Hello, everyone.

It's lovely to see you here today.

My name's Dr.

Clayton, and I'm here to guide you through a learning journey today.

So grab your pen, laptop, or whatever you're using for this lesson and let's get started.

Welcome to today's lesson.

The lesson is called "Planning an Essay on Prospero's Power Over Caliban." We're going to talk through all the steps together so we can really set you up for success and you can feel confident in what you're doing.

So we have four words today that we're gonna focus on as our keywords.

Those words are slave, cruelty, exploitation, and power.

The definitions for our keywords are appearing on your screen now.

These words will help you unlock the learning for today, and you'll see them throughout all of the material.

They'll be identified in bold and I'll try to point them out to you as well so you can see how they're used in context and how they'll help us to understand the dynamics between Prospero and Caliban.

So we have two learning cycles in our lesson today.

For our first learning cycle, we're going to consider what the question is asking us to do.

We're gonna break down the component parts and then talk through how we can achieve each of those parts.

We're gonna finish by reminding ourselves of the relevant information about Prospero and Caliban's relationship, as that will form the backbone of your essay about Prospero's power over Caliban.

For our second learning cycle, we're gonna talk through the process of constructing your argument.

We're gonna define what an argument is and then talk through how you build an argument, and then we'll go through each of the steps individually.

So by the end of the lesson, you'll have notes of each component part of the essay.

So we're gonna begin by looking at the question and thinking about what it's asking us to do.

The question is, how does Shakespeare present Prospero's treatment of Caliban as cruel? Now, cruel is one of our key words.

It means deliberately cause pain or suffering.

So the question is asking us to think about how Shakespeare presents Prospero as intentionally causing pain or suffering to Caliban.

Now focus in on the how.

That means you need to analyse the language.

Now we're gonna look a bit deeper at what it means to analyse the text a little bit later on the lesson, but essentially it means you need to look at the words and techniques of writers used and explain the effect they have on the reader.

In terms of the focus of the question, it's asking us to focus on Prospero's treatment of Caliban, and it's asking us to explain how we can see Prospero as cruel or intentionally trying to harm Caliban.

Now for a quick check for understanding just to ensure we've understood what the question is asking from us.

So I'd like to select which two of the following statements are true.

So A, the question is asking you to analyse the language.

B, the question is asking you to look at Prospero and Caliban, or C, the question is asking you to look at Prospero and Ariel.

So pause the video and make your selections now.

Correct answers are A, the question is asking you to analyse the language, and B, the question is asking you to look at Prospero and Caliban.

And so very well done if you got those right.

As I said earlier, we're gonna spend a little bit of time really thinking about what we mean when we say to analyse the language because that's a term you'll hear over and over again in your English lessons.

Now we want to focus on Prospero's treatment of Caliban as cruel.

As we said, cruel is one of our key words and it's deliberately cause someone harm or suffering.

So in order to analyse the language, we need to look at an extract from the text and choose a quotation to act as evidence.

So we need find a quotation that shows Prospero is cruel to Caliban.

One example we might pick is, "Hag-seed, fetch us in fuel." Now that we've got our quotation, we need to analyse our quotation.

This means we need to look in close detail at specific words and explain the effect they have.

So what I'd like to do now is have a go at doing that.

So we've got our quotation, "Hag-seed, hence fetch us in fuel." And what I'd like to do is think about which word you might zoom in on to show that Prospero is deliberately trying to make Caliban suffer.

So pause the video and take a few moments to think about it.

Fantastic.

I love the ideas I heard around how you could zoom in on the word fetch.

Perhaps it reminds you of how you might ask a dog to fetch a ball.

And through that, we might say that Prospero's treating Caliban like a pet rather than a fellow human.

Another word you might zoom in on is the word hag.

Now, some of you might know that hag is another word for witch.

Witches in Shakespeare's time were considered evil and people thought they were associated with the devil.

So here, Prospero's suggesting that Caliban is evil and associated with the devil by calling him hag-seed, which means the son of a witch.

Remember, there are no right or wrong answers in terms of our analysis, just answer that are more persuasive and effective than others.

As long as you have a clear idea in your head about how the word you've chosen creates a certain effect on the reader, then go for it.

And don't worry if everyone else chooses a different word.

We all respond differently to words and that's what makes the study of literature so interesting.

Now, for a quick check for understanding just to make sure we've understood the process of analysing language.

So what I'd like to do is complete the following sentence.

To analyse language, you need to look at specific, used and think about their, on the reader.

