr. Hyde.

So let's pause here and check our understanding.

Throughout Henry Jekyll's full statement of the case, the reader learns that, what? Which of these four options best completes that sentence? So pause the video here while you have a think and click play when you're ready for me to reveal the correct answer.

Welcome back, and well done to those of you who said B and D.

We learn that Jekyll is losing control over Hyde, and we also learn that as Hyde grows stronger, Jekyll grows weaker.

So now let's have a look at chapter seven, "The Incident at the Window." So in this very short chapter, Utterson and Enfield talk with Jekyll from the window of his house.

And halfway through their talk, he rushes from the window seemingly unable to his transformation into Hyde.

So take a moment to read this short chapter.

Either grab your copy of the text or you can find a copy of it in the additional materials.

And when you've done that, I'd like you to think about this.

Stevenson does not explicitly tell us that Jekyll is changing here.

So how does he subtly hint that Jekyll is losing control? So pause the video here while you take some time to read the text carefully, discuss your ideas with the people around you and make some notes.

And when you're ready for us to analyse it together, click play, and we'll continue.

Welcome back, so let's dive into this part of the text together.

So actually, this part of the text begins with some dramatic irony.

So well done if you spotted this.

Enfield says, "The story's at an end at least.

We shall never see more of Hyde." And this is dramatic irony because we know that the story isn't at an end because the next chapter, "The Last Night," features Hyde again.

So we do know that in fact these characters are going to see some more of Mr. Hyde and there is gonna be more to this story.

And then later in this part of the text, Stevenson foreshadows the connection between Jekyll and Hyde.

And he also foreshadows that something bad will happen to Jekyll.

Because first of all, we've got this important link between the idea that that door they were discussing at the beginning is actually a back way into Jekyll's house.

And then also we've got Utterson's comment that he's uneasy about poor Jekyll.

He's got an ominous feeling about what is going to happen to his friend.

And when Jekyll comes to the window, Utterson invites him to join them for a walk.

And Jekyll responds, "'You are very good,' sighed the other, 'I should like to very much, but no, no, no, it is quite impossible, I dare not.

But indeed, Utterson, I'm very glad to see you.

This is really a great pleasure.

I would ask you and Mr. Enfield up, but the place is really not fit.

'" So over to you here.

How does Stevenson imply in these lines that Jekyll is losing control? So take some time to do a close reading of this part of the text.

So pause the video here where you have a think, discuss it, make some notes, and when you're ready for us to discuss to it together, click play.

Welcome back, so many of you have spotted there are quite a few clues here to the fact that Jekyll is losing control.

So let's explore these examples in a bit more detail.

So first of all, "I should like to very much." Here, maybe we're getting a glimpse into Jekyll's true feelings.

Maybe he feels that he's trapped in isolation by Hyde because he can't actually trust himself to go out in public, now he knows he's losing control.

We've also got, "Impossible, dare not." We've got these particularly interesting choices of words here, which also suggests that he wants to go out with them, but he is worried, "It's quite impossible, I dare not." It's not that he doesn't want to, it's that he feels he can't.

And then we've also got this bit down here at the bottom.

Now immoral desires are his reality.

He derives pleasure from simple civilised interactions.

He's really grateful that he's been asked to go on this walk.

It really is a great pleasure to him.

The idea that he could enjoy some simple social time because his reality is now made up of these immoral and primal behaviours.

And then also this very last bit, "The place is really not fit," perhaps suggesting that Hyde has not only taken over the body, but perhaps has taken over the house.

Maybe the house isn't fit for him to have visitors anymore.

Utterson suggests that they talk at the window instead, and Jekyll continues.

So what does Jekyll's response imply? And I've highlighted that bit there at the top.

What does his response imply? So pause the video here while you have a think and discuss it and click play when you're ready for us to be back together.

Welcome back, so what could it imply? Well, it could imply that Jekyll thinks he can control Hyde from this distance because he was going to suggest that as well.

He has hope that he can socialise with his friends.

We can see that with this smile.

He doesn't have to be isolated.