So pause the video and complete the sentence now.

Amazing.

Now you might have said, "To analyse language, you need to look at specific words used and think about their effect on the reader." So very well done if you got that right.

Amazing work so far, everyone.

We're onto our first task of the lesson.

We're going to create a mind map to show the relevant information about Prospero and Caliban's relationship.

This will help us to think about where in the play we see evidence of Prospero acting cruelly or trying to deliberately hurt Caliban.

Now the first point has been added for you.

We learn in the play that when Prospero and Miranda first arrived on the island, Caliban taught them how to survive by teaching them what to eat and how to find shelter.

So we might think that Prospero doesn't begin his relationship with Caliban by treating him cruelly.

Now what I'd like you to do is complete the mind map by adding in additional information about what happens to Prospero and Caliban's relationship in "The Tempest." So pause the video and create the mind map now.

Lovely work there everyone.

Now here's what you might have said.

We already know that when Prospero Miranda first arrive on the island, Caliban teaches him how to survive there.

What happens next though is that Caliban tries to hurt Miranda and then Prospero enslaves him.

Now, this is one of our key words, and it means that Prospero considered Caliban his property and he forced him to obey him.

You might then have said that Prospero speaks very unkindly of Caliban and threatens him with physical violence.

Throughout the play, Prospero calls Caliban a slave, a savage, a wretch, all of which are designed to cause hurt to Caliban.

Prospero also threatens to punish him with physical violence if Caliban does not perform the tasks he ask him to do.

Now as a result of this, we can imagine that Caliban builds up a lot of anger and resentment towards Prospero.

So when he meets Stephano in Trinculo, he decides to form a plot with them to overthrow and kill Prospero so that Stephano can be the ruler of the island.

Now, Prospero set Ariel magically spying with Caliban.

So he hears about the plot and makes sure that it fails.

At the end of the play, Prospero turns to his rightful place as Duke of Milan, and everyone leaves with him.

So Caliban is left alone on the island once more at the end of the play.

Now we can use all of this information to think about how Prospero has treated Caliban cruelly in "The Tempest." You're all doing great so far, everyone.

Let's try and keep that same energy and focus for the second learning cycle.

Now that we've thought about what the question is asking us to do and collected some information about Prospero and Caliban's relationship, we're going to think about how we can construct an argument in order to answer our essay question.

As we did with the concept of analysing language, we're gonna start by defining what we mean by an argument, and then we're gonna build the foundations of our argument together.

Now, as I just said, we're gonna start by defining what an argument is.

So an argument is a reason or set of reasons given in support of an idea.

Now what I'd like to do is look at that definition and think about how you might create an argument about a text.

So pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Fantastic, some great ideas there.

You might have said, "You create an argument about a text by having an idea about the text and using evidence from the text to support your ideas.

This evidence might come from how a character is presented or how the language around them is used.

This is known as analysing." Now, for a quick check for understanding just to check we've understood the concept of what a literary argument is.

So what I'd like to do is complete the following sentence.

When we ask you to form an argument about a text, we're asking you to present an, and convince us it's correct through, the text.

So pause the video and complete the sentence now.

Amazing.

Now, you might have said, "When we ask you to form an argument about a text, we're asking you to present an argument and convince us it's correct through analysing the text." So very well done if you got that right.

Now, the first thing we need to start with when we're thinking about writing an essay is to get a clear idea of what the overall summary of our argument is.

This appears in your essay in what's known as the thesis statement.

So a thesis statement summarises the overarching argument from your introduction.

Essentially, it tells the reader what your argument is.

It includes the name of the writer and the title of the play.

It's also an opportunity to say what you think Shakespeare might be using the characters to represent.

In this case, how might the characters link their idea of colonialism? Now, colonialism is something I'll touch on in more detail later on in the lesson.

Essentially, some critics see "The Tempest" as representative of one country taking over another country and exploiting the inhabitants through the relationship between Prospero and Caliban.

But we'll talk about that in a lot more detail later.

So don't worry if you're not quite clear on that yet.

Now for quick check for understanding just to make sure we're on the same page about thesis statements.

So what I'd like to do is select which two of the following statements are true.

So A, a thesis statement presents your overall argument.

B, a thesis statement uses quotations, or C, a thesis statement links the bigger ideas about what Shakespeare might have been trying to say.

So pause the video and make the selections now.

Amazing.

The correct answers are that A, a thesis statement presents your overall argument, and C, a thesis statement links the bigger ideas about which Shakespeare might have been trying to say.

So very well done if you got those right.

So as I said in the introduction to the lesson, we're going to put all of the component parts together.

So a thesis statement is made up of three separate parts.

The name of the writer and play, the overall argument, and the link to bigger ideas.

And we're gonna fill them in together as we work our way through the rest of the lesson.

So our first box is asking you for the name of the play and the name of the writer.

So I'd like you to take a moment to think about what we should put in that box.

Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Very well done, everyone.

The writer's name is Shakespeare.

You could have put William Shakespeare as well if you wanted.

And the name of the play is "The Tempest." Now, we're gonna think about what our overall argument might be.

So remember from the first part of the lesson, our question is, how does Shakespeare present Prospero's treatment of Caliban as cruel? So how does Shakespeare show Prospero as deliberately try and cause hurt or suffering to Caliban? So in order to get our overall argument, we need to consider two things.

Number one, what happens in "The Tempest" between Prospero and Caliban? If you remember, we made a mind map of this earlier in the lesson.

And number two, we need to think about the language used between them.

So as we just reminded ourselves, we made a mind map of what happens between Prospero and Caliban earlier in the lesson.

Now, what I'd like you to do now is think back to that mind map and consider which of Prospero's actions towards Caliban could be considered as cruel.

So pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Wonderful work, everyone.

Like Lucas, you might have remembered that Prospero exploits Caliban.

Now this is another one of our key words.

It means to use someone unfairly for your own advantage.

So Prospero exploits Caliban's knowledge of the island by using it to survive, and then enslaves Caliban so that he continue to work for Prospero and obey him.

Like Alex, you also might have remembered that Prospero is not a kind master to Caliban and treats him cruelly because he threatens him with physical violence to make him obey.

And he used particularly negative language to and about Caliban, which would've made Caliban feel particularly worthless.

Now, for a quick check for understanding about the relationship between Prospero and Caliban, what I'd like you to do is select which two of the following statements are true.

Is it A, Prospero exploits Caliban; B, Prospero treats Caliban fairly; C, Prospero threatens Caliban with physical violence; or D, Caliban exploits Prospero? So pause the video and make your selections now.

Amazing.

Well done, everyone.

The correct answers are that A, Prospero exploits Caliban and C, Prospero threatens Caliban with physical violence.

So very well done if you've got those right.

So now we've thought about what happens in the plot of "The Tempest." We also need to think about the language used as this is the evidence we need in our essays.

So I've chosen four quotations from "The Tempest" that Prospero says to Caliban.

He says he's a poisonous slave, he calls him filth, he says he's a dull thing, and he calls him a hag-seed.

Now remember from earlier, when we analyse language, we zoom in on the words and we explain their effect on the reader.

So what I'd like to do is think about these particular quotations and explain how they could be considered cruel.

So pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, everyone.

Let's think about what you might have said.

Now if we think about poisonous slave first.

Slave is one of our key words.

It means that Caliban is essentially owned by Prospero and forced to obey him.

Now, this reminds Caliban of Prospero's power over him.

Power is another one of our keywords.

It means the ability to influence events or people.

So by calling Caliban a slave, Prospero is reminding Caliban he has the ability to control him.

Now, if we think about the word poisonous, we might have thought of poison as something used to hurt people or potentially, we might also thought of venomous animals such as snakes or spiders.

Both of those things make us think of something deadly and unpleasant.

Now, let's think about filth.

So filth is essentially disgusting dirt.

So by calling Caliban filth, Prospero is suggesting he's something unclean and inhuman.

Now, let's think about being called a dull thing.

By calling Caliban a thing, Prospero is suggesting that Caliban isn't a human with feelings or emotions.

This is known as dehumanising.

Whenever you see someone referred to as it in a text or a thing, they're being stripped of their humanity, which means that people probably will act crueller towards them because they don't see them as human anymore.

Finally, let's think about hag-seed.

Now, hag is another word for a witch.

So a hag-seed is the son of a witch.

Therefore, through this, Prospero is suggesting that Caliban is evil and associated with the devil because that's what people in Shakespearean times thought about witches.

As you can see, all of these quotations would've made Caliban feel small and worthless.

Now let's do a quick check for understanding just to make sure we've understood what Prospero's language means.

So which two of the following does Prospero calling Caliban a poisonous slave suggest? Is it A, that Caliban is unpleasant; B, that Caliban is pleasant; C, that Prospero has power over Caliban; or D, that Prospero doesn't have power over Caliban? So pause the video and make your selections now.