However, the words were hardly uttered when everything changes.

So what do Utterson and Enfield's reactions to what happens here suggest? So pause the video while you have a think, discuss it, and when you're ready for us to feedback together, click play.

Welcome back, so let's think carefully about their reactions then.

Well, we've got a lot of suggestions here that the men have witnessed something that they think is terrifying, evil, inhumane.

Maybe they've actually seen the face of Hyde, and we don't know that because we've got these descriptions that what they saw froze the very blood of the two gentlemen, and then they turned and they left in silence and they couldn't speak to each other.

They perhaps rendered speechless by what they'd seen.

They were pale and there was horror in their eyes.

And then that last line is really quite illustrative of how the men are feeling.

Mr. Utterson says, "God forgive us, God forgive us." He repeats it, really emphasising this message.

And the fact here that he is asking for God's forgiveness really helps us to read into this idea that they think they've seen something evil, something beyond human control because Utterson is begging for God.

So now let's pause and check our understanding.

How does the end of chapter seven hint that Utterson and Enfield witnessed something inhuman and evil? Pause the video here while you have a think and click play when you're ready for me to reveal the answer.

Welcome back and well done to those of you who said C, Utterson keeps repeating, "God forgive us," suggesting that he thinks only God can save them from the evil he has seen.

So now it's time for the final practise task of today's lesson.

And what I'd want you to do is discuss the following statement, "The Strange Case of Dr.

Jekyll And Mr. Hyde" is primarily a novella about someone's suffering with a fragmented identity.

So what I would like you to do is make sure you consider both sides of the argument.

So first of all, decide whether you agree or disagree and why that is.

So decide what you think, but then I would like you to consider what someone might say to counter your opinion.

So what might the opposite argument be? And I'd like you to support your ideas with evidence from the novella and wider contextual knowledge.

So pause the video here while you take some time to discuss it.

Make some notes if you're working on your own and click play when you're ready for us to feedback together.

Welcome back, I heard some really interesting debates going on there, we didn't all necessarily agree, which is fantastic because it means that we really, really have to try to justify our opinions.

So let's explore both sides of the argument.

So first of all, people that agreed with this statement, that the novella is about somebody suffering with a fragmented identity, so arguably the novella could be interpreted as a portrayal of a split personality, a fragmented identity, since Jekyll refers to the duality of man in chapter 10.

So he's acknowledging this idea that there are two sides to people.

And arguably Hyde could represent Jekyll's private persona, who is free to act on his repressed desires.

And again, Jekyll notes, "I was conscious of a heady recklessness, a solution of the bonds of obligation." So he actually suggests that Hyde allows him to be reckless, allows him not to feel obligated to behave in a certain way.

So now let's explore the other side of the argument.

So Hyde is a separate person in the novella.

He's not simply a manifestation of Jekyll.

Others can react very differently to him compared to how they act with Jekyll.

And actually the novella is about morality, perhaps not psychology.

Gothic literature often used the supernatural to explore the struggle between good and evil and both Enfield and Utterson liken Hyde to Satan.

So the other reading that we can have of this novel is perhaps it isn't about somebody suffering with a fragmented identity, it isn't a novella about psychology, it's a novella about morality.

So these are two really important sides to this text.

So one final question to you then.

Which side of the argument do you find most compelling and why? So pause the video here, why you take some time to discuss, debate and click play when you're ready to continue.

Okay, so we've made it to the end of today's lesson.

So let's just summarise what we've covered.

The industrial revolution saw an increase in psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, and feelings of alienation.

Strict moral codes of behaviour often led Victorians to live double lives, leading to a fragmentation of identities.

Many believed psychological conditions signified weakness or moral failure.

Dr.

Jekyll's battle between good and evil reflects the Victorian ideas of repressed desires and loss of self-control.

And after his initial transformation, Jekyll begins to lose control over Hyde and grows weaker while Hyde gains strength.

Thanks very much for joining me in today's lesson, and I look forward to seeing you again soon.

Have a fantastic day, everyone.