Correct answers are A, that Caliban is unpleasant, and C, that Prospero has power over Caliban.

So very well done if you've got those right.

So now we've considered the evidence from the text.

We need to think about what argument about the question we've come to based on our exploration of the plot and our analysis of the quotes.

So what I'd like you to do is summarise those ideas by how the plot and quotes show that Prospero treats Caliban cruelly.

So pause the video and create those notes now.

Amazing work, everyone.

You might have said that Prospero treat's Caliban cruelly by exploiting and enslaving him, and that the language he uses about Caliban is dehumanising.

Now the final piece of our thesis statement, we're going to think about how we can link "The Tempest" to bigger ideas.

Now, as I said earlier, we're going to spend a little bit of time now thinking about how we can link "The Tempest" to the concept of colonialism.

So colonialism is the process of taking a troll over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

So this means the colonists used the country's resources unfairly of their own game.

Now, as part of this process, the indigenous people, so those who originally lived in the country, were often treated as inferior and made to work for those who are now in control of their country.

So now we've defined what colonialism is, I'd like you to take a few moments to think about how we can link the relationship between Prospero and Caliban to colonialism.

So pause the video and take a few moments to think about it.

Amazing work, everyone.

Like Sam, you might've thought it links to colonialism.

'cause when Prospero first arrives on the island, he takes control of it and exploits and enslaves Caliban.

Now this process is similar to the relationship between a coloniser and an indigenous person.

So now we've made a link between "The Tempest" and colonialism.

We now need to think about what Shakespeare might have been trying to say through the potential link between Prospero and Caliban's relationship and that between a colonist and an indigenous person.

Remember a text and a character always a construct.

A writer has created them for a specific purpose, with a specific intention in mind.

So what we're saying is that Prospero and Caliban's relationship is similar to the relationship between a coloniser and indigenous person and that Prospero treats Caliban cruelly.

So what I'd like to do is think about if this is the case, what might Shakespeare be trying to say about how colonists treated indigenous people? Pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, that's a fantastic idea there.

You might've thought that Shakespeare might've been trying to say that indigenous people in general were treated cruelly by the colonists.

So now that we have our link to the bigger picture of colonialism and what Shakespeare might've been saying about it, we need to summarise that into our table to finish it off.

So pause the video and create your summary now.

Amazing work, everyone.

You might've said that Prospero and Caliban equals a coloniser and indigenous person.

And this suggests that indigenous people are treated cruelly through colonialism.

Amazing work, everyone.

We now have completed table of notes for our three separate component parts of a thesis statement.

Let's just remind ourselves of what those are.

So the name of the writer and play are, Shakespeare and "The Tempest." Our overall argument is that Prospero treats Caliban cruelly by exploiting and enslaving him, that the language he used is dehumanising.

And our link to the bigger picture is that Prospero and Caliban might symbolise the coloniser and indigenous person.

And this suggests indigenous people are treated cruelly through colonialism.

So to finish off the lesson and our planning process, what I'd like you to do is take those notes and turn them into a couple of sentences to make up a thesis statement.

Remember, the core concept of a thesis statement is to show the reader your argument.

So pause the video and create your thesis statement now.

Fantastic work, everyone.

I really appreciate those people who've made the effort to try and put the key words into their thesis statement.

So you might have said, "In Shakespeare's 'The Tempest,' Prospero treats Caliban cruelly through his initial exploitation and enslavement of him.

This cruelty continues throughout their relationship through Prospero's dehumanising language towards Caliban and his threats of physical violence.

Through their relationship, Shakespeare might have been suggesting the treatment of indigenous people through colonialism is cruel." As you can see, we have the name of the writer and text.

We have our overall argument, that Caliban is treated cruelly through Prospero's exploitation and enslavement of him, and the dehumanising language that Prospero uses.

And we have our link to the bigger picture by suggesting that Shakespeare uses this relationship to suggest the treatment of indigenous people through the process of colonialism is cruel.

Fantastic work today, everyone.

Here's a summary of what we covered.

Analysing language means looking at specific words in close detail and explaining their effect on the reader.

An argument is where you present your idea about the text and convince the reader it is correct.

A thesis statement presents your overall argument to the reader.

Prospero treats Caliban cruelly through his language and actions and arguably, Shakespeare may have been suggesting that colonist treatment of indigenous people was cruel.

I really hope you enjoyed the lesson, everyone.

Goodbye